建筑外遮阳对室内光环境的影响研究
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摘要
我国建筑相关能耗已占到社会总能耗的46.7%左右,建筑节能已成为我国的重要研究课题。在建筑能耗中,采暖空调能耗又占到了55%。而在空调能耗中夏季通过窗户进入室内的太阳辐射所消耗得热量是空调能耗的主要原因。作为遮挡太阳辐射,有效降低夏季空调能耗的有效措施,建筑外遮阳已成为建筑节能研究的重要课题之一。
我国对外遮阳的研究已经获得了一定的成果,但研究大都还只集中在对室内热环境及空调系统的节能方面。对外遮阳对室内采光方面的影响几乎还没有系统的研究。本文应用计算机模拟与实验验证相结合的方法,结合室内照度、照度均匀度、眩光指数等多个光环境评价指标对设置外遮阳情况下的室内光环境及全年采光效率进行了分析;对几种外遮阳形式进行了综合节能评价,分析了不同外遮阳形式的节能效果。论文主要贡献是:
(1)利用Radiance采光计算软件模拟分析了五种不同外遮阳形式对室内采光效率和室内光环境的影响,得出了五种外遮阳形式对室内照度的影响程度和对室内天然光眩光的控制效果。
(2)建立了实验模型并进行了实验测试,对比分析结果表明,采光模拟结果准确、可信。
(3)分析了四种外遮阳形式的不同设置参数对室内采光系数、全年天然光利用率及全年照明能耗的影响,得出了四种遮阳形式对室内全年天然光利用率的影响程度。
(4)定性分析了外遮阳对室内全年空调能耗、采暖能耗和采光能耗及其三者相互之间的影响。对水平、垂直、综合、百叶四种外遮阳形式进行了全年能耗模拟,结合外遮阳对空调能耗、采暖能耗、照明能耗的影响分析了它们在不同方向上的综合节能效果,提出了四种基本遮阳形式的最佳使用方向。
In china,Building related energy consumption accounts for 46.7% of total social energy consumption. Building energy saving has become an important research topic in China. In building energy consumption , heating and air conditioning energy consumption has accounted for 55%. In summer,the solar radiation through the windows into the interior is the main reasons of air conditioning energy consumption. As a effective measures to block solar radiation and reduce air conditioning energy consumption,architectural shading has become an important subject of the building energy saving.
Studies of external shading in our country have been obtained some achievements. But the researches also only focused on the indoor thermal environment and energy saving of air-conditioning systems. How external shading impact the indoor light environment is almost no systematic study. Based on the method of computer simulation and experimental verification,this paper used the environmental criteria such as indoor illumination, illumination uniformity and glare index to analyze the effect of external shading on the interior light environment and annual lighting efficiency; evaluated energy-saving effect of external shading of different forms. The main contribution of article is:
(1) Usd Radiance, the lighting simulation software, to analyze the effect of different forms external shading on the interior light environment and annual lighting efficiency, obtained the influence degree on indoor illumination and the control effect for glare of the five forms shading.
(2) Established experimental model and got experimental test, and got comparative analysis with the simulation results,comparative analysis shows that simulation results are accurate and reliable.
(3) Analysis was also made on the influence of the external shading in indoor daylight factor, indoor lighting efficiency and lighting energy consumption throughout the year, obtained the influence degree that external shading impacts on ndoor lighting efficiency.
(4) Qualitatively analyzed the effect of external shadings in heating, lighting and air conditioning energy consumption. Calculate the indoor heating, lighting and air conditioning energy consumption when there was setting external shadings to study their energy saving effect in in different directions,and proposed the best setting direction for the shading of four basic forms.
我国对外遮阳的研究已经获得了一定的成果,但研究大都还只集中在对室内热环境及空调系统的节能方面。对外遮阳对室内采光方面的影响几乎还没有系统的研究。本文应用计算机模拟与实验验证相结合的方法,结合室内照度、照度均匀度、眩光指数等多个光环境评价指标对设置外遮阳情况下的室内光环境及全年采光效率进行了分析;对几种外遮阳形式进行了综合节能评价,分析了不同外遮阳形式的节能效果。论文主要贡献是:
(1)利用Radiance采光计算软件模拟分析了五种不同外遮阳形式对室内采光效率和室内光环境的影响,得出了五种外遮阳形式对室内照度的影响程度和对室内天然光眩光的控制效果。
(2)建立了实验模型并进行了实验测试,对比分析结果表明,采光模拟结果准确、可信。
(3)分析了四种外遮阳形式的不同设置参数对室内采光系数、全年天然光利用率及全年照明能耗的影响,得出了四种遮阳形式对室内全年天然光利用率的影响程度。
(4)定性分析了外遮阳对室内全年空调能耗、采暖能耗和采光能耗及其三者相互之间的影响。对水平、垂直、综合、百叶四种外遮阳形式进行了全年能耗模拟,结合外遮阳对空调能耗、采暖能耗、照明能耗的影响分析了它们在不同方向上的综合节能效果,提出了四种基本遮阳形式的最佳使用方向。
In china,Building related energy consumption accounts for 46.7% of total social energy consumption. Building energy saving has become an important research topic in China. In building energy consumption , heating and air conditioning energy consumption has accounted for 55%. In summer,the solar radiation through the windows into the interior is the main reasons of air conditioning energy consumption. As a effective measures to block solar radiation and reduce air conditioning energy consumption,architectural shading has become an important subject of the building energy saving.
Studies of external shading in our country have been obtained some achievements. But the researches also only focused on the indoor thermal environment and energy saving of air-conditioning systems. How external shading impact the indoor light environment is almost no systematic study. Based on the method of computer simulation and experimental verification,this paper used the environmental criteria such as indoor illumination, illumination uniformity and glare index to analyze the effect of external shading on the interior light environment and annual lighting efficiency; evaluated energy-saving effect of external shading of different forms. The main contribution of article is:
(1) Usd Radiance, the lighting simulation software, to analyze the effect of different forms external shading on the interior light environment and annual lighting efficiency, obtained the influence degree on indoor illumination and the control effect for glare of the five forms shading.
(2) Established experimental model and got experimental test, and got comparative analysis with the simulation results,comparative analysis shows that simulation results are accurate and reliable.
(3) Analysis was also made on the influence of the external shading in indoor daylight factor, indoor lighting efficiency and lighting energy consumption throughout the year, obtained the influence degree that external shading impacts on ndoor lighting efficiency.
(4) Qualitatively analyzed the effect of external shadings in heating, lighting and air conditioning energy consumption. Calculate the indoor heating, lighting and air conditioning energy consumption when there was setting external shadings to study their energy saving effect in in different directions,and proposed the best setting direction for the shading of four basic forms.
引文
[1]清华大学建筑节能研究中心.2009.中国建筑节能年度发展研究报告2009[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[2]江亿.我国建筑耗能状况及有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调,2005,35(5) , 30-40.
[3]王芳,侯永强等.探索我国建筑节能现状与发展[J].山西建筑,2008,34(14),245-246.
[4]中华人民共和国标准GB50189-2005,公共建筑节能设计标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[5]中华人民共和国标准GB50189-2005,夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[6]中华人民共和国设计规范GB50176-93,民用建筑热工设计规范[S]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[7]柳孝图. 2000.建筑物理(第二版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[8]刘琦,王德华.建筑日照设计[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社.
[9]王长庆等译.1999.绿色建筑技术手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[10]宋德萱.遮阳+自然通风—一种建筑环境控制的协作方法[C].第六届建筑物理学术会议论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版1993.
[11]汤民,百叶外遮阳对建筑自然通风影响的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[12] A.H.Elmahdy. Heating Transmission and R-value of Fenestration Using IRC Hot Box. ASHRAE Transactions 1991(1):631-637.
[13] A.H.Elmahdy. Heating Transmission and R-value of Fenestration Using IRC HotBox: procedure and uncertainty analysis. ASHRAE Transactions 1992(1):838-845.
[14] Klems.Solar Heat Gain Through Fenestration Systems Containing Shading:Summary of Procedures for Estimating Performance from Minimal Data.ASHRAE Transactions 108(1):512-524.
[15] Wright.. Calculating the central-glass performance indices of the windows.ASHRAE Transactions 101(1):802-818.
[16]王荣光,沈天行.2004.可再生能源利用与建筑节能[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[17] Anichan Offiong,A.U.Ukpoho.External window shading treatment effects on internal environmental temperature of buildings[J].29(2004):2153-2165.
[18] Nihil K.Kapur.A comparative analysis of the radiant effect of external sunshades on glass surface temperatures[J].Solar Energy.77(2004):407-419.
[19] A.K.Athirnitis.A methodology for simulation of daylight room illuminance distributionandlight dimming for a room with a controlled shading device.Solar energy,2002,72(4):271-281.
[20]肖辉乾等.日光与建筑译文集[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988:237~242.
[21] Wong Nyuk Hien,Agustinus Djoko Istiadji . Effects of external shading devices on daylighting and natural ventilation[R] . Eighth International IBPSA Conference ,Netherlands,2003.
[22] Marie-Claude Dubois.Impact of Shading devices on daylight quality in offices[R].Sweden,2001.
[23] Marie-Claude Dubois.Solar Shading and Building Energy Use[R].Sweden,1996.
[24]田智华.建.筑遮.阳性能的试验检测技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[25]李雨桐.夏热冬暖地区门窗性能检测方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学.2004.
[26]李娟,张强.重庆地区居住建筑遮阳构筑物对建筑能耗的影响[J].建筑节能,2007,35(10),21-23.
[27]简毅文,王苏颖,江亿.水平和垂直遮阳方式对北京地区西窗和南窗遮阳效果的分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2001,33(3):212-217.
[28]马京涛.广州地区窗口外遮阳透光率[D].广州:华南理工大学.2003.
[29]张磊,孟庆林.窗总热阻和遮阳系数的动态测试[J].建筑节能,2003,6:57-60.
[30]郑松,李保峰.夏热地区住宅窗户节能的实验-关于建筑外遮阳设计的思考[J].节能窗技术.2003,9.
[31]王珍吾.建筑外遮阳系数的光电法测试初探[D].广州:华南理工大学.2004.
[32]邓天福,李景广,叶倩.外遮阳百叶隔热性能与采光分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2008,27(4):13-18.
[33]张伟.结合天然采光的办公建筑节能研究[D].天津:天津大学.2005.
[34]张连飞.天津地区办公建筑窗口外遮阳设计研究[D].天津:天津大学.2008.
[35]张绍纲.天然光的空间分布——各种参考天空的亮度分布[J].照明工程学报,1998,8(4):63-79.
[36] Norio Igawa,Hiroshi Nakamura.All sky model as a standard sky for thesimulation of daylit environment.Building and Environment[J]. 2001,36:763-770.
[37] Spatial Distribution of Daylight-CIE Standard General Sky[S].CIE S 011/E:2003 ISO 15469:2003(E)
[38] Norio Igawa , Yasuko Kog . Models of sky radiance distributionand sky luminance distribution.Solar Energy[J],2004,77:137–157.
[39]杨公侠.各国天空模型研究综述[J].照明工程学报,1994,5(1-2):1-26.
[40]金招芬,朱颖心.2001.建筑环境学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[41]王书晓.办公室光环境评价体系研究[D].北京:中国建筑科学研究院.2007.
[42]尤伟,吴蔚.浅探运用Radiance模拟天然采光[J].照明工程学报,2008,19(1):25-32.
[43] http://radsite. lbl. gov/deskrad/Desktop Radiance2.0 BETA user manual.
[44]杨公侠,杨旭东.不舒适眩光与不舒适眩光评价[J].照明工程学报,2006,17(2):11-15.
[45] Werner K.E. Osterhaus . Discomfort glare assessment and prevention for daylight applications in office environments [J].Solar Energy,2005,79:140–158.
[46] Ali A. Nazzal.A new evaluation method for daylight discomfort glare [J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2005,35:295–306.
[47] Energy Plus stutorial
[48]某大型公共建筑全能耗模拟和节能潜力分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2008,27(6):84-89.
[2]江亿.我国建筑耗能状况及有效的节能途径[J].暖通空调,2005,35(5) , 30-40.
[3]王芳,侯永强等.探索我国建筑节能现状与发展[J].山西建筑,2008,34(14),245-246.
[4]中华人民共和国标准GB50189-2005,公共建筑节能设计标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[5]中华人民共和国标准GB50189-2005,夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[6]中华人民共和国设计规范GB50176-93,民用建筑热工设计规范[S]北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993.
[7]柳孝图. 2000.建筑物理(第二版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[8]刘琦,王德华.建筑日照设计[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社.
[9]王长庆等译.1999.绿色建筑技术手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[10]宋德萱.遮阳+自然通风—一种建筑环境控制的协作方法[C].第六届建筑物理学术会议论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版1993.
[11]汤民,百叶外遮阳对建筑自然通风影响的研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[12] A.H.Elmahdy. Heating Transmission and R-value of Fenestration Using IRC Hot Box. ASHRAE Transactions 1991(1):631-637.
[13] A.H.Elmahdy. Heating Transmission and R-value of Fenestration Using IRC HotBox: procedure and uncertainty analysis. ASHRAE Transactions 1992(1):838-845.
[14] Klems.Solar Heat Gain Through Fenestration Systems Containing Shading:Summary of Procedures for Estimating Performance from Minimal Data.ASHRAE Transactions 108(1):512-524.
[15] Wright.. Calculating the central-glass performance indices of the windows.ASHRAE Transactions 101(1):802-818.
[16]王荣光,沈天行.2004.可再生能源利用与建筑节能[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[17] Anichan Offiong,A.U.Ukpoho.External window shading treatment effects on internal environmental temperature of buildings[J].29(2004):2153-2165.
[18] Nihil K.Kapur.A comparative analysis of the radiant effect of external sunshades on glass surface temperatures[J].Solar Energy.77(2004):407-419.
[19] A.K.Athirnitis.A methodology for simulation of daylight room illuminance distributionandlight dimming for a room with a controlled shading device.Solar energy,2002,72(4):271-281.
[20]肖辉乾等.日光与建筑译文集[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988:237~242.
[21] Wong Nyuk Hien,Agustinus Djoko Istiadji . Effects of external shading devices on daylighting and natural ventilation[R] . Eighth International IBPSA Conference ,Netherlands,2003.
[22] Marie-Claude Dubois.Impact of Shading devices on daylight quality in offices[R].Sweden,2001.
[23] Marie-Claude Dubois.Solar Shading and Building Energy Use[R].Sweden,1996.
[24]田智华.建.筑遮.阳性能的试验检测技术研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[25]李雨桐.夏热冬暖地区门窗性能检测方法研究[D].重庆:重庆大学.2004.
[26]李娟,张强.重庆地区居住建筑遮阳构筑物对建筑能耗的影响[J].建筑节能,2007,35(10),21-23.
[27]简毅文,王苏颖,江亿.水平和垂直遮阳方式对北京地区西窗和南窗遮阳效果的分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报,2001,33(3):212-217.
[28]马京涛.广州地区窗口外遮阳透光率[D].广州:华南理工大学.2003.
[29]张磊,孟庆林.窗总热阻和遮阳系数的动态测试[J].建筑节能,2003,6:57-60.
[30]郑松,李保峰.夏热地区住宅窗户节能的实验-关于建筑外遮阳设计的思考[J].节能窗技术.2003,9.
[31]王珍吾.建筑外遮阳系数的光电法测试初探[D].广州:华南理工大学.2004.
[32]邓天福,李景广,叶倩.外遮阳百叶隔热性能与采光分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2008,27(4):13-18.
[33]张伟.结合天然采光的办公建筑节能研究[D].天津:天津大学.2005.
[34]张连飞.天津地区办公建筑窗口外遮阳设计研究[D].天津:天津大学.2008.
[35]张绍纲.天然光的空间分布——各种参考天空的亮度分布[J].照明工程学报,1998,8(4):63-79.
[36] Norio Igawa,Hiroshi Nakamura.All sky model as a standard sky for thesimulation of daylit environment.Building and Environment[J]. 2001,36:763-770.
[37] Spatial Distribution of Daylight-CIE Standard General Sky[S].CIE S 011/E:2003 ISO 15469:2003(E)
[38] Norio Igawa , Yasuko Kog . Models of sky radiance distributionand sky luminance distribution.Solar Energy[J],2004,77:137–157.
[39]杨公侠.各国天空模型研究综述[J].照明工程学报,1994,5(1-2):1-26.
[40]金招芬,朱颖心.2001.建筑环境学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
[41]王书晓.办公室光环境评价体系研究[D].北京:中国建筑科学研究院.2007.
[42]尤伟,吴蔚.浅探运用Radiance模拟天然采光[J].照明工程学报,2008,19(1):25-32.
[43] http://radsite. lbl. gov/deskrad/Desktop Radiance2.0 BETA user manual.
[44]杨公侠,杨旭东.不舒适眩光与不舒适眩光评价[J].照明工程学报,2006,17(2):11-15.
[45] Werner K.E. Osterhaus . Discomfort glare assessment and prevention for daylight applications in office environments [J].Solar Energy,2005,79:140–158.
[46] Ali A. Nazzal.A new evaluation method for daylight discomfort glare [J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2005,35:295–306.
[47] Energy Plus stutorial
[48]某大型公共建筑全能耗模拟和节能潜力分析[J].建筑热能通风空调,2008,27(6):84-89.