燃料电池混合动力机车建模及能量管理策略研究
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摘要
燃料电池混合动力机车采用燃料电池和辅助能源(蓄电池或超级电容)构成的动力系统,因其高效、环保等特点而被认为是一种潜力巨大的新型轨道交通工具,受到世界范围内的广泛关注和深入研究。
能量管理策略是燃料电池混合动力机车的关键技术之一,其核心在于通过合理分配燃料电池和辅助能源的功率输出,在保证机车功率需求的同时优化各能量单元的工作性能,提高整车燃料经济性。
本文主要研究燃料电池混合动力机车的建模及能量管理策略的优化设计问题,主要研究成果如下：
(1)基于MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真环境,建立了燃料电池—蓄电池混合动力机车系统仿真模型,主要包括燃料电池模型、蓄电池模型、机车负载模型和DC/DC变换器模型,从而为研究能量管理策略的正确性和有效性提供了仿真平台。基于燃料电池混合动力机车的假设行驶工况,仿真分析了机车各部件在功率跟随式能量管理策略下的工作性能,将主要技术参数作为比较基准。
(2)根据模糊逻辑控制理论,设计了以机车需求牵引功率和蓄电池荷电状态为输入、以DC/DC变换器参考功率信号为输出的模糊逻辑能量管理策略。基于系统仿真模型对所设计的模糊逻辑能量管理策略进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明：与功率跟随式能量管理策略相比,所设计的模糊逻辑能量管理策略能够有效减少燃料电池的动态负荷,维持蓄电池的荷电状态在期望范围内,同时提高了整车的燃料经济性。
(3)引入蓄电池等效氢耗量的概念,以机车总氢耗量最小为目标函数,采用粒子群优化算法对所设计的模糊逻辑能量管理策略的隶属度函数参数进行优化。基于系统仿真模型对优化后的模糊逻辑能量管理策略进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明：优化后的模糊逻辑能量管理策略能够在有效减少燃料电池动态负荷、维持蓄电池荷电状态在期望范围内的同时,进一步提高整车的燃料经济性。
The power system of the fuel cell hybrid locomotive consists of fuel cell stack and auxiliary energy unit, such as battery or super capacitor. For the features of high efficiency and environmental protection, the fuel cell hybrid locomotive is considered as a new rail transit tool with tremendous potential, receiving extensive attention and in-depth research in the world.
Energy management strategy is one of the key technologies for the fuel cell hybrid locomotive, and its core is optimizing the performance of each energy unit and improving the vehicle fuel economy at the same time ensuring the locomotive power demand, which is achieved through the reasonable allocation of the output power for the fuel cell stack and auxiliary energy unit.
The fuel cell hybrid locomotive modeling and the optimal design of the energy management are researched in this paper, and the main achievements are summarized as follows:
(1) The fuel cell hybrid locomotive system model is established based on MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation environment, including the fuel cell model, the battery model, the locomotive load model and the DC/DC converter model, so as to provide a simulation platform for studying the correctness and validity of the energy management strategy. Based on a assumed driving cycle of the fuel cell hybrid locomotive, the simulation analysis of the various components'performance is implemented under the power following energy management strategy, and the main technical parameters are taken as the baseline for comparison.
(2) The fuzzy logic energy management strategy is designed according to the fuzzy logic control theory, with the locomotive power demand and the state of charge of the battery as the input and the DC/DC converter reference power as the output. The designed fuzzy logic energy management strategy is verified based on the system model. The simulation results show that compared with the power following energy management strategy, the designed fuzzy logic energy management strategy is able to reduce the dynamic load of the fuel cell stack effectively, maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the battery within the desired range, and improve the vehicle fuel economy,.
(3) Through introducing the concept of the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the battery and regarding the minimum of the total hydrogen consumption of the locomotive as the objective function, the membership function parameters of the designed fuzzy logic energy management strategy is optimized base on the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The optimized fuzzy logic energy management is verified based on the system model. The simulation results show that the optimized fuzzy logic energy management strategy is able to further improve the vehicle fuel economy while reducing the dynamic load of the fuel cell stack effectively and maintaining the state of charge (SOC) of the battery within the desired range.
能量管理策略是燃料电池混合动力机车的关键技术之一,其核心在于通过合理分配燃料电池和辅助能源的功率输出,在保证机车功率需求的同时优化各能量单元的工作性能,提高整车燃料经济性。
本文主要研究燃料电池混合动力机车的建模及能量管理策略的优化设计问题,主要研究成果如下：
(1)基于MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真环境,建立了燃料电池—蓄电池混合动力机车系统仿真模型,主要包括燃料电池模型、蓄电池模型、机车负载模型和DC/DC变换器模型,从而为研究能量管理策略的正确性和有效性提供了仿真平台。基于燃料电池混合动力机车的假设行驶工况,仿真分析了机车各部件在功率跟随式能量管理策略下的工作性能,将主要技术参数作为比较基准。
(2)根据模糊逻辑控制理论,设计了以机车需求牵引功率和蓄电池荷电状态为输入、以DC/DC变换器参考功率信号为输出的模糊逻辑能量管理策略。基于系统仿真模型对所设计的模糊逻辑能量管理策略进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明：与功率跟随式能量管理策略相比,所设计的模糊逻辑能量管理策略能够有效减少燃料电池的动态负荷,维持蓄电池的荷电状态在期望范围内,同时提高了整车的燃料经济性。
(3)引入蓄电池等效氢耗量的概念,以机车总氢耗量最小为目标函数,采用粒子群优化算法对所设计的模糊逻辑能量管理策略的隶属度函数参数进行优化。基于系统仿真模型对优化后的模糊逻辑能量管理策略进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明：优化后的模糊逻辑能量管理策略能够在有效减少燃料电池动态负荷、维持蓄电池荷电状态在期望范围内的同时,进一步提高整车的燃料经济性。
The power system of the fuel cell hybrid locomotive consists of fuel cell stack and auxiliary energy unit, such as battery or super capacitor. For the features of high efficiency and environmental protection, the fuel cell hybrid locomotive is considered as a new rail transit tool with tremendous potential, receiving extensive attention and in-depth research in the world.
Energy management strategy is one of the key technologies for the fuel cell hybrid locomotive, and its core is optimizing the performance of each energy unit and improving the vehicle fuel economy at the same time ensuring the locomotive power demand, which is achieved through the reasonable allocation of the output power for the fuel cell stack and auxiliary energy unit.
The fuel cell hybrid locomotive modeling and the optimal design of the energy management are researched in this paper, and the main achievements are summarized as follows:
(1) The fuel cell hybrid locomotive system model is established based on MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation environment, including the fuel cell model, the battery model, the locomotive load model and the DC/DC converter model, so as to provide a simulation platform for studying the correctness and validity of the energy management strategy. Based on a assumed driving cycle of the fuel cell hybrid locomotive, the simulation analysis of the various components'performance is implemented under the power following energy management strategy, and the main technical parameters are taken as the baseline for comparison.
(2) The fuzzy logic energy management strategy is designed according to the fuzzy logic control theory, with the locomotive power demand and the state of charge of the battery as the input and the DC/DC converter reference power as the output. The designed fuzzy logic energy management strategy is verified based on the system model. The simulation results show that compared with the power following energy management strategy, the designed fuzzy logic energy management strategy is able to reduce the dynamic load of the fuel cell stack effectively, maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the battery within the desired range, and improve the vehicle fuel economy,.
(3) Through introducing the concept of the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the battery and regarding the minimum of the total hydrogen consumption of the locomotive as the objective function, the membership function parameters of the designed fuzzy logic energy management strategy is optimized base on the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The optimized fuzzy logic energy management is verified based on the system model. The simulation results show that the optimized fuzzy logic energy management strategy is able to further improve the vehicle fuel economy while reducing the dynamic load of the fuel cell stack effectively and maintaining the state of charge (SOC) of the battery within the desired range.
引文
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[3]衣宝廉.燃料电池—原理技术应用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.
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