准谐振多模式AC/DC控制芯片的设计
摘要
随着经济的发展和科学技术的进步,节约能源已被社会各界所重视。电源是各种用电设备的动力装置,是电子工业的基础产品,也是节约能源的重要环节。各政府和行业组织相继出台了新的电子设备节能标准。加州能源委员会(CEC)、能源之星、联邦能源管理计划(FEMP)以及欧洲、日本和中国的同类机构所制定的法规,都针对大量常见的消费类产品的外接电源在待机和带载模式下的功耗设定了最高功耗水平。无论是为了环保节约能源,还是为了符合能源标准,研究如何提高电源产品的转换效率都具有十分重要的意义。
准谐振模式、脉冲宽度调制模式(PWM)、脉冲频率调制模式(PFM)、绿色模式都只有在特定的负载情况下才具有高效率,为了利用上述四种模式的相对高效率,本文设计了一种准谐振多模式AC/DC控制芯片。通过分别对导通频率和导通时间进行控制,当负载变化时,芯片根据反馈电压的大小,自动切换工作模式,从而可以在全负载下实现高效率的AC/DC转换。
本文对开关电源基本原理及各个模式的特点进行了分析。为了实现多模式控制,芯片共包含基准源、模式钳位、电压钳位、错误检测、软启动、输出驱动、准谐振检测、振荡器、导通时间控制模块。对各个模块的设计过程和仿真结果进行阐述。芯片的整体仿真结果表明,在负载大范围变化时,芯片能够自动切换工作模式以提高转换效率。
芯片的设计仿真都是基于1.5um 25V BCD工艺。对部分模块进行了流片和测试。
As the development of economy and progress of scientific, our society focuses more and more attention on saving energy. Governments and industry associations make energy standards to conform to this trend. California Energy Committee (CEC), energy star, Federal Energy Management Plan (FEMP) and the appropriate agencies in China or Europe all constitute laws and regulations to restrict the maximum power of usually consumer electronic devices in standby and load mode. Not only to save energy, but also to satisfy relevant regulations, it's significant to make a study of improving products' efficiency.
QR (Quasi-Resonant) mode, PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mode, PFM (Pulse Frequency Modulation) mode, green mode has high converting efficiency only in the specific load condition. Taking advantage of this feature, the dissertation proposes a multi-mode quasi-resonant flyback AC/DC controller. By controlling the conduction time and switching frequency separately, chip can switch mode to fit the particular load condition. AC/DC converter can achieve a properly high efficiency in full load condition.
The dissertation analysis principles of switching mode power supply and feature of every mode. To achieve multimode control, chip concludes references, mode clamp, voltage clamp, soft start, fault logic, conduction time control, oscillator, output, quasi-resonant module. Designs and simulation results of every module are detailed in the dissertation. Top simulation of chip shows that automatic mode switch is achieved and convert efficiency is properly high.
All the design and fabrication are based by 1.5um 25V BCD technology. Test results of fabricated modules can also be found in this dissertation.
准谐振模式、脉冲宽度调制模式(PWM)、脉冲频率调制模式(PFM)、绿色模式都只有在特定的负载情况下才具有高效率,为了利用上述四种模式的相对高效率,本文设计了一种准谐振多模式AC/DC控制芯片。通过分别对导通频率和导通时间进行控制,当负载变化时,芯片根据反馈电压的大小,自动切换工作模式,从而可以在全负载下实现高效率的AC/DC转换。
本文对开关电源基本原理及各个模式的特点进行了分析。为了实现多模式控制,芯片共包含基准源、模式钳位、电压钳位、错误检测、软启动、输出驱动、准谐振检测、振荡器、导通时间控制模块。对各个模块的设计过程和仿真结果进行阐述。芯片的整体仿真结果表明,在负载大范围变化时,芯片能够自动切换工作模式以提高转换效率。
芯片的设计仿真都是基于1.5um 25V BCD工艺。对部分模块进行了流片和测试。
As the development of economy and progress of scientific, our society focuses more and more attention on saving energy. Governments and industry associations make energy standards to conform to this trend. California Energy Committee (CEC), energy star, Federal Energy Management Plan (FEMP) and the appropriate agencies in China or Europe all constitute laws and regulations to restrict the maximum power of usually consumer electronic devices in standby and load mode. Not only to save energy, but also to satisfy relevant regulations, it's significant to make a study of improving products' efficiency.
QR (Quasi-Resonant) mode, PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mode, PFM (Pulse Frequency Modulation) mode, green mode has high converting efficiency only in the specific load condition. Taking advantage of this feature, the dissertation proposes a multi-mode quasi-resonant flyback AC/DC controller. By controlling the conduction time and switching frequency separately, chip can switch mode to fit the particular load condition. AC/DC converter can achieve a properly high efficiency in full load condition.
The dissertation analysis principles of switching mode power supply and feature of every mode. To achieve multimode control, chip concludes references, mode clamp, voltage clamp, soft start, fault logic, conduction time control, oscillator, output, quasi-resonant module. Designs and simulation results of every module are detailed in the dissertation. Top simulation of chip shows that automatic mode switch is achieved and convert efficiency is properly high.
All the design and fabrication are based by 1.5um 25V BCD technology. Test results of fabricated modules can also be found in this dissertation.
引文
[1]熊兰英.通信电源技术发展趋势及标准研究方向.通信世界今日电子,2006-12.46:B4
[2]]Susie Inouye,2007年全球电源管理市场一览,http://www.esmchina.com/ART_8800080956_1100_2501_0_0_d19e8ec5.HTM,2007-12-1
[3]Marijana,VUKICEVIC 2007电源市场晴雨表:开关稳压器晴空万里,数字电源阴雨连绵.电源供应商,2007,2月:85
[4]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2 004,1-3
[5]A.Mertens,D.M.Divan,"A High Frequency Resonant dc Link Inverter Using IGBTs",Tokyo,Japan.Int.Power Electron.Conf.1990:152-160.
[1]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004,
[2]Abraham I.Pressman开关电源设计(Switching Power Supply Design),第二版,电子工业出版社,2005,52-70.
[3]汪洋,林海青,常越.反激式准谐振开关电源工作频率确定及电源研制.电力电子技术.2005,39[3].92-94
[4]Jin-ho choi;Dong-young Huh;Young-seok Kim;The improved BURST mode in the stand-by operation of power supply,Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,2004.APEC'04.Nineteenth Annual IEEE Volume 1,2004:426-432
[5]Yu-Kang Lo;Shang-Chin Yen;Chung-Yi Lin,A High-Efficiency AC-to-DC Adaptor With a Low Standby Power Consumption,Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Volume 55,Issue 2,Feb.2008:963-965
[1]John Harper,Exploring quasi-resonant converters for power suppli es.2007-08-01,http://www.ecnasiamag.com/article-15096-exploringquas iresonant-convertersforpowersupplies-Asia.html.
[2]Michele Sclocchi,switching power supply design:discontinuous mode flyback converter,2005-07,http://www.national.com.
[3]赵红茹,吴捷.准谐振变换器的建模与性能分析[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版).2003,31(7):1-4.
[4]Taniguchi,K.;Yoshikawa,T.;Hitachi,Ketc,A quasi-resonant PWM converter with high quality input waveforms and high efficiency,Power Electronics Specialists Conference,PESC'94 Record.,25th Annual IEEE 20-25 June 1994:1131 1136.
[5]Valtchev,S.S.;Klaassens,J.B.;VanWesenbeeck etc,Super-resonant converter with switched resonant inductor with PFM-PWM control,Power Electronics,IEEE Transactions on Volume 10,Issue 6,Nov.1995:760765.
[6]徐峰,常遇春,田小建等.PWM/PFM混合控制DC-DC变换器芯片的设计[.微电子学,2006,36(5):662-665.
[7]常昌远,谭春玲,姚建楠等.全负载下实现高效率的DC-DC转换芯片设计.东南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(1):22-25.
[8]Wang,T.G.;Xunwei Zhou;Lee,F.C,Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1997.PESC'97 Record.,28th Annual IEEE Volume 1,22-27 June 1997 Page(s):240 245,A low voltage high efficiency and high power density DC/DC converter
[9]普莱斯曼.开关电源设计[M].王志强等译.第2版.北京,电子工业出版社.2005-06,71-92.
[10]TI coporation TL431 datasheet,www.ti.com.
[11]Irving,B.T.;Jovanovic,M.M,Analysis and Design of Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter,Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,2002.APEC 2002.Seventeenth Annual IEEE Volume 2,March 2002,897-903.
[1]Paul R.Gray;J.Hurst;Stephen H.Lewis;Robert G.Meyer,模拟集成电路的分析与设计(第4版)(影印版),Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits,高等教育出版社 2003
[2]Phillip E.Allen、Douglas R.Holberg,CMOS模拟电路设计:第二版(英文版),CMOS Analog Circuit Design(Second Edition),电子工业出版社,2002
[3]毕查德·拉扎维译者:陈贵灿 程军 张瑞智,模拟CMOS集成电路设计,Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circtlils,西安交通大学出版社 2003
[4]Song,B.S.;Gray,P.R."A precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference" Volume 18,Issue 6,Dec 1983 Page(s):634 643
[5]]Vittoz,E.A.;Neyroud,O "A low-voltage CMOS bandgap reference"Volume 14,Issue 3,Jun 1979 Page(s):573 579
[6]]E.Rogers,"Stability Analysis of Low-Dropout regulators with a PMOS Pass Element," Texas Instrument Analog Application,pp.10-12,Aug.1999.
[7]R.Tantawy and J.Brauer,"Performance Evaluation of CMOS Low Drop-Out Voltage Regulators" The 47~(th)IEEE International Midwest Symposium,2004141-144
[8]刘斯琳,魏延存,李丹.一种高频高精度窗口比较式CMOS振荡器的设计.微电子学.2006,36(2).217-219,224
[9]Ridley,R.B.;Lotfi,A.;Vorperian,V etc,Design and control of a full-wave,quasi-resonant flyback converter,Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1988.,Third Annual IEEE,1-5 Feb.1988:41-49
[10]Sugimura,H.;Soon-Kurl Kwon;Ogiwara etc,A New Phase Shifted ZVS-PWM Controlled Full Bridge Series Resonant High Frequency Inverter with Auxiliary Active Quasi-Resonant Commutation Circuit,Power Conversion Conference-Nagoya,2007.PEC'07 2-5 April 2007 Page(s):1505-1511
[11]Serban Lungu;Pop,O.;Chindris,G.etc,Educational platform for modeling of zero-voltage switching quasi-resonant boost converters,Electronics Technology:Meeting the Challenges of Electronics Technology Progress,2004.27th International Spring Seminar on Volume 1,13-16 May 2004 Page(s):147-152 vol.1
[12]杨赘秀,罗静芳,宁宁等,新型高速低功耗CMOS预放大锁存比较器,微电子学,2006,36[2]:213-216
[13]J.Rabaey,Digital Integrated Circuits:A Design Perspective,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ,1996.
[14]Mengxiong gang;Ke Jin;Xinbo Ruan etc,Soft Start Strategy for Bi-directional DC-DC Converter,Power Electronics Specialists Conference,2007.PESC 2007.IEEE 17-21 June 2007 Page(s):161-164.
[1]Donato Tagliavia,Giorgio Spiazzi,Simone Buso,Verilog-A behavioral modeling of power converters,http://www.dei.unipd.it/~-pel/Articoli /2001/Cobep/Cobep01_1.pdf
[2]Cadence Coporation,Virtuoso AMS Environment User Guide,www.cade nce.com
[3]刘帘曦,杨银堂,朱樟明等,基于Verilog-A行为描述模型的VCO设计,电路与系统学报 2005,12[10]:25-28.
[4]Miller,I.;FitzPatrick,D.;Aisola,R,Analog design with Verilog-A,Verilog HDL Conference,1997.,IEEE International 31 March-2 April 1997Page(s):64-68
[5]R.D.MIDDLEBROOK and S.CUK,"Ageneral Unified Approach to Modeling Switching Converter Power Stages",IEEE PESC,1976 Record,pp 18-34
[6]V.VORPERIAN,"Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using The Model of The PWM Switch,Parts Ⅰ(CCM)and Ⅱ(DCM)",Transactions on Aerospace and Electronics Systems,Vol.26,No 3,May 1990
[7]Abraham I.Pressman开关电源设计(Switching Power Supply Design),第二版,电子工业出版社,2005,292-323.
[1]A.Hastings.The Art of Analog Layout.Prentice Hall,2001.
[2]陈志勇,黄其煜,龚大卫,BCD工艺概述,半导体技术,2006,09:641-643.
[3]杨银堂,朱海刚,BCD集成电路技术的研究与进展,微电子学,2006,03:315-320.
[2]]Susie Inouye,2007年全球电源管理市场一览,http://www.esmchina.com/ART_8800080956_1100_2501_0_0_d19e8ec5.HTM,2007-12-1
[3]Marijana,VUKICEVIC 2007电源市场晴雨表:开关稳压器晴空万里,数字电源阴雨连绵.电源供应商,2007,2月:85
[4]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2 004,1-3
[5]A.Mertens,D.M.Divan,"A High Frequency Resonant dc Link Inverter Using IGBTs",Tokyo,Japan.Int.Power Electron.Conf.1990:152-160.
[1]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004,
[2]Abraham I.Pressman开关电源设计(Switching Power Supply Design),第二版,电子工业出版社,2005,52-70.
[3]汪洋,林海青,常越.反激式准谐振开关电源工作频率确定及电源研制.电力电子技术.2005,39[3].92-94
[4]Jin-ho choi;Dong-young Huh;Young-seok Kim;The improved BURST mode in the stand-by operation of power supply,Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,2004.APEC'04.Nineteenth Annual IEEE Volume 1,2004:426-432
[5]Yu-Kang Lo;Shang-Chin Yen;Chung-Yi Lin,A High-Efficiency AC-to-DC Adaptor With a Low Standby Power Consumption,Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Volume 55,Issue 2,Feb.2008:963-965
[1]John Harper,Exploring quasi-resonant converters for power suppli es.2007-08-01,http://www.ecnasiamag.com/article-15096-exploringquas iresonant-convertersforpowersupplies-Asia.html.
[2]Michele Sclocchi,switching power supply design:discontinuous mode flyback converter,2005-07,http://www.national.com.
[3]赵红茹,吴捷.准谐振变换器的建模与性能分析[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版).2003,31(7):1-4.
[4]Taniguchi,K.;Yoshikawa,T.;Hitachi,Ketc,A quasi-resonant PWM converter with high quality input waveforms and high efficiency,Power Electronics Specialists Conference,PESC'94 Record.,25th Annual IEEE 20-25 June 1994:1131 1136.
[5]Valtchev,S.S.;Klaassens,J.B.;VanWesenbeeck etc,Super-resonant converter with switched resonant inductor with PFM-PWM control,Power Electronics,IEEE Transactions on Volume 10,Issue 6,Nov.1995:760765.
[6]徐峰,常遇春,田小建等.PWM/PFM混合控制DC-DC变换器芯片的设计[.微电子学,2006,36(5):662-665.
[7]常昌远,谭春玲,姚建楠等.全负载下实现高效率的DC-DC转换芯片设计.东南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(1):22-25.
[8]Wang,T.G.;Xunwei Zhou;Lee,F.C,Power Electronics Specialists Conference,1997.PESC'97 Record.,28th Annual IEEE Volume 1,22-27 June 1997 Page(s):240 245,A low voltage high efficiency and high power density DC/DC converter
[9]普莱斯曼.开关电源设计[M].王志强等译.第2版.北京,电子工业出版社.2005-06,71-92.
[10]TI coporation TL431 datasheet,www.ti.com.
[11]Irving,B.T.;Jovanovic,M.M,Analysis and Design of Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter,Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,2002.APEC 2002.Seventeenth Annual IEEE Volume 2,March 2002,897-903.
[1]Paul R.Gray;J.Hurst;Stephen H.Lewis;Robert G.Meyer,模拟集成电路的分析与设计(第4版)(影印版),Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits,高等教育出版社 2003
[2]Phillip E.Allen、Douglas R.Holberg,CMOS模拟电路设计:第二版(英文版),CMOS Analog Circuit Design(Second Edition),电子工业出版社,2002
[3]毕查德·拉扎维译者:陈贵灿 程军 张瑞智,模拟CMOS集成电路设计,Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circtlils,西安交通大学出版社 2003
[4]Song,B.S.;Gray,P.R."A precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference" Volume 18,Issue 6,Dec 1983 Page(s):634 643
[5]]Vittoz,E.A.;Neyroud,O "A low-voltage CMOS bandgap reference"Volume 14,Issue 3,Jun 1979 Page(s):573 579
[6]]E.Rogers,"Stability Analysis of Low-Dropout regulators with a PMOS Pass Element," Texas Instrument Analog Application,pp.10-12,Aug.1999.
[7]R.Tantawy and J.Brauer,"Performance Evaluation of CMOS Low Drop-Out Voltage Regulators" The 47~(th)IEEE International Midwest Symposium,2004141-144
[8]刘斯琳,魏延存,李丹.一种高频高精度窗口比较式CMOS振荡器的设计.微电子学.2006,36(2).217-219,224
[9]Ridley,R.B.;Lotfi,A.;Vorperian,V etc,Design and control of a full-wave,quasi-resonant flyback converter,Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,1988.,Third Annual IEEE,1-5 Feb.1988:41-49
[10]Sugimura,H.;Soon-Kurl Kwon;Ogiwara etc,A New Phase Shifted ZVS-PWM Controlled Full Bridge Series Resonant High Frequency Inverter with Auxiliary Active Quasi-Resonant Commutation Circuit,Power Conversion Conference-Nagoya,2007.PEC'07 2-5 April 2007 Page(s):1505-1511
[11]Serban Lungu;Pop,O.;Chindris,G.etc,Educational platform for modeling of zero-voltage switching quasi-resonant boost converters,Electronics Technology:Meeting the Challenges of Electronics Technology Progress,2004.27th International Spring Seminar on Volume 1,13-16 May 2004 Page(s):147-152 vol.1
[12]杨赘秀,罗静芳,宁宁等,新型高速低功耗CMOS预放大锁存比较器,微电子学,2006,36[2]:213-216
[13]J.Rabaey,Digital Integrated Circuits:A Design Perspective,Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ,1996.
[14]Mengxiong gang;Ke Jin;Xinbo Ruan etc,Soft Start Strategy for Bi-directional DC-DC Converter,Power Electronics Specialists Conference,2007.PESC 2007.IEEE 17-21 June 2007 Page(s):161-164.
[1]Donato Tagliavia,Giorgio Spiazzi,Simone Buso,Verilog-A behavioral modeling of power converters,http://www.dei.unipd.it/~-pel/Articoli /2001/Cobep/Cobep01_1.pdf
[2]Cadence Coporation,Virtuoso AMS Environment User Guide,www.cade nce.com
[3]刘帘曦,杨银堂,朱樟明等,基于Verilog-A行为描述模型的VCO设计,电路与系统学报 2005,12[10]:25-28.
[4]Miller,I.;FitzPatrick,D.;Aisola,R,Analog design with Verilog-A,Verilog HDL Conference,1997.,IEEE International 31 March-2 April 1997Page(s):64-68
[5]R.D.MIDDLEBROOK and S.CUK,"Ageneral Unified Approach to Modeling Switching Converter Power Stages",IEEE PESC,1976 Record,pp 18-34
[6]V.VORPERIAN,"Simplified Analysis of PWM Converters Using The Model of The PWM Switch,Parts Ⅰ(CCM)and Ⅱ(DCM)",Transactions on Aerospace and Electronics Systems,Vol.26,No 3,May 1990
[7]Abraham I.Pressman开关电源设计(Switching Power Supply Design),第二版,电子工业出版社,2005,292-323.
[1]A.Hastings.The Art of Analog Layout.Prentice Hall,2001.
[2]陈志勇,黄其煜,龚大卫,BCD工艺概述,半导体技术,2006,09:641-643.
[3]杨银堂,朱海刚,BCD集成电路技术的研究与进展,微电子学,2006,03:315-320.