基于CC2431的无线传感器网络节点的研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络综合了传感器技术、嵌入式计算、现代网络技术及无线通信技术,是继因特网之后将对21世纪人类生活方式产生重大影响的IT热点技术。无线传感器网络能够实时监测、感知、采集和处理各种监测对象的信息,具有十分广阔的应用前景,是当前国际上备受关注的、多学科高度交叉的新兴前沿研究热点之一。
传感器节点是无线传感器网络的基本单元。一般由传感器模块、处理器模块、无线通信模块、电源管理模块构成。首先由传感器模块采集数据信息,然后由处理器模块进行必要的数据处理,通过无线通信模块传输到目的地,电源管理模块在其中起到供应能量和延长传感器节点使用寿命的作用。由于传感器节点的硬件资源相当有限,主要是能量有限,通信能力有限,计算和处理能力有限,这就要求我们在设计和使用传感器节点时,要充分考虑到上述的问题。
本文在分析了现有经典传感器节点的体系结构的基础上,根据项目的要求,设计了一种无线传感器网络节点。我们采用集成了MCU+射频收发模块的SOC设计方案。最终,采用集成了单片机、CC2420射频芯片及定位引擎的CC2431。传感器节点的主要电路有CC2431的外围电路,无线射频电路和接口电路。在一般传感器节点的基础上,设计了基于C8051F320的网关节点,添加了USB通讯接口电路、能量供应及检测电路等。同时分析了月面环境对传感器节点可能造成的影响,提出了相应的解决方案,但是由于现有条件的限制,没有能够给传感器节点添加封装。
根据传感器节点的硬件资源,设计和实现了传感器节点四个重要模块的功能。根据CC2431无线模块的通信机制和相关硬件资源的设置,在SOS操作系统中添加无线通信模块。然后分析了定位引擎的主要性能、定位原理、定位引擎的工作过程,定位相关参数的测量。另外,完成了传感器模块的相关代码的编写。在分析了CC2431四种工作模式的基础上,由于传感器节点能耗主要在无线通信模块,设计实现了关于发送数据的低能耗功能。
最后,为了测试所设计的无线传感器网络节点的性能。分别进行了传感器节点能耗测试、RSSI测试、丢包率测试、定位测试四个试验,并对试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明,我们设计的传感器节点能满足应用要求。
本文的研究内容得到了国家自然科学基金重点项目的资助,编号60535010。
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which integrates the technologies of sensor, embedded computating, modern network and wireless communicating.is a novel mode of computing and a hotspot of information technology following Internet. It will make a profound influence on many areas in 21 st century.The WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) can be real-time monitoring, sensing, acquiring and processing the information, which has very broad prospects. It is an emerging hot technology, and has been concerned on all over the world.
Sensor node is the basic unit of wireless sensor network.Generally speaking, it consists of the sensor module, processor module, wireless communication module, power management module. Firstly, data is collected by the sensor module, and then the processor module carries out the necessary data processing, finally the data is transmited through the wireless communication module to the destination. In the process of Sensor node operating, power management module plays the role of supplying power to sensor node and extending the life of sensor node. Sensor node has very limited hardware resources, mainly limited energy, the limited communicating capability, limited computing and processing power. When we design and operate the sensor node, it is necessary for us to take into account the above-mentioned problems.
Based on the analysis of classic architecture of the existing sensor node, we designed a kind of wireless sensor network node in accordance with the requirements of our project. We adopted SOC design of an integrated MCU + RF transceiver module. Ultimately, we chose CC2431 chip integrated single-chip machine, CC2420 RF module and location engine, which is manufactured by CHIPCON. Sensor node's main circuits consist of the peripheral circuits of CC2431, radio frequency circuits and interface circuits, and so on. Then we added C8051F320 SCM, a USB communicating interface circuits, power supplying and detection circuits to the general sensor node, this was the design of the gateway node. At the same time, we also analysed the lunar surface environment. We considered the possible impact of the lunar surface environment on the sensor node and gave the corresponding solutions. However, due to existing conditions, we failed to add the packages to the sensor node.
In accordance with the hardware resources of sensor node, we designed and finished functions of four important modules of the sensor node. Based on the communicating mechanism and the related set of hardware resources of CC2431 radio module, we added wireless communication module to the SOS operating system. I analysed the main performance of the loction engine, positioning theory, the process of the operation of location engine and the measurement of the relevant positioning parameters. I completed tcompiling the relevant codes about sensor module. After analysing four power modes of CC2431, because energy consumption of the sensor node is mainly used by the radio frequency module, I designed how to send data to achieve the low energy consumption as low as posible.
Finally, in order to test performance of sensor node designed by us. We carried out four tests, including test of energy consumption of sensor node, test of RSSI, the test of packet loss rate and the test of the positioning, and then analysed the four test results. Test results showed that the design of the sensor node could meet the application requirements.
This dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60535010
传感器节点是无线传感器网络的基本单元。一般由传感器模块、处理器模块、无线通信模块、电源管理模块构成。首先由传感器模块采集数据信息,然后由处理器模块进行必要的数据处理,通过无线通信模块传输到目的地,电源管理模块在其中起到供应能量和延长传感器节点使用寿命的作用。由于传感器节点的硬件资源相当有限,主要是能量有限,通信能力有限,计算和处理能力有限,这就要求我们在设计和使用传感器节点时,要充分考虑到上述的问题。
本文在分析了现有经典传感器节点的体系结构的基础上,根据项目的要求,设计了一种无线传感器网络节点。我们采用集成了MCU+射频收发模块的SOC设计方案。最终,采用集成了单片机、CC2420射频芯片及定位引擎的CC2431。传感器节点的主要电路有CC2431的外围电路,无线射频电路和接口电路。在一般传感器节点的基础上,设计了基于C8051F320的网关节点,添加了USB通讯接口电路、能量供应及检测电路等。同时分析了月面环境对传感器节点可能造成的影响,提出了相应的解决方案,但是由于现有条件的限制,没有能够给传感器节点添加封装。
根据传感器节点的硬件资源,设计和实现了传感器节点四个重要模块的功能。根据CC2431无线模块的通信机制和相关硬件资源的设置,在SOS操作系统中添加无线通信模块。然后分析了定位引擎的主要性能、定位原理、定位引擎的工作过程,定位相关参数的测量。另外,完成了传感器模块的相关代码的编写。在分析了CC2431四种工作模式的基础上,由于传感器节点能耗主要在无线通信模块,设计实现了关于发送数据的低能耗功能。
最后,为了测试所设计的无线传感器网络节点的性能。分别进行了传感器节点能耗测试、RSSI测试、丢包率测试、定位测试四个试验,并对试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明,我们设计的传感器节点能满足应用要求。
本文的研究内容得到了国家自然科学基金重点项目的资助,编号60535010。
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which integrates the technologies of sensor, embedded computating, modern network and wireless communicating.is a novel mode of computing and a hotspot of information technology following Internet. It will make a profound influence on many areas in 21 st century.The WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks) can be real-time monitoring, sensing, acquiring and processing the information, which has very broad prospects. It is an emerging hot technology, and has been concerned on all over the world.
Sensor node is the basic unit of wireless sensor network.Generally speaking, it consists of the sensor module, processor module, wireless communication module, power management module. Firstly, data is collected by the sensor module, and then the processor module carries out the necessary data processing, finally the data is transmited through the wireless communication module to the destination. In the process of Sensor node operating, power management module plays the role of supplying power to sensor node and extending the life of sensor node. Sensor node has very limited hardware resources, mainly limited energy, the limited communicating capability, limited computing and processing power. When we design and operate the sensor node, it is necessary for us to take into account the above-mentioned problems.
Based on the analysis of classic architecture of the existing sensor node, we designed a kind of wireless sensor network node in accordance with the requirements of our project. We adopted SOC design of an integrated MCU + RF transceiver module. Ultimately, we chose CC2431 chip integrated single-chip machine, CC2420 RF module and location engine, which is manufactured by CHIPCON. Sensor node's main circuits consist of the peripheral circuits of CC2431, radio frequency circuits and interface circuits, and so on. Then we added C8051F320 SCM, a USB communicating interface circuits, power supplying and detection circuits to the general sensor node, this was the design of the gateway node. At the same time, we also analysed the lunar surface environment. We considered the possible impact of the lunar surface environment on the sensor node and gave the corresponding solutions. However, due to existing conditions, we failed to add the packages to the sensor node.
In accordance with the hardware resources of sensor node, we designed and finished functions of four important modules of the sensor node. Based on the communicating mechanism and the related set of hardware resources of CC2431 radio module, we added wireless communication module to the SOS operating system. I analysed the main performance of the loction engine, positioning theory, the process of the operation of location engine and the measurement of the relevant positioning parameters. I completed tcompiling the relevant codes about sensor module. After analysing four power modes of CC2431, because energy consumption of the sensor node is mainly used by the radio frequency module, I designed how to send data to achieve the low energy consumption as low as posible.
Finally, in order to test performance of sensor node designed by us. We carried out four tests, including test of energy consumption of sensor node, test of RSSI, the test of packet loss rate and the test of the positioning, and then analysed the four test results. Test results showed that the design of the sensor node could meet the application requirements.
This dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60535010
引文
陈烈民.航天器结构与机构[M].成都:中国科学技术出版社,2005:100-150.
樊世超,贾阳.月面地形地貌环境模拟初步研究[J].航天器环境工程,2007,24(1) 15-20.
黄光燕,李晓维.2005.无线传感器网络操作系统[J].信息技术快报,3(3):23-24.
郭庆磊.2008.基于SOS内核的无线传感器网咯节点操作系统设计[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学.
梁华为.2007.基于无线传感器网络的移动机器人导航方法与系统研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学.
李刚,伊恩斯?彼得?瑞德里希. 2006.无线传感器网络研究新进展[EB/OL]. HU Berlin Public Report. http://sar.informatik.hu-berlin.de.
刘敏钰,吴泳,伍卫国.2005.无线传感网络(WSN)研究[J].22(7):58-61.
缪仕福.2007.基于CC2431的无线传感器网咯节点的研制[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学.
闵桂荣,郭舜.航天器热控制[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,1985:120-300.
任丰原,黄海宁,林闯. 2003.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,14(7):1282-1291.
孙利民,李建中,陈渝,朱红松.2005.无线传感器网络[M].北京:清华大学出版社.
沈阳自动化所网站[EB/OL]. http://www.sia.ac.cn/yjszs/read.php?classid=106&page=8
英春,史美林。自组网体系结构研究[J].电信科学,2001,1:14-17.
阎诺.2007.无线传感器网络关键技术的研究与实现[D].大连:大连海事大学.
吴清才.航天员与月球表面周围介质之间热交换的数学建模[J].航天医学与医学工程,1997,10(6):453-456.
无线传感器网络-学问社区网站[EB/OL].
http://www.51xuewen.com/Group/Topic_Show.aspx?ID=3575&GroupID=597
于海斌曾鹏.智能无线传感器网络系统[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006,前言,6-7,304,307-310,311-315.
赵建华.2007.无线传感器网络节点嵌入式操作系统的研究与应用[D].成都:电子科技大学.
周充,汪荣顺,鲁雪生,等.高真空多层绝热的主要影响因素[J].真空与低温,1998,4(1):5-8.
Gainz白皮书v0.3.pdf,www.wsn.org.cn/down/中科院计算所WSN产品Gainz白皮书v0.3.pdf[R],2005.12.
Akyildiz I F,Su W, Sankarasubramanniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE C ommunication Magzine, 2002.38(4): 393~422, 40: 102-114.
Al-Kamal A E.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey [M].IEEE Personal Communications, 2004, 11(6):6-28
Bao L,Garcia-Luna-Aces J J. Topogy management in ad hoc networks.In: Pro 4th ACM Int’l Symp on Mobile Ad Hoc Netwoking & Computing (MobilHoc 2003), Annapolis, Maryland. 2003. 129-140.
B.Krishnamachari.2005.Networking wireles sensors [M].UK: Cambridge University Press.2005.
C8051f32x中文数据手册[EB/OL].http://www.xhl.com.cn/sjsc/sjscdetail.asp?sid=56 CC2430 Data Sheet [EB/OL].
http://www.chipcon.com/index.cfm?kat_id=2&subkat_id=12&dok_id=240 CHIPCON. CC2431 Data Sheet [EB/OL]. http://www.chipcon.com/index.cfm?kat_id=2& su--bkat_id=12&dok_id=261 2007.1
Elson J.Time synchronization services for wireless sensor networks. Dissertation Proposal, Dept of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, April 2001.
Folded Dipole Antenna for CC24XX [EB/OL]. http://www.chipcon.com/index.cfm?kat_ID=2 &subkat_Id=12&subsubkat_id=4 Heidemann J, Silva F, Intanagonwiwat C, ET al.2001.Building Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks with low Level Naming[C]. NewYork (NY, USA): ACM Press, 146-159.
Hill J, Culler D.Mica:A wireless platform for deeply embedded networks.IEEE Micro Archive, 2002,22(6):12-24.
Ian F, Akyidiz, Weilian S, Yogesh S, Erdal C. A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. IEEE Communication Magazine, 2002, 40(8):102-114.
Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420 and CC243x [EB/OL] http://focus.ti.com.cn/cn/lit/an/swra098d/swra098d.pdf Kris Pister.2001.SmartDust [EB/OL]. http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/%7Epister/SmartDust.
Optimizing Current Consumption in TX and RX [EB/OL]. http://focus.ti.com.cn/cn/docs/prod/folders/print/cc1110.html
TinyOS[EB/OL].http://www.tinyos.net/. Pahlavan K,Levesque A. Wireless and Personal Commnications Systems [M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1995.
Universal Serial Bus Specification[EB/OL].http://www.usb.org/developers
Zhuancheng Zhang, Max Q.-H.Meng, Fuqing Wu, Xijun Chen.2008.Design of WSN Node Based on CC2431 Applicable to Lunar Surface Environment[C]. ROBIO2008. Bangkok, Thailand.
樊世超,贾阳.月面地形地貌环境模拟初步研究[J].航天器环境工程,2007,24(1) 15-20.
黄光燕,李晓维.2005.无线传感器网络操作系统[J].信息技术快报,3(3):23-24.
郭庆磊.2008.基于SOS内核的无线传感器网咯节点操作系统设计[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学.
梁华为.2007.基于无线传感器网络的移动机器人导航方法与系统研究[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学.
李刚,伊恩斯?彼得?瑞德里希. 2006.无线传感器网络研究新进展[EB/OL]. HU Berlin Public Report. http://sar.informatik.hu-berlin.de.
刘敏钰,吴泳,伍卫国.2005.无线传感网络(WSN)研究[J].22(7):58-61.
缪仕福.2007.基于CC2431的无线传感器网咯节点的研制[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学.
闵桂荣,郭舜.航天器热控制[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,1985:120-300.
任丰原,黄海宁,林闯. 2003.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,14(7):1282-1291.
孙利民,李建中,陈渝,朱红松.2005.无线传感器网络[M].北京:清华大学出版社.
沈阳自动化所网站[EB/OL]. http://www.sia.ac.cn/yjszs/read.php?classid=106&page=8
英春,史美林。自组网体系结构研究[J].电信科学,2001,1:14-17.
阎诺.2007.无线传感器网络关键技术的研究与实现[D].大连:大连海事大学.
吴清才.航天员与月球表面周围介质之间热交换的数学建模[J].航天医学与医学工程,1997,10(6):453-456.
无线传感器网络-学问社区网站[EB/OL].
http://www.51xuewen.com/Group/Topic_Show.aspx?ID=3575&GroupID=597
于海斌曾鹏.智能无线传感器网络系统[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006,前言,6-7,304,307-310,311-315.
赵建华.2007.无线传感器网络节点嵌入式操作系统的研究与应用[D].成都:电子科技大学.
周充,汪荣顺,鲁雪生,等.高真空多层绝热的主要影响因素[J].真空与低温,1998,4(1):5-8.
Gainz白皮书v0.3.pdf,www.wsn.org.cn/down/中科院计算所WSN产品Gainz白皮书v0.3.pdf[R],2005.12.
Akyildiz I F,Su W, Sankarasubramanniam Y, Cayirci E. A survey on sensor networks. IEEE C ommunication Magzine, 2002.38(4): 393~422, 40: 102-114.
Al-Kamal A E.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey [M].IEEE Personal Communications, 2004, 11(6):6-28
Bao L,Garcia-Luna-Aces J J. Topogy management in ad hoc networks.In: Pro 4th ACM Int’l Symp on Mobile Ad Hoc Netwoking & Computing (MobilHoc 2003), Annapolis, Maryland. 2003. 129-140.
B.Krishnamachari.2005.Networking wireles sensors [M].UK: Cambridge University Press.2005.
C8051f32x中文数据手册[EB/OL].http://www.xhl.com.cn/sjsc/sjscdetail.asp?sid=56 CC2430 Data Sheet [EB/OL].
http://www.chipcon.com/index.cfm?kat_id=2&subkat_id=12&dok_id=240 CHIPCON. CC2431 Data Sheet [EB/OL]. http://www.chipcon.com/index.cfm?kat_id=2& su--bkat_id=12&dok_id=261 2007.1
Elson J.Time synchronization services for wireless sensor networks. Dissertation Proposal, Dept of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, April 2001.
Folded Dipole Antenna for CC24XX [EB/OL]. http://www.chipcon.com/index.cfm?kat_ID=2 &subkat_Id=12&subsubkat_id=4 Heidemann J, Silva F, Intanagonwiwat C, ET al.2001.Building Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks with low Level Naming[C]. NewYork (NY, USA): ACM Press, 146-159.
Hill J, Culler D.Mica:A wireless platform for deeply embedded networks.IEEE Micro Archive, 2002,22(6):12-24.
Ian F, Akyidiz, Weilian S, Yogesh S, Erdal C. A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks [J]. IEEE Communication Magazine, 2002, 40(8):102-114.
Implementation of Microstrip Balun for CC2420 and CC243x [EB/OL] http://focus.ti.com.cn/cn/lit/an/swra098d/swra098d.pdf Kris Pister.2001.SmartDust [EB/OL]. http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/%7Epister/SmartDust.
Optimizing Current Consumption in TX and RX [EB/OL]. http://focus.ti.com.cn/cn/docs/prod/folders/print/cc1110.html
TinyOS[EB/OL].http://www.tinyos.net/. Pahlavan K,Levesque A. Wireless and Personal Commnications Systems [M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1995.
Universal Serial Bus Specification[EB/OL].http://www.usb.org/developers
Zhuancheng Zhang, Max Q.-H.Meng, Fuqing Wu, Xijun Chen.2008.Design of WSN Node Based on CC2431 Applicable to Lunar Surface Environment[C]. ROBIO2008. Bangkok, Thailand.