深圳市居住建筑节能设计与审查方法的研究和软件的开发
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摘要
住宅建筑能耗是民用建筑能耗的重要组成部分，而且随着经济的发展，它所占的比例也越来越高。我国目前的建筑节能特别是住宅建筑节能距国家的要求和与国外的建筑节能差距甚大。所以建筑节能，尤其是住宅建筑节能，应予以高度重视，作为重要课题来研究。
尽管我国已经有了初步的建筑节能法规标准的框架体系，但"执法"却十分无力。由于缺乏配套的节能评价体系，因此对建筑设计和产品的节能评审往往流于形式，也无法正确地评估建筑节能的目标是否实现。所以，我国需要对节能建筑的设计和评审体系进行研究，发挥设计先导作用，严把设计审核关。
国外在进行节能建筑的设计和审查建筑是否满足节能标准的要求时，一般是采用软件工具进行。目前，国外已经研究和开发出了大量的通用型能耗模拟软件和适用各建筑节能标准的设计软件，但大部分这些软件都有一个缺点--复杂。因此，我国需要研究适用于各节能标准的操作简单又值得信赖的设计与审查方法并开发相应的软件。本论文正是基于这种需要，研究应用居住建筑节能设计标准的设计和审查方法，并以深圳市为例，开发适用于建筑师和节能建筑审查人员的居住建筑节能设计和审查软件。
本文提出的居住建筑节能设计与审查方法在我校99级硕士研究生侯余波提出的模型基础上作了以下两点改进：
1) 先计算一些典型外围护结构情况下的基础数据，然后根据这些典型基础数据分析回归出相应外围护结构情况下的基础能耗计算公式，再根据基础能耗计算公式计算各种外围护结构情况下的基础数据。
2) 将外墙和外窗分开来考虑，分别计算外墙和外窗的能耗。
新模型具有更好的计算连续性，计算范围更广泛，用户对一些输入参数也更容易理解。
按照建立的新模型，本文研究了深圳市居住建筑各种典型外围护结构的全年能耗规律，用DOE-2程序模拟出了28组典型屋顶的基础数据、20352组典型外墙的基础数据、57888组典型外窗的基础数据。然后根据这些典型基础数据，回归出了1组屋顶的基础能耗计算公式、424组外墙的基础能耗计算公式、6432组外窗的基础能耗计算公式，建立了深圳市居住建筑外围护结构的基础能耗计算公式库。
在新模型的计算原理以及回归出的基础能耗计算公式的基础上，本文用Visual basic 6.0编程语言开发出了适合于建筑师和节能建筑审查人员使用的深圳市居住建筑节能设计与审查软件ShenEnergy。
The energy consumption of the residential building is the important constitution of the civilian building's energy consumption. And with the development of the economy, its proportion will increase more and more. At present, the building's energy efficiency especially the residential building's energy efficiency of our country has a long distance with the nation's demand and with the other countries. Therefore, the building's energy efficiency especially the residential building's energy efficiency should be given much more consideration and be researched as an important task.
Our country has the frame of primary codes and standards of the building's energy efficiency, but the execution of these codes and standards is very faint. And due to lack of the energy efficiency's evaluating system, the building's energy efficiency evaluation is just a process, as a result we can't be sure if a building has gotten the aim of the energy efficiency. So we should research on the energy efficient building's design and evaluating system to use building design's function of forerunner and to guard the examination gate.
In the foreign, softwares are commonly used for energy efficient building's design and examination. They have developed many universal energy simulation softwares and special design softwares applying energy efficiency standards. But these softwares have a universal disadvantage that is complexity. Thus, we need find a simple and reliable building's design and examination method which is applying special energy efficiency standard and develop some softwares based on the method. This paper is based on this need to find the method and taking Shenzhen as a example to develop a residential building's energy efficiency design and examination software.
The residential building's energy efficiency design and examination method advanced in this paper is based on the model which is brought forward by Hou Yubo and the method in this paper is made two modifications to her model:
1) First is to calculate some typical exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption data. Then based these typical basic energy consumption data, regress some formulas which can calculate any exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption data. The aim is to calculate the building exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption according to these formulas.
2) Make the exterior wall and the exterior window as independent and individually calculate their energy consumption.
The new model has good continuity in the calculation and the calculation range is more wide. Furthermore, users will easily understand some input parameters.
According to the new model, the full-year's energy consumption rules of some typical enclosures of Shenzhen have been studied. Besides, by the DOE-2 program, 28 groups' basic data of the typical roofs, 20352 groups' basic data of the typical exterior walls and 57888 groups' basic data of the typical exterior windows have been simulated. Based on these basic data, 1 group's basic energy consumption calculating formula of the roof, 424 groups' basic energy consumption calculating formulas of the exterior wall and 6432 groups' basic energy consumption calculating formulas of the exterior widow have been regressed. Then the data-base of the residential building's exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption calculating formulas of Shenzhen has been built.
Based on the new model and the basic energy consumption calculating formulas, the author developed residential building's energy efficiency design and examination software of Shenzhen －ShenEnergy.
By contrast the calculated results of the ShenEnergy program and the DOE-2 program, the author analyzed the difference of the two programs. To reduce or eliminate the difference of the two programs, the author built 4 modificatory formulas by ortho-across experiment and curve matching method. And using the 4 modificatory formulas the author modified the ShenEnergy program. After this modification, the two programs have little difference in the calculating results.
尽管我国已经有了初步的建筑节能法规标准的框架体系，但"执法"却十分无力。由于缺乏配套的节能评价体系，因此对建筑设计和产品的节能评审往往流于形式，也无法正确地评估建筑节能的目标是否实现。所以，我国需要对节能建筑的设计和评审体系进行研究，发挥设计先导作用，严把设计审核关。
国外在进行节能建筑的设计和审查建筑是否满足节能标准的要求时，一般是采用软件工具进行。目前，国外已经研究和开发出了大量的通用型能耗模拟软件和适用各建筑节能标准的设计软件，但大部分这些软件都有一个缺点--复杂。因此，我国需要研究适用于各节能标准的操作简单又值得信赖的设计与审查方法并开发相应的软件。本论文正是基于这种需要，研究应用居住建筑节能设计标准的设计和审查方法，并以深圳市为例，开发适用于建筑师和节能建筑审查人员的居住建筑节能设计和审查软件。
本文提出的居住建筑节能设计与审查方法在我校99级硕士研究生侯余波提出的模型基础上作了以下两点改进：
1) 先计算一些典型外围护结构情况下的基础数据，然后根据这些典型基础数据分析回归出相应外围护结构情况下的基础能耗计算公式，再根据基础能耗计算公式计算各种外围护结构情况下的基础数据。
2) 将外墙和外窗分开来考虑，分别计算外墙和外窗的能耗。
新模型具有更好的计算连续性，计算范围更广泛，用户对一些输入参数也更容易理解。
按照建立的新模型，本文研究了深圳市居住建筑各种典型外围护结构的全年能耗规律，用DOE-2程序模拟出了28组典型屋顶的基础数据、20352组典型外墙的基础数据、57888组典型外窗的基础数据。然后根据这些典型基础数据，回归出了1组屋顶的基础能耗计算公式、424组外墙的基础能耗计算公式、6432组外窗的基础能耗计算公式，建立了深圳市居住建筑外围护结构的基础能耗计算公式库。
在新模型的计算原理以及回归出的基础能耗计算公式的基础上，本文用Visual basic 6.0编程语言开发出了适合于建筑师和节能建筑审查人员使用的深圳市居住建筑节能设计与审查软件ShenEnergy。
The energy consumption of the residential building is the important constitution of the civilian building's energy consumption. And with the development of the economy, its proportion will increase more and more. At present, the building's energy efficiency especially the residential building's energy efficiency of our country has a long distance with the nation's demand and with the other countries. Therefore, the building's energy efficiency especially the residential building's energy efficiency should be given much more consideration and be researched as an important task.
Our country has the frame of primary codes and standards of the building's energy efficiency, but the execution of these codes and standards is very faint. And due to lack of the energy efficiency's evaluating system, the building's energy efficiency evaluation is just a process, as a result we can't be sure if a building has gotten the aim of the energy efficiency. So we should research on the energy efficient building's design and evaluating system to use building design's function of forerunner and to guard the examination gate.
In the foreign, softwares are commonly used for energy efficient building's design and examination. They have developed many universal energy simulation softwares and special design softwares applying energy efficiency standards. But these softwares have a universal disadvantage that is complexity. Thus, we need find a simple and reliable building's design and examination method which is applying special energy efficiency standard and develop some softwares based on the method. This paper is based on this need to find the method and taking Shenzhen as a example to develop a residential building's energy efficiency design and examination software.
The residential building's energy efficiency design and examination method advanced in this paper is based on the model which is brought forward by Hou Yubo and the method in this paper is made two modifications to her model:
1) First is to calculate some typical exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption data. Then based these typical basic energy consumption data, regress some formulas which can calculate any exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption data. The aim is to calculate the building exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption according to these formulas.
2) Make the exterior wall and the exterior window as independent and individually calculate their energy consumption.
The new model has good continuity in the calculation and the calculation range is more wide. Furthermore, users will easily understand some input parameters.
According to the new model, the full-year's energy consumption rules of some typical enclosures of Shenzhen have been studied. Besides, by the DOE-2 program, 28 groups' basic data of the typical roofs, 20352 groups' basic data of the typical exterior walls and 57888 groups' basic data of the typical exterior windows have been simulated. Based on these basic data, 1 group's basic energy consumption calculating formula of the roof, 424 groups' basic energy consumption calculating formulas of the exterior wall and 6432 groups' basic energy consumption calculating formulas of the exterior widow have been regressed. Then the data-base of the residential building's exterior enclosure's basic energy consumption calculating formulas of Shenzhen has been built.
Based on the new model and the basic energy consumption calculating formulas, the author developed residential building's energy efficiency design and examination software of Shenzhen －ShenEnergy.
By contrast the calculated results of the ShenEnergy program and the DOE-2 program, the author analyzed the difference of the two programs. To reduce or eliminate the difference of the two programs, the author built 4 modificatory formulas by ortho-across experiment and curve matching method. And using the 4 modificatory formulas the author modified the ShenEnergy program. After this modification, the two programs have little difference in the calculating results.
引文
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[2] P.Ole Fanger D.Sc. Human requirements in future air-conditioned environments. International Journal of Refrigeration 24(2001) 148-153
[3] T.Olofsson, S.Andersson, R.Ostin. Energy load predictions for buildings based on a total demand perspective. Energy and Buildings 28(1998)109-116
[4] G.P.Maheshwari, R.Al-Murad. Impact of energy-conservation measures on cooling load and air-conditioning plant capacity. Applied Energy 69(2001)59-67
[5] Joseph C.Lam. Residential sector air conditioning loads and electricity use in Hong Kong. Energy Conversion & Management 41(2000)1757-1768
[6] W.L.Lee, F.W.H.Yik. Regulatory and voluntary approaches for enhancing energy efficiencies of buildings in Hong Kong.Applied Energy 71(2002)251-274
[7] 李湘洲.国外节能建筑发展的若干动向.墙材革新与建筑节能.2000.NO.4
[8] 李先逵.我国建筑节能目标及技术政策.施工技术.1999年7月第28卷第7期
[9] 韩爱兴.中国建筑节能政策.中国能源.1999年第2期
[10] Bruno Keller，田原.把握时机建造高质量低能耗建筑.建筑学报.2000－3
[11] 龙惟定.国内建筑合理用能的现状及展望.能源工程.2001 ②
[12] 涂逢祥.21世纪初建筑节能展望.新型建筑材料.1/2001
[13] 张笛.浅谈华南地区的建筑节能.人民珠江.2001年第4期
[14] 聂玉墙，李安桂，冀兆良，陈只兵.广州地区能耗特征及民用建筑节能技术措施.西安建筑科技大学学报.2001年9月第33卷第3期
[15] 任俊，孟庆林，杨树荣.夏热冬暖地区的建筑节能.墙材革新与建筑节能.2001.1
[16] 建设部建筑节能“九五”计划和2010年规划.施工技术.1996.No.8
[17] 建设部建筑节能“十五”计划纲要.关注.2002年第7期
[18] James E.McMahon, Peter Chan, Stuart Chaitkin. Impacts of U.S. Appliance Standards to Date.As published in the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting. Naples,Italy,September 27-29,2000
[19] 俞善庆.关于建筑节能标准化.中国标准化.2000年第1期
[20] 倪虹，牟磊.我国建筑节能与国外的差距及问题.建筑节能.2002年第2期
[21] 李俊霞 编译.加拿大的建筑节能.墙材革新与建筑节能.1999.No.2
M.W.Ellis, E.H.Mathews. Needs and trends in building and HVAC system design tools. Building
[22] and Environment 37(2002)461-470
[23] Mohammad Saad Al-Homoud. Computer-aided building energy analysis techniques. Building and Environment 36(2001)421-433
[24] Tianzhen Hong, S.K.Chou,T.Y.Bong. Building simulation: an overview of developments and information sources. Building and Environment 35(2000)347-361
[25] 侯余波.夏热冬暖地区建筑师用建筑能耗计算方法的研究.重庆大学硕士学位论文.2001.11
[26] Omar M.Al-Rabghi, Douglas C.Hittle. Energy simulation in buildings: overview and BLAST example. Energy Conversion and Management 42(2001)1623-1635
[27] 苏华.建筑物动态能耗分析用气象仿真模型研究.重庆大学博士学位论文.2002.10
[28] 周良，张国强，彭建国，邹媛.建筑节能及暖通空调仿真软件的现状和发展.湖南大学学报.2000年12月.第27卷第6期
[29] Byungseon S.Kim, Larry O.Degelman. An interface system for computerized energy analyses for building designers. Energy and Buildings 27(1998)97-107
[30] Michael Donn. Tools for quality control in simulation. Building and Environment 36(2001)673-680
[31] S.Citherlet, J.A.Clarke, J.Hand. Integration in building physics simulation. Energy and Buildings 33(2001)451-461
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