基于瞬时优化的混合动力汽车控制策略研究
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摘要
混合动力汽车在传统汽车驱动系统基础上增加一套电驱动系统,为提高燃油经济性和降低尾气排放提供了广阔的整车设计和控制空间,是当前新能源汽车技术中最具产业化前景的技术。本文以国家“863”电动汽车重大专项为依托,对混合动力汽车开发中的行驶工况、参数匹配与优化和控制策略设计与优化等关键技术环节,以及这些环节之间的相互影响与作用进行研究。
汽车混合动力化使汽车具有提高燃油经济性和降低尾气排放的潜力,但是其节能和降低排放潜力的发挥相对于传统汽车则更加依赖于目标行驶工况的选取,总成参数的匹配与优化,以及能量管理控制策略的设计与参数优化。混合动力汽车技术这3个环节的相互关系,以及如何对各技术环节对整车性能的影响进行独立客观地评价,是认识混合动力汽车节能机理的本质和发挥其节能和降低排放的重要途径,这是本文的主要研究方向,也是本文的主要创新点。
本文提出一个以基于瞬时等效油耗最低控制策略(ECMS, Instantaneous Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy)的瞬时优化控制策略为核心的系统研究方法,对混合动力汽车参数匹配方案的节能潜力和控制策略对参数匹配方案节能潜力的发挥程度进行研究,并根据获得的瞬时优化控制策略的控制规则建立新的实时控制策略。
首先,以瞬时优化控制策略为评价策略,获得参数匹配方案在目标行驶工况下的最高燃油经济性,将其作为该参数匹配方案在目标行驶工况下能够获得的节能潜力。然后,对相同的目标行驶工况和参数匹配方案采用逻辑门限控制策略,研究采用逻辑门限控制策略能够获得的最佳燃油经济性,将其作为控制策略对参数匹配方案节能潜力的发挥,即以参数匹配方案节能潜力发挥度对控制策略的控制效能进行评价。最后,根据获得的瞬时优化控制策略的控制规则开发一种新的能够应用于实车控制的实时控制策略,并对其控制效能进行验证。
本文的研究内容是混合动力汽车理论研究和方案设计的重要理论基础,对认识混合动力汽车技术的机理,发挥混合动力汽车的技术优势,将会具有重要的指导意义。
Facing the two serious problems of oil shortage and air pollution, which are against the sustainable development of the global automotive industry, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been accepted world wide as one of the most feasible solutions to the problems. Because of incorporating the advantages of both the battery electric vehicle and the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle, it is of high fuel efficiency, low emissions, long driving range, and affordable price. In some west countries that have advanced automotive industry, governments and automobile manufacturers have invested a lot for the development of HEVs. The Ministry of Science and Technology of China has also set the development of HEVs and HEV components as one of the most important sub-projects in the 863 Program.
The driving cycle, parameter design and control strategy are the key technologies of HEVs, they interact. Driving cycle is the base of parameter design, control strategy development and vehicle performance evaluation; parameter design determines the most energy-saving potential of design proposal in the target driving cycle; the characteristic of control strategy will determine degree that the control strategy brings into play the energy-saving potential of design proposal. How to evaluate the energy-saving potential of certain design proposal and development degree of certain control strategy is an important study aspect of HEVs. With the hybrid drive train parameter optimization design and control strategy study and application project of the national 863 Program as its background, the main topic of this study is the evaluation of parameter design energy-saving potential and the control impact of control strategy and the development of control strategy based on instantaneous optimization control strategy.
First of all, hybrid electric vehicle instantaneous optimization control strategy was built based on the Instantaneous Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). Energy flow routes of basic operating mode and efficiency characteristics of hybrid electric vehicle drive train main components were analyzed. The use of electric energy of battery at the present time was divided into electric energy future compensation and future consumption mode, to represent complex operating modes of battery during the driving cycle of HEV. The equivalent fuel consumption of battery electric energy in the two modes is calculated based on Energy Saving Mechanism and the efficiency characteristic of HEV. After taking into account battery SOC sustaining and, the free energy receiving from regeneration brake, the expression of equivalent instantaneous fuel consumption was built.
Based on ADVISOR and modeFRONTIER joint simulation and optimization platform, energy-saving potential of certain parameter design of HEV bus was study. Instantaneous optimization control strategy worked as evaluating control strategy, battery energy future compensation equivalent fuel consumption conversion factor f eq _dis and future consumption equivalent fuel consumption conversion factor f eq _chg worked as control optimizing parameters. The energy-saving potential of the parameter design in the Beijing city bus driving cycle was obtained, it was on the level of present HEV energy management control strategy.
Based on the joint simulation and optimization platform, the control parameters of logic threshold control strategy were optimized, to obtain the best fuel economy of parameter design in the Beijing city bus driving cycle. This value was the real fuel economy of the energy-saving potential of the parameter design exerted by logic threshold control strategy. The ratio of this value and the energy-saving potential was regarded as benchmark an index to evaluate the control efficiency of HEV control strategy.
Real time control strategy that could be used for real vehicle was developed based the control rules from instantaneous optimization control strategy. By assuming SOC was always target value and not taking into account free energy from regeneration braking, simplifying the instantaneous optimization control strategy, the engine driving torque was attained at each required driving speed and torque.
The developed new HEV control strategy determined engine driving torque based on present required driving speed and torque by looking up table. Then, the control strategy adjusted engine output torque based on the difference of present battery SOC and target SOC, to sustain the balance of battery energy. At last, the performance of the developed new HEV control strategy were validated, it could improve the fuel economy of HEV.
The thesis is about the key technologies of HEV from the 863-project, which provides the foundation for the parameters design and control of HEV. At the same time the research achievement is the basis for the acceleration and grasp of independent development, and is also the embodiment of the significance for this thesis.
汽车混合动力化使汽车具有提高燃油经济性和降低尾气排放的潜力,但是其节能和降低排放潜力的发挥相对于传统汽车则更加依赖于目标行驶工况的选取,总成参数的匹配与优化,以及能量管理控制策略的设计与参数优化。混合动力汽车技术这3个环节的相互关系,以及如何对各技术环节对整车性能的影响进行独立客观地评价,是认识混合动力汽车节能机理的本质和发挥其节能和降低排放的重要途径,这是本文的主要研究方向,也是本文的主要创新点。
本文提出一个以基于瞬时等效油耗最低控制策略(ECMS, Instantaneous Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy)的瞬时优化控制策略为核心的系统研究方法,对混合动力汽车参数匹配方案的节能潜力和控制策略对参数匹配方案节能潜力的发挥程度进行研究,并根据获得的瞬时优化控制策略的控制规则建立新的实时控制策略。
首先,以瞬时优化控制策略为评价策略,获得参数匹配方案在目标行驶工况下的最高燃油经济性,将其作为该参数匹配方案在目标行驶工况下能够获得的节能潜力。然后,对相同的目标行驶工况和参数匹配方案采用逻辑门限控制策略,研究采用逻辑门限控制策略能够获得的最佳燃油经济性,将其作为控制策略对参数匹配方案节能潜力的发挥,即以参数匹配方案节能潜力发挥度对控制策略的控制效能进行评价。最后,根据获得的瞬时优化控制策略的控制规则开发一种新的能够应用于实车控制的实时控制策略,并对其控制效能进行验证。
本文的研究内容是混合动力汽车理论研究和方案设计的重要理论基础,对认识混合动力汽车技术的机理,发挥混合动力汽车的技术优势,将会具有重要的指导意义。
Facing the two serious problems of oil shortage and air pollution, which are against the sustainable development of the global automotive industry, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been accepted world wide as one of the most feasible solutions to the problems. Because of incorporating the advantages of both the battery electric vehicle and the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle, it is of high fuel efficiency, low emissions, long driving range, and affordable price. In some west countries that have advanced automotive industry, governments and automobile manufacturers have invested a lot for the development of HEVs. The Ministry of Science and Technology of China has also set the development of HEVs and HEV components as one of the most important sub-projects in the 863 Program.
The driving cycle, parameter design and control strategy are the key technologies of HEVs, they interact. Driving cycle is the base of parameter design, control strategy development and vehicle performance evaluation; parameter design determines the most energy-saving potential of design proposal in the target driving cycle; the characteristic of control strategy will determine degree that the control strategy brings into play the energy-saving potential of design proposal. How to evaluate the energy-saving potential of certain design proposal and development degree of certain control strategy is an important study aspect of HEVs. With the hybrid drive train parameter optimization design and control strategy study and application project of the national 863 Program as its background, the main topic of this study is the evaluation of parameter design energy-saving potential and the control impact of control strategy and the development of control strategy based on instantaneous optimization control strategy.
First of all, hybrid electric vehicle instantaneous optimization control strategy was built based on the Instantaneous Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). Energy flow routes of basic operating mode and efficiency characteristics of hybrid electric vehicle drive train main components were analyzed. The use of electric energy of battery at the present time was divided into electric energy future compensation and future consumption mode, to represent complex operating modes of battery during the driving cycle of HEV. The equivalent fuel consumption of battery electric energy in the two modes is calculated based on Energy Saving Mechanism and the efficiency characteristic of HEV. After taking into account battery SOC sustaining and, the free energy receiving from regeneration brake, the expression of equivalent instantaneous fuel consumption was built.
Based on ADVISOR and modeFRONTIER joint simulation and optimization platform, energy-saving potential of certain parameter design of HEV bus was study. Instantaneous optimization control strategy worked as evaluating control strategy, battery energy future compensation equivalent fuel consumption conversion factor f eq _dis and future consumption equivalent fuel consumption conversion factor f eq _chg worked as control optimizing parameters. The energy-saving potential of the parameter design in the Beijing city bus driving cycle was obtained, it was on the level of present HEV energy management control strategy.
Based on the joint simulation and optimization platform, the control parameters of logic threshold control strategy were optimized, to obtain the best fuel economy of parameter design in the Beijing city bus driving cycle. This value was the real fuel economy of the energy-saving potential of the parameter design exerted by logic threshold control strategy. The ratio of this value and the energy-saving potential was regarded as benchmark an index to evaluate the control efficiency of HEV control strategy.
Real time control strategy that could be used for real vehicle was developed based the control rules from instantaneous optimization control strategy. By assuming SOC was always target value and not taking into account free energy from regeneration braking, simplifying the instantaneous optimization control strategy, the engine driving torque was attained at each required driving speed and torque.
The developed new HEV control strategy determined engine driving torque based on present required driving speed and torque by looking up table. Then, the control strategy adjusted engine output torque based on the difference of present battery SOC and target SOC, to sustain the balance of battery energy. At last, the performance of the developed new HEV control strategy were validated, it could improve the fuel economy of HEV.
The thesis is about the key technologies of HEV from the 863-project, which provides the foundation for the parameters design and control of HEV. At the same time the research achievement is the basis for the acceleration and grasp of independent development, and is also the embodiment of the significance for this thesis.
引文
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