电能量采集系统的设计与实现
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摘要
本文对电能量采集系统的设计原则、方法以及系统中涉及到的问题进行了研究，并用一个实例来实现。实施电能量采集系统的意义在于自动、实时采集和统计各发供电企业和部分大用户在各时段网上实际交易的电量及相关数据，并进行网损的计算和电力电量的实时平衡。本文的具体工作如下：
一、电能量采集系统设计的原则、方法和功能的研究
随着电力工业体制改革的逐步深入和电力市场的初步形成，“厂网分开，竞价上网”政策的实行，电力系统行业垄断的机制被打破，发、供电交易按照市场的规则来进行，各关口电力电量的计量系统的实时、准确、可靠就尤显重要，实时采集各个关口的电力电量数据是保证市场正常交易的技术基础。
电能量采集系统是一个涉及多种技术的复杂系统。由于现场数据采集点具有很大的分散性，本文根据输、配电网的具体情况，采用不同的技术进行数据采集。在变电站，由于各个计量关口具有相对集中的特点，本文采用现场总线技术。配网上各计量点都布置在配电台区处，具有点多、分散的特点，本文采用高性能的单片机为CPU设计采集器，保证了现场数据采集的准确、可靠。软件设计上，数据采集终端具有识别主站的合法性能力，不同端口可以设定通信功能权限，保证系统设备和数据的安全性。
在通信方式的选择上，本文综合比较了各种通信技术的特点，结合电网的实际情况进行选型和设计。随着光纤通信技术的发展，性价比的逐步提高，各变电站采用光纤作为通信通道。近年来，移动GSM网络的增值业务越来越丰富，基于移动网的硬件平台，利用GPRS技术进行数据传送的技术已经非常成熟，并已有应用。本文采用GPRS通信技术作为对配电台区的通信，这样免除了供电部门大量维护通道的工作，通道具有可靠性高、稳定性好、费用低的优点。
为确保全系统的时钟的准确性，本文设计采用了GPS时钟源，逐级自动对时，保证全系统内有关设备的时钟同步、准确，使数据具有同一个时间标准，保证了
郑州人学硕士学位论文
数据的时效性。
对主站的设计，主要在于数据的收集、整理和数据库的安全性保障上。从硬
件技术上，主站采用高性能的工作站双机热备用形式。在软件技术方面，网络操
作系统级设置不同权限的密码，并通过路由、防火墙等设置保证系统的安全和相
对独立。在数据库中设置有不同权限的用户和相应密码，保证非法用户不能操作
使用数据库。在应用软件的操作使用方面，按不同权限设置为不同层次，分系统
管理员、专业操作员、一般用户和临时用户四个层次，每个用户的操作范围和操
作权限可以单独设置，并提供完善事件日志考核和操作记录的管理。数据库的设
计采用两个独立的原始数据库，所有操作仅对其中一个操作，确保了数据安全。
重要原始数据和历史数据定期自动备份，同时支持随时手工备份，所有人工录入、
修改操作严格授权，并有详细记录，对人工干预的数据有明显标志。系统设计具
有高度容错性能，确保非法数据和错误数据不会导致系统关键性故障。
应用软件的设计上，本文注重软件功能的灵活性、实用性上，如数据采集抄表
方案以及参数的灵活设定，对表计、采集终端及通信通道情况进行监测，自动辨
识和记录异常情况，并及时告警，对抄表数据合法性检验，异常数据自动辨识与
修补，完善系统数据备份、压缩和恢复功能，按不同定义进行线损管理，如按时
域、按地域、按电压等级等。灵活多样的输出功能，如表格、曲线、棒图、饼图、
等多种输出。
二、配电网的理论线损计算
能量数据采集系统不仅能为电力电量的交易提供有力的技术支持，还能为电网
运行的经济性分析提供重要的实时对比信息。电网运行线损的理论计算是分析运
行经济性的基本依据。调度自动化系统对输电网采集有丰富的数据，进行准确的
理论线损计算变得很容易。对于配电网，由于分支多、现场的数据往往缺乏，实际
情况又较为复杂，计算起来准确度不高。依据能量数据采集系统采集的数据进行
计算大大提高了理论线损的准确度。并且本文用Del如i编成程序，可在计算机上
实时运行，具有速度快、实时性好的特点启可即刻进行实际线损和理论线损的比
较，以便掌握电网运行的经济性。在本文中，对两种线损计算方法网络最大流法
和分层法编制了Delphi程序，加强了系统的分析决策功能。
In this paper, design principle and method of energy collection system, and problems about them are studied, and realized by an instance. The purpose of implementing energy collectivity system is automatic and real-time gathering and counting energy data used for sale for each power plant and partial large user. Basing on them computing network loss and balancing real-time power can be done. Main works as following.
I. Design principle, method and system function of electric energy collection system studying
With the stepwise development of forming in electric industry system and police of "power plant and electric network are separated in system, sending power out to electric network based on price competition" being put in practice, the power industry monopolization system will be broken. The trade between generating and providing power will be hold according to market rules. There is special importance on the real-time quality, veracity and reliability of measuring system on pivotal point. Real-time collecting power and energy volume of each pivotal point is the technical foundation of assuring natural bargaining in market.
The electric energy collecting system is a complicated system, that involves many techniques. Because of the large separating trait of field data collection, this paper adopts different technique to collect data based on the practical situation of feeding and distribution network. At the transformer substation field bus technique is adopted because each measuring point is comparatively concentrative. At meanwhile, the measuring points at distribution transformer have large separating trait, in this paper, the high capability singlechip is used to design collection equipment. In this way it assures the veracity and reliability of collecting data. About the software design the terminal has the ability on recognizing main station validity, communication function permission can be set on different port to assure security of system equipment and data.
In selection of communication mode, after every communication technique trait synthetically compared in this paper, the proper mode is designed according to electric network practical situations. With the development of the fiber communication technique and its ratio of performance to price step by step increasing, the fiber is used for communicating channel at every transformer station. In recent years, services have been provided in GSM, based on plat of GSM hardware, the data transmission technique has been very mature and applied. In this paper GPRS technique is used for distribution transformer, thus it is avoided for power supply department maintaining channel, the channel has the virtue of high reliability, excellent stabilization and low cost.
To assure clock accuracy of the whole system, the GPS clock source is designed in this paper and check clock automatically to ensure the same clock in the whole system, thereby, this assures that the system has a time standard and the data validity in the time.
The demands of design of the main station are security assurance of data collection, dealing and database, In terms of hardware technique, two high capability computers are adopted and utilized each other shortly. In terms of software technique, it sets different passwords in network operating system, and ensures system's safety and relative independence through route and firewall. It sets different permissions and passwords in database, and ensures that invalid users can't utilize the system. In operating applying software, it is sorted four classes according to different permission setting, they are system administrator, special operator, general user and temporary user. Every user's operating scope and permission can be set solely, the system provides detail logs and operating records. Two single databases are designed in system, and all operations are on one of them to ensure data safety. The crucial original data and history data are termly backuped automatically, at the same time, the system provides m
anual backup function. All th
一、电能量采集系统设计的原则、方法和功能的研究
随着电力工业体制改革的逐步深入和电力市场的初步形成，“厂网分开，竞价上网”政策的实行，电力系统行业垄断的机制被打破，发、供电交易按照市场的规则来进行，各关口电力电量的计量系统的实时、准确、可靠就尤显重要，实时采集各个关口的电力电量数据是保证市场正常交易的技术基础。
电能量采集系统是一个涉及多种技术的复杂系统。由于现场数据采集点具有很大的分散性，本文根据输、配电网的具体情况，采用不同的技术进行数据采集。在变电站，由于各个计量关口具有相对集中的特点，本文采用现场总线技术。配网上各计量点都布置在配电台区处，具有点多、分散的特点，本文采用高性能的单片机为CPU设计采集器，保证了现场数据采集的准确、可靠。软件设计上，数据采集终端具有识别主站的合法性能力，不同端口可以设定通信功能权限，保证系统设备和数据的安全性。
在通信方式的选择上，本文综合比较了各种通信技术的特点，结合电网的实际情况进行选型和设计。随着光纤通信技术的发展，性价比的逐步提高，各变电站采用光纤作为通信通道。近年来，移动GSM网络的增值业务越来越丰富，基于移动网的硬件平台，利用GPRS技术进行数据传送的技术已经非常成熟，并已有应用。本文采用GPRS通信技术作为对配电台区的通信，这样免除了供电部门大量维护通道的工作，通道具有可靠性高、稳定性好、费用低的优点。
为确保全系统的时钟的准确性，本文设计采用了GPS时钟源，逐级自动对时，保证全系统内有关设备的时钟同步、准确，使数据具有同一个时间标准，保证了
郑州人学硕士学位论文
数据的时效性。
对主站的设计，主要在于数据的收集、整理和数据库的安全性保障上。从硬
件技术上，主站采用高性能的工作站双机热备用形式。在软件技术方面，网络操
作系统级设置不同权限的密码，并通过路由、防火墙等设置保证系统的安全和相
对独立。在数据库中设置有不同权限的用户和相应密码，保证非法用户不能操作
使用数据库。在应用软件的操作使用方面，按不同权限设置为不同层次，分系统
管理员、专业操作员、一般用户和临时用户四个层次，每个用户的操作范围和操
作权限可以单独设置，并提供完善事件日志考核和操作记录的管理。数据库的设
计采用两个独立的原始数据库，所有操作仅对其中一个操作，确保了数据安全。
重要原始数据和历史数据定期自动备份，同时支持随时手工备份，所有人工录入、
修改操作严格授权，并有详细记录，对人工干预的数据有明显标志。系统设计具
有高度容错性能，确保非法数据和错误数据不会导致系统关键性故障。
应用软件的设计上，本文注重软件功能的灵活性、实用性上，如数据采集抄表
方案以及参数的灵活设定，对表计、采集终端及通信通道情况进行监测，自动辨
识和记录异常情况，并及时告警，对抄表数据合法性检验，异常数据自动辨识与
修补，完善系统数据备份、压缩和恢复功能，按不同定义进行线损管理，如按时
域、按地域、按电压等级等。灵活多样的输出功能，如表格、曲线、棒图、饼图、
等多种输出。
二、配电网的理论线损计算
能量数据采集系统不仅能为电力电量的交易提供有力的技术支持，还能为电网
运行的经济性分析提供重要的实时对比信息。电网运行线损的理论计算是分析运
行经济性的基本依据。调度自动化系统对输电网采集有丰富的数据，进行准确的
理论线损计算变得很容易。对于配电网，由于分支多、现场的数据往往缺乏，实际
情况又较为复杂，计算起来准确度不高。依据能量数据采集系统采集的数据进行
计算大大提高了理论线损的准确度。并且本文用Del如i编成程序，可在计算机上
实时运行，具有速度快、实时性好的特点启可即刻进行实际线损和理论线损的比
较，以便掌握电网运行的经济性。在本文中，对两种线损计算方法网络最大流法
和分层法编制了Delphi程序，加强了系统的分析决策功能。
In this paper, design principle and method of energy collection system, and problems about them are studied, and realized by an instance. The purpose of implementing energy collectivity system is automatic and real-time gathering and counting energy data used for sale for each power plant and partial large user. Basing on them computing network loss and balancing real-time power can be done. Main works as following.
I. Design principle, method and system function of electric energy collection system studying
With the stepwise development of forming in electric industry system and police of "power plant and electric network are separated in system, sending power out to electric network based on price competition" being put in practice, the power industry monopolization system will be broken. The trade between generating and providing power will be hold according to market rules. There is special importance on the real-time quality, veracity and reliability of measuring system on pivotal point. Real-time collecting power and energy volume of each pivotal point is the technical foundation of assuring natural bargaining in market.
The electric energy collecting system is a complicated system, that involves many techniques. Because of the large separating trait of field data collection, this paper adopts different technique to collect data based on the practical situation of feeding and distribution network. At the transformer substation field bus technique is adopted because each measuring point is comparatively concentrative. At meanwhile, the measuring points at distribution transformer have large separating trait, in this paper, the high capability singlechip is used to design collection equipment. In this way it assures the veracity and reliability of collecting data. About the software design the terminal has the ability on recognizing main station validity, communication function permission can be set on different port to assure security of system equipment and data.
In selection of communication mode, after every communication technique trait synthetically compared in this paper, the proper mode is designed according to electric network practical situations. With the development of the fiber communication technique and its ratio of performance to price step by step increasing, the fiber is used for communicating channel at every transformer station. In recent years, services have been provided in GSM, based on plat of GSM hardware, the data transmission technique has been very mature and applied. In this paper GPRS technique is used for distribution transformer, thus it is avoided for power supply department maintaining channel, the channel has the virtue of high reliability, excellent stabilization and low cost.
To assure clock accuracy of the whole system, the GPS clock source is designed in this paper and check clock automatically to ensure the same clock in the whole system, thereby, this assures that the system has a time standard and the data validity in the time.
The demands of design of the main station are security assurance of data collection, dealing and database, In terms of hardware technique, two high capability computers are adopted and utilized each other shortly. In terms of software technique, it sets different passwords in network operating system, and ensures system's safety and relative independence through route and firewall. It sets different permissions and passwords in database, and ensures that invalid users can't utilize the system. In operating applying software, it is sorted four classes according to different permission setting, they are system administrator, special operator, general user and temporary user. Every user's operating scope and permission can be set solely, the system provides detail logs and operating records. Two single databases are designed in system, and all operations are on one of them to ensure data safety. The crucial original data and history data are termly backuped automatically, at the same time, the system provides m
anual backup function. All th
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