电磁波在雨介质中的传输特性及其中椭球类目标的散射特性研究
摘要
本文主要研究的是雨介质的传输特性及其中的目标复合散射极化特性。涉及到的研究内容有离散随机雨介质的电波传输特性,电磁脉冲波在其中的传播特性及目标的散射特性,雨滴的等效衰减截面,电磁理论的尺度变换,目标与背景介质的电磁相互作用,干扰目标“箔条”的散射特性等。作者所做工作及主要研究成果如下:
本文利用系统法得出了适用于毫米波段的雨介质的等效介电常数与降雨率、频率的函数关系,将其应用于计算降雨引起的毫米波衰减,结果与有关文献吻合很好。其特点是可将复杂的离散介质衰减问题用研究连续介质衰减特性的方法来处理,而且考虑了地域特点,使有关问题的计算大为简化。得到了这种等效介电常数的平均值与起伏相关函数,发现雨介质是一弱起伏介质,为研究其中目标散射的起伏特性奠定了基础。
建立了雨滴衰减截面的随机系统模型,得出了各频率点(12GHz～150GHz)的模型衰减截面参数,将模型代入降雨引起的衰减公式和国际电讯联盟推荐的结果进行了比较,发现本文所得模型能够满足实际需要。将模型衰减截面和Mie理论所得的衰减截面进行了比较,发现Weibull雨滴谱对小雨滴的数量估计偏低,Gamma雨滴谱对大雨滴数量的估计过高,和有关文献的报道完全一致,从雨滴的大小分布、电磁相互作用方面,分析了等效衰减截面与Mie理论的差异,指出了Mie理论所得的衰减截面在用于计算降雨引起的毫米波衰减时应注意的问题。研究了等效衰减截面的随机特性,结果发现:雨滴的等效衰减截面的起伏方差远小于1,为一种弱起伏现象,雨滴的尺寸增大,起伏将随之增大。
得到了雨介质的随机系统函数并由此研究了系统的双频相关函数,得到了雨介质中任意脉冲的输出复包络的相关函数以及输出脉冲的相关函数;研究了脉冲展宽效应与电波频率、降雨率的关系,仿真了脉冲展宽的速率与频带、中心载频的关系。分析了脉冲波传播、散射过程发生形变的机理。以球形目标为例,仿真计算了方波脉冲与高斯脉冲的输出波形并与输入的波形进行了比较。
首次在电磁理论中引入了坐标的尺度变换。系统的给出了有关电磁量的变换关系、边值关系及算符的变换关系,保证了电荷守恒定律、Maxwell方程组的尺度变换不变性,为利用现有文献关于球体、圆柱体的电磁散射特性来研究椭体的散射特性以及有关的谐振特性等奠定了理论基础;各向同性的介质空间经伸缩后变为各向异性的介质空间,但电磁波传播矢量的大小随观察方位的变化、随目标形状的变化不大。得到了有关的尺度变换不变量,并给出了这种不变量的物理意义。
得到了椭球目标、椭圆柱目标(导体、介质)散射场的解析表达式,导出了目标的微分散射截面、交叉极化分辨率表达式。在毫米波段对这些目标特征量进行了仿真计算,结果表明:椭球的横向尺度敏感的影响着目标的散射特性。仿真了“箔条”“圆盘”等干扰目标的散射极化特性;给出了多层介质椭球的研究方法,重点研究了双层介质椭球的散射特性与极化特性,结果表明:当内外层的介质的折射率满足一定的关系时,目标的后向散射趋于零,为目标的隐身技术提供了理论依据,目标的交叉极化分辨率随观察位置的变化显著的变化,双层椭球目标的相对厚度、相对折射率对交叉极化的分辨率影响不大。给出了双层介质椭圆柱的
雨介质中目标的复合散射特性研究
散射宽度和仿真结果,发现外层介质的折射率越小,椭圆柱的散射作用越小。给
出研究平板散射的一般规律;最后,以涂层导体平板为例,给出了数值仿真结果
及其物理解释。据统计,利用坐标的尺度变换法研究椭体的散射特性,在研究方
法上国内外并不多见;得出椭球散射场的解析解(或近似解)的文献难以找到;
本文所得出的结果填补了此项研究的空白.
给出了估计目标与背景介质电磁相互作用的一般方法,导出了散射矩阵的特
征值及特征矢量。首先从矩阵特征矢量的角度分析出了目标散射矩阵元素应具有
的一般性质,得出了具有应用价值的结论。数值计算了计这种相互作用时的目标
散射极化特征量,并与自由空间的对应量进行了比较。结果表明:这种相互作用
的影响十分微小,为有关的理论研究与应用设计提供了参考依据。
关键词:雨介质,椭体类目标,传输特性,散射特性,脉冲传播,尺度变换,电
磁相互作用
本文利用系统法得出了适用于毫米波段的雨介质的等效介电常数与降雨率、频率的函数关系,将其应用于计算降雨引起的毫米波衰减,结果与有关文献吻合很好。其特点是可将复杂的离散介质衰减问题用研究连续介质衰减特性的方法来处理,而且考虑了地域特点,使有关问题的计算大为简化。得到了这种等效介电常数的平均值与起伏相关函数,发现雨介质是一弱起伏介质,为研究其中目标散射的起伏特性奠定了基础。
建立了雨滴衰减截面的随机系统模型,得出了各频率点(12GHz～150GHz)的模型衰减截面参数,将模型代入降雨引起的衰减公式和国际电讯联盟推荐的结果进行了比较,发现本文所得模型能够满足实际需要。将模型衰减截面和Mie理论所得的衰减截面进行了比较,发现Weibull雨滴谱对小雨滴的数量估计偏低,Gamma雨滴谱对大雨滴数量的估计过高,和有关文献的报道完全一致,从雨滴的大小分布、电磁相互作用方面,分析了等效衰减截面与Mie理论的差异,指出了Mie理论所得的衰减截面在用于计算降雨引起的毫米波衰减时应注意的问题。研究了等效衰减截面的随机特性,结果发现:雨滴的等效衰减截面的起伏方差远小于1,为一种弱起伏现象,雨滴的尺寸增大,起伏将随之增大。
得到了雨介质的随机系统函数并由此研究了系统的双频相关函数,得到了雨介质中任意脉冲的输出复包络的相关函数以及输出脉冲的相关函数;研究了脉冲展宽效应与电波频率、降雨率的关系,仿真了脉冲展宽的速率与频带、中心载频的关系。分析了脉冲波传播、散射过程发生形变的机理。以球形目标为例,仿真计算了方波脉冲与高斯脉冲的输出波形并与输入的波形进行了比较。
首次在电磁理论中引入了坐标的尺度变换。系统的给出了有关电磁量的变换关系、边值关系及算符的变换关系,保证了电荷守恒定律、Maxwell方程组的尺度变换不变性,为利用现有文献关于球体、圆柱体的电磁散射特性来研究椭体的散射特性以及有关的谐振特性等奠定了理论基础;各向同性的介质空间经伸缩后变为各向异性的介质空间,但电磁波传播矢量的大小随观察方位的变化、随目标形状的变化不大。得到了有关的尺度变换不变量,并给出了这种不变量的物理意义。
得到了椭球目标、椭圆柱目标(导体、介质)散射场的解析表达式,导出了目标的微分散射截面、交叉极化分辨率表达式。在毫米波段对这些目标特征量进行了仿真计算,结果表明:椭球的横向尺度敏感的影响着目标的散射特性。仿真了“箔条”“圆盘”等干扰目标的散射极化特性;给出了多层介质椭球的研究方法,重点研究了双层介质椭球的散射特性与极化特性,结果表明:当内外层的介质的折射率满足一定的关系时,目标的后向散射趋于零,为目标的隐身技术提供了理论依据,目标的交叉极化分辨率随观察位置的变化显著的变化,双层椭球目标的相对厚度、相对折射率对交叉极化的分辨率影响不大。给出了双层介质椭圆柱的
雨介质中目标的复合散射特性研究
散射宽度和仿真结果,发现外层介质的折射率越小,椭圆柱的散射作用越小。给
出研究平板散射的一般规律;最后,以涂层导体平板为例,给出了数值仿真结果
及其物理解释。据统计,利用坐标的尺度变换法研究椭体的散射特性,在研究方
法上国内外并不多见;得出椭球散射场的解析解(或近似解)的文献难以找到;
本文所得出的结果填补了此项研究的空白.
给出了估计目标与背景介质电磁相互作用的一般方法,导出了散射矩阵的特
征值及特征矢量。首先从矩阵特征矢量的角度分析出了目标散射矩阵元素应具有
的一般性质,得出了具有应用价值的结论。数值计算了计这种相互作用时的目标
散射极化特征量,并与自由空间的对应量进行了比较。结果表明:这种相互作用
的影响十分微小,为有关的理论研究与应用设计提供了参考依据。
关键词:雨介质,椭体类目标,传输特性,散射特性,脉冲传播,尺度变换,电
磁相互作用
引文
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