冷藏集装箱工况模拟及实验研究
摘要
随着冷藏集装箱业的发展，其能耗问题也日趋突出。海运冷藏集装箱流动性大，随着外界气温、海水温度、太阳辐射强度和运送货物的变化，冷藏集装箱制冷系统的显热和潜热负荷随之不断变化。
传统的冷藏集装箱制冷系统一般采用恒定转速运行方式，在设计系统时，以能够满足最大热负荷为依据，实际上，制冷系统只是在短时间内工作在最大负荷，制冷压缩机和冷风机选型的根据是最大冷、热负荷工况。目前的制冷机组92％以上时间在额定负荷的40％～90％运行，因此本论文实验把变频压缩机应用于冷藏集装箱，在外界负荷变化的时候通过变频技术改变压缩机的转速，使制冷剂流量随着负荷的变化而变化，从而改变系统的制冷量，达到制冷系统与负荷变化的匹配。同时由于转速的下降，使得压缩机功耗减少，达到较好的节能效果。
本文主要以实验研究为主，理论分析为辅，实验是利用20英尺Thermo King海运冷藏集装箱，并对冷藏集装箱进行热工实验。包括气密试验、漏热试验、集装箱的制冷性能试验。并检验了该集装箱完全符合各种标准。
论文先根据传热的基本原理，对冷藏集装箱的隔热层的传热过程进行了分析，对冷藏集装箱的动态热负荷进行了理论的分析，然后通过模拟海上的温湿度环境，用实验室空调机组制造出类似的热工环境，在不同的环境温度段，分别用定频压缩机和变频压缩机实现不同的降温工况，并记录各种参数，环境室的降温曲线，环境室定频压缩机和变频压缩机在不同的降温工况下所消耗的累积功，同时用冷藏集装箱内的热调整器创造出类似货物散发出的热量的环境。最后分析总结到得出了，通过变频可以达到节能的目的，取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。
The energy consumption problem becomes more and more outstanding along with the rapid development of marine refrigerated containers. The marine refrigerated containers are of great mobility, and the changes of the outside air temperature, seawater temperature, the sun radiation intensity and the transported goods bring the changes in the latent and display heat load of refrigeration system.
The traditional refrigeration system in containers adopts the mode of invariable revolution and its system design is based on what can match the biggest heat load. So the refrigeration compressors and cooling fan motors have been chosen according to their cool and heat burthen in working conditions. Actually, just in short time can refrigeration systems work in the biggest burthen. At present refrigeration systems are placed in 40%-90% rating heat load for a long period of time and the energy is wasted considerably. So ,we try applying frequency compressor to refrigerated container, The change of the revolution of compressor by using the frequency conversion technology while the outside burthen alters, enables that refrigerant discharge changes along with the alteration of head load, and therefore refrigerating capacity will change respectively so that refrigeration system can match the variety in heat load. Meanwhile, after the revolution is reduced, the compressor energy-consume can be reduced and good results attained.
This thesis experimental study mainly combined with theoretical analyze, experiment is done by 20 feet The marine refrigerated container. Gas sealing test, heat leakage test and performance test (with refrigeration unit) are done on the developed test facilities. We can get the conclusion that the refrigerated container is approved by all kinds of standards.
Based on the theory of the heat transfer, the thesis analyzes the heat transfer process of insulated layer in reefer and the dynamic heat load of the
传统的冷藏集装箱制冷系统一般采用恒定转速运行方式，在设计系统时，以能够满足最大热负荷为依据，实际上，制冷系统只是在短时间内工作在最大负荷，制冷压缩机和冷风机选型的根据是最大冷、热负荷工况。目前的制冷机组92％以上时间在额定负荷的40％～90％运行，因此本论文实验把变频压缩机应用于冷藏集装箱，在外界负荷变化的时候通过变频技术改变压缩机的转速，使制冷剂流量随着负荷的变化而变化，从而改变系统的制冷量，达到制冷系统与负荷变化的匹配。同时由于转速的下降，使得压缩机功耗减少，达到较好的节能效果。
本文主要以实验研究为主，理论分析为辅，实验是利用20英尺Thermo King海运冷藏集装箱，并对冷藏集装箱进行热工实验。包括气密试验、漏热试验、集装箱的制冷性能试验。并检验了该集装箱完全符合各种标准。
论文先根据传热的基本原理，对冷藏集装箱的隔热层的传热过程进行了分析，对冷藏集装箱的动态热负荷进行了理论的分析，然后通过模拟海上的温湿度环境，用实验室空调机组制造出类似的热工环境，在不同的环境温度段，分别用定频压缩机和变频压缩机实现不同的降温工况，并记录各种参数，环境室的降温曲线，环境室定频压缩机和变频压缩机在不同的降温工况下所消耗的累积功，同时用冷藏集装箱内的热调整器创造出类似货物散发出的热量的环境。最后分析总结到得出了，通过变频可以达到节能的目的，取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。
The energy consumption problem becomes more and more outstanding along with the rapid development of marine refrigerated containers. The marine refrigerated containers are of great mobility, and the changes of the outside air temperature, seawater temperature, the sun radiation intensity and the transported goods bring the changes in the latent and display heat load of refrigeration system.
The traditional refrigeration system in containers adopts the mode of invariable revolution and its system design is based on what can match the biggest heat load. So the refrigeration compressors and cooling fan motors have been chosen according to their cool and heat burthen in working conditions. Actually, just in short time can refrigeration systems work in the biggest burthen. At present refrigeration systems are placed in 40%-90% rating heat load for a long period of time and the energy is wasted considerably. So ,we try applying frequency compressor to refrigerated container, The change of the revolution of compressor by using the frequency conversion technology while the outside burthen alters, enables that refrigerant discharge changes along with the alteration of head load, and therefore refrigerating capacity will change respectively so that refrigeration system can match the variety in heat load. Meanwhile, after the revolution is reduced, the compressor energy-consume can be reduced and good results attained.
This thesis experimental study mainly combined with theoretical analyze, experiment is done by 20 feet The marine refrigerated container. Gas sealing test, heat leakage test and performance test (with refrigeration unit) are done on the developed test facilities. We can get the conclusion that the refrigerated container is approved by all kinds of standards.
Based on the theory of the heat transfer, the thesis analyzes the heat transfer process of insulated layer in reefer and the dynamic heat load of the
引文
1．韩厚德．船舶变频空调风机节能技术研究．中国航海，1999(1)．51-55．
2．韩厚德，孙永明．船舶空调动态热负荷及压缩机变频能量控制研究．机电设备，99(4)，30-35
3．韩厚德，郑青榕．远洋船舶伙食冷藏系统节能技术研究 节能99(7)．5-9
4．韩厚德，郑青榕．远洋船舶空调风机变频节能研究．节能．98(10)，16-19
5．韩厚德，远洋船舶制冷节能技术与经济分析．中国航海，97(1)．58-62
6．KEN-ICHI KIMURA Applied science Publishers LTD Scientific Basis of Air a) Conditioning
7．卢士勋，韩厚德．船舶辅机学．北京：科学出版社，1995
8. G. S calabrin and G. Bianco Int. Experimental thermodynamic analysis of a variable-speed opens reciprocating refrigeration compressor. Rcfrig. 1994 Vol, 17 No. 1. 1994
9. Experimental thermodynamic analysis of a variable-speed opens reciprocating a) Refrigeration compressor G. S calabrin Int. J. refrig, Vol. 17 No. 1 1994 b) Jahrgang. 1983 Heft 4 (3) New Product. ASHRAE Journal, APR, MAR, JAN, JUNE 1983
10. Reefer Container Transport in Cargo Holds Y Wild 2V International Congress a) of Refrigeration, IIR/IIF, Sydney, 1999
11. Reefer container seminar. Bureau Verities-Shanghai Central Office
12. Dermott Crombie PH. d. New technologies allow radical energy saving in seagoing container refrigeration systems. 20 "International Congress of Refrigeration, IIR/IIF, Sydney
13. Curcija, D. and Goss, W. p., Two-dimensional natural convection over the isothermal indoor fenestration surface—finite element numerical solution, ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 99, Part Ⅰ, pp. 274, 1993
14. H. Wang, S. Touber, Distributed and non-steady-state modeling of an air cooler. Int. J. Refrig(1991)14. 98-111
15．集装箱化合订本．99(11)，2000(3)，2001(6，9)
16. Cargo Systems. www.Cargo system. 2001
17. Energy Management control theory and system selection. ASHRAE Trans, 1980, 18. Vol. 86
19. Adel A Kader. Postharvest Technology of Horticultrual Crop. the United State of America, Publication 3311. 1992
20. H. Wang, S. Touber, Distributed and non-steady-state modeling of an air cooler. Int. J. Refrig(1991)14. 98-111
21．《轮机工程手册》编委会．轮机工程手册中册，北京：人民交通出版社．1993．1744-1800
22．陈沛霖．空气调节负荷计算理论与方法．上海：同济大学出版社，1987
23．杨强生，浦保荣．高等传热学．第二版．上海：上海交通大学出版社，2001
24．张乐法．空调动态负荷与计算机运算理论与务实．山东：济南出版社．1980
25．中国船级社．集装箱检验规范1999．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
26．赵显劲，关填谦．集装箱材料与配件手册．北京：中国铁道出版社，2000
27．杨利强．船舶冷藏箱变频节能技术的研究：(学位论文)．上海：上海海运学院，2000
28．谢剑锋．变频空调器中全封闭往复式制冷压缩机的热力性能及控制方法研究：[学位论文]．上海：上海交通大学，1997
29．刘鼎铭．冷冻集装箱．北京：人民交通出版社，1985
30．卢士勋．制冷与空气调节技术．上海：上海科学普及出版社，1992
31．陈芝久．制冷系统热动力学．北京：机械工业出版社，1998
32．范际礼，卢士勋，吴喜平等．制冷与空调实用技术手册．辽宁：辽宁科学技术出版社，1995
33．黄素逸，林秀诚，叶志瑾．采暖空调制冷手册．北京：机械工业出版社，1996
34．杨强生．对流传热与传质．北京：高等教育出版社，1985
35．杨世铭，陶文毯．传热学．第三版．北京：高等教育出版社，2000
36. Performance characteristics of a reciprocating refrigerant compressor over a range of speeds. J. A. McGovern 1990 Purdue
37．满永奎，韩安荣，吴成东．通用变频器及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，1995
38．原魁，刘伟强．变频器基础及应用．北京：冶金工业出版社，1997
39．廖全平，李红旗．涡旋变频压缩机．流体机械，2002(2)．35-37
40．中华人民共和国国家技术监督局标准．GB／T7392-1998．中华人民共和国国家标准-系列 1：集装箱的技术要求和试验方法(保温集装箱)．北京：中国标准出版社，1998-11
41．系列集装箱-技术条件和试验方法-第二部分：保温集装箱ISO1496-2：1996
42. EECE 810. Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for Such Carriage (ATP) [S], done at Geneva on 1 September, 1970
43．操双五．冷藏集装箱热工性能理论与试验研究，[学位论文]．上海：上海海运学院，2002
44．彭春方．船舶冷藏集装箱的热负荷研究与热工测试．[学位论文]．上海：上海海事大学，2005
45．刘松．船舶冷藏集装箱变频节能研究．[学位论文]．上海：上海海事大学，2003
46．甘伟．船舶冷藏集装箱变频节能特性研究．[学位论文]．上海：上海海运学院，2002
2．韩厚德，孙永明．船舶空调动态热负荷及压缩机变频能量控制研究．机电设备，99(4)，30-35
3．韩厚德，郑青榕．远洋船舶伙食冷藏系统节能技术研究 节能99(7)．5-9
4．韩厚德，郑青榕．远洋船舶空调风机变频节能研究．节能．98(10)，16-19
5．韩厚德，远洋船舶制冷节能技术与经济分析．中国航海，97(1)．58-62
6．KEN-ICHI KIMURA Applied science Publishers LTD Scientific Basis of Air a) Conditioning
7．卢士勋，韩厚德．船舶辅机学．北京：科学出版社，1995
8. G. S calabrin and G. Bianco Int. Experimental thermodynamic analysis of a variable-speed opens reciprocating refrigeration compressor. Rcfrig. 1994 Vol, 17 No. 1. 1994
9. Experimental thermodynamic analysis of a variable-speed opens reciprocating a) Refrigeration compressor G. S calabrin Int. J. refrig, Vol. 17 No. 1 1994 b) Jahrgang. 1983 Heft 4 (3) New Product. ASHRAE Journal, APR, MAR, JAN, JUNE 1983
10. Reefer Container Transport in Cargo Holds Y Wild 2V International Congress a) of Refrigeration, IIR/IIF, Sydney, 1999
11. Reefer container seminar. Bureau Verities-Shanghai Central Office
12. Dermott Crombie PH. d. New technologies allow radical energy saving in seagoing container refrigeration systems. 20 "International Congress of Refrigeration, IIR/IIF, Sydney
13. Curcija, D. and Goss, W. p., Two-dimensional natural convection over the isothermal indoor fenestration surface—finite element numerical solution, ASHRAE Trans., Vol. 99, Part Ⅰ, pp. 274, 1993
14. H. Wang, S. Touber, Distributed and non-steady-state modeling of an air cooler. Int. J. Refrig(1991)14. 98-111
15．集装箱化合订本．99(11)，2000(3)，2001(6，9)
16. Cargo Systems. www.Cargo system. 2001
17. Energy Management control theory and system selection. ASHRAE Trans, 1980, 18. Vol. 86
19. Adel A Kader. Postharvest Technology of Horticultrual Crop. the United State of America, Publication 3311. 1992
20. H. Wang, S. Touber, Distributed and non-steady-state modeling of an air cooler. Int. J. Refrig(1991)14. 98-111
21．《轮机工程手册》编委会．轮机工程手册中册，北京：人民交通出版社．1993．1744-1800
22．陈沛霖．空气调节负荷计算理论与方法．上海：同济大学出版社，1987
23．杨强生，浦保荣．高等传热学．第二版．上海：上海交通大学出版社，2001
24．张乐法．空调动态负荷与计算机运算理论与务实．山东：济南出版社．1980
25．中国船级社．集装箱检验规范1999．北京：人民交通出版社，1999
26．赵显劲，关填谦．集装箱材料与配件手册．北京：中国铁道出版社，2000
27．杨利强．船舶冷藏箱变频节能技术的研究：(学位论文)．上海：上海海运学院，2000
28．谢剑锋．变频空调器中全封闭往复式制冷压缩机的热力性能及控制方法研究：[学位论文]．上海：上海交通大学，1997
29．刘鼎铭．冷冻集装箱．北京：人民交通出版社，1985
30．卢士勋．制冷与空气调节技术．上海：上海科学普及出版社，1992
31．陈芝久．制冷系统热动力学．北京：机械工业出版社，1998
32．范际礼，卢士勋，吴喜平等．制冷与空调实用技术手册．辽宁：辽宁科学技术出版社，1995
33．黄素逸，林秀诚，叶志瑾．采暖空调制冷手册．北京：机械工业出版社，1996
34．杨强生．对流传热与传质．北京：高等教育出版社，1985
35．杨世铭，陶文毯．传热学．第三版．北京：高等教育出版社，2000
36. Performance characteristics of a reciprocating refrigerant compressor over a range of speeds. J. A. McGovern 1990 Purdue
37．满永奎，韩安荣，吴成东．通用变频器及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，1995
38．原魁，刘伟强．变频器基础及应用．北京：冶金工业出版社，1997
39．廖全平，李红旗．涡旋变频压缩机．流体机械，2002(2)．35-37
40．中华人民共和国国家技术监督局标准．GB／T7392-1998．中华人民共和国国家标准-系列 1：集装箱的技术要求和试验方法(保温集装箱)．北京：中国标准出版社，1998-11
41．系列集装箱-技术条件和试验方法-第二部分：保温集装箱ISO1496-2：1996
42. EECE 810. Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for Such Carriage (ATP) [S], done at Geneva on 1 September, 1970
43．操双五．冷藏集装箱热工性能理论与试验研究，[学位论文]．上海：上海海运学院，2002
44．彭春方．船舶冷藏集装箱的热负荷研究与热工测试．[学位论文]．上海：上海海事大学，2005
45．刘松．船舶冷藏集装箱变频节能研究．[学位论文]．上海：上海海事大学，2003
46．甘伟．船舶冷藏集装箱变频节能特性研究．[学位论文]．上海：上海海运学院，2002