脑皮层厚度测量及其应用
摘要
大脑皮层是大脑的表层部分,是我们意识活动的物质基础,研究表明,随着大脑的发育和老化,以及病理改变,皮层厚度在相应区域会呈现出显著的变化,即皮层厚度在一定程度上表征了脑组织的发育和老化情况,并与神经衰退等方面的疾病相关联。随着MR图像分辨率的提高和图像处理分析技术的发展,基于MR图像的脑皮层厚度无创测量已经成为研究疾病发生发展的重要基础性研究工作。
本文提出了一种将SPM(Statistical Parametric Mapping)软件、拉普拉斯方程厚度测量方法、厚度较正算法相结合,完成三维MR图像的分割、脑皮层厚度测量和在全脑范围内分析厚度值的方法,研制了计算机程序,并对程序进行了可靠性验证。
随着各国自然灾害、突发事件、个人创伤性遭遇的发生越来越多,创伤后应激障碍(post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD)患者逐年增多。分析PTSD患者脑皮层容积和厚度的变化,对于揭示大脑皮层由于应激障碍可能引起的形态学变化具有重要意义。论文将提出的脑皮层厚度的测量方法应用于14名遭遇矿难后患有PTSD的患者和11名遭遇矿难但未患有PTSD的实验对象,对其三维MRI扫描数据进行了分析。对两组数据脑皮层容积和厚度的对比统计分析表明,矿难引起的PTSD患者在大脑皮层的额回和枕叶区域厚度明显增厚,而在顶叶区域厚度变薄,在额回区域灰质容积增大,而在海马区域容积减小。本文的研究发现矿难应激患者大脑皮层的厚度变化区域与体积变化区域并不完全相同。
The cerebral cortex is a sheet of gray matter located on the outer surface of the brain, which plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. Clinically, the assessment of human cerebral cortical thickness has massive importance in the determination of pathology and in assessing the processes of normal brain maturation and ageing. Nowadays, with the development of the magnetic resonance technology, it is possible to get a measurement for the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from MRI.
In our study, we present a method which combines SPM(Statistical Parametric Mapping), Laplacian method and thickness correction to segment 3D MRI images, estimate cortical thickness, and analyze the thickness maps throughout the whole brain.
Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. Analysis of the cortical volume or thickness changes in people with PTSD is important for the research on the cortical morphological changes caused by PTSD. Our research was performed between 14 survivors of mining disaster with PTSD and 11 survivors of the same event without PTSD. The results show that in the frontal gyrus and occipital lobe, the cortical thickness of survivors with PTSD is larger than those without PTSD, and in the parietal lobe, the cortical thickness changes to smaller, however, in the frontal gyrus the cortical volume changes to larger, and in the hippocampus the volume changes to smaller. So our research indicates that the cortical volume and thickness changes caused by PTSD are not in the same regions.
本文提出了一种将SPM(Statistical Parametric Mapping)软件、拉普拉斯方程厚度测量方法、厚度较正算法相结合,完成三维MR图像的分割、脑皮层厚度测量和在全脑范围内分析厚度值的方法,研制了计算机程序,并对程序进行了可靠性验证。
随着各国自然灾害、突发事件、个人创伤性遭遇的发生越来越多,创伤后应激障碍(post traumatic stress disorder, PTSD)患者逐年增多。分析PTSD患者脑皮层容积和厚度的变化,对于揭示大脑皮层由于应激障碍可能引起的形态学变化具有重要意义。论文将提出的脑皮层厚度的测量方法应用于14名遭遇矿难后患有PTSD的患者和11名遭遇矿难但未患有PTSD的实验对象,对其三维MRI扫描数据进行了分析。对两组数据脑皮层容积和厚度的对比统计分析表明,矿难引起的PTSD患者在大脑皮层的额回和枕叶区域厚度明显增厚,而在顶叶区域厚度变薄,在额回区域灰质容积增大,而在海马区域容积减小。本文的研究发现矿难应激患者大脑皮层的厚度变化区域与体积变化区域并不完全相同。
The cerebral cortex is a sheet of gray matter located on the outer surface of the brain, which plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. Clinically, the assessment of human cerebral cortical thickness has massive importance in the determination of pathology and in assessing the processes of normal brain maturation and ageing. Nowadays, with the development of the magnetic resonance technology, it is possible to get a measurement for the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from MRI.
In our study, we present a method which combines SPM(Statistical Parametric Mapping), Laplacian method and thickness correction to segment 3D MRI images, estimate cortical thickness, and analyze the thickness maps throughout the whole brain.
Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. Traumatic events that may trigger PTSD include violent personal assaults, natural or human-caused disasters, accidents, or military combat. Analysis of the cortical volume or thickness changes in people with PTSD is important for the research on the cortical morphological changes caused by PTSD. Our research was performed between 14 survivors of mining disaster with PTSD and 11 survivors of the same event without PTSD. The results show that in the frontal gyrus and occipital lobe, the cortical thickness of survivors with PTSD is larger than those without PTSD, and in the parietal lobe, the cortical thickness changes to smaller, however, in the frontal gyrus the cortical volume changes to larger, and in the hippocampus the volume changes to smaller. So our research indicates that the cortical volume and thickness changes caused by PTSD are not in the same regions.
引文
[1]Kuperberg GR, Broome MR, McGure PK, et al. Regional localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry.2003,60(9). 878-888.
[2]Narr KL, Bilder RM, Toga AW, et al. Mapping cortical thickness and gray matter concentration in first episode schizophrenia. Cerebral cortex.2004,15(6).708-719.
[3]Lerch JP, Pruessner JC, Zijdenbos A, et al. Focal decline of cortical thickness in Alzherimer's Disease identified by computational neuroanatomy. Cerebral cortex. 2005,15(7).995-1001.
[4]Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, et al. Mediation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport.2005,16(17).1893-1897.
[5]Narr KL, Woods RP, Thompson PM, et al. Relationships between IQ and regional cortical gray matter thickness in healthy adults. Cerebral Cortex.2006,17(9). 2163-2171.
[6]Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J, et al. Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature.2006,400(30).676-679.
[7]Kessler HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives General Psychiatry.1995,52.1048-1055.
[8]Breslau N. Epidemiological studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric disorders. Canada Journal of Psychiatry.2002,47.923-931.
[9]Meredith YS, William HR, Caorline P, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer: a review [J]. Psycho-oncology.1999,10 (8).531-535.
[10]Breslau N, Peterson EL, Kessler RC, et al. Short screening scale for DSM-IV Post traumatic stress Disorder [J]. Am J Psychiatry.1999,156(6).908-911.
[11]Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry.1995,152.973-981.
[12]Gurvits TV, Shenton ME, Hokama H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry.1996,11.1091-1099.
[13]Bremner JD, Randall P, Vermetten E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Biol. Psychiatry.1997,41.23-32.
[14]Stein MB, Koverola C, Hanna C, et al. Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine.1997,27.951-959.
[15]Villarreal G., Hamilton DA, Petropoulos H, et al. Reduced hippocampal volume and total white matter volume in PTSD. Biol. Psychiatry.2002,52.119-125.
[16]Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Ciszewski A, et al. Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat. Neurosci.2002,5. 1242-1247.
[17]Chen S, Xia W, Li L, et al. Gray matter density reduction in the insula in fire survivors with posttraumatic tress disorder:a voxel-based morphometric study. Psychiatry Res.2006,146.65-72.
[18]Corbo V, Clement MH, Armony JL, et al. Size versus shape differences:contrasting voxel-based and volumetric analyses of the anterior cingulate cortex in individuals with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry.2005,58.119-124.
[19]Yamasue H, Kasai K, Iwanami A, et al. Voxel-based analysis of MRI reveals anterior cingulate gray-matter volume reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder due to terrorism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.2003,100.9039-9043.
[20]Kasai K, Yamasue H, Gilbertson MW, et al. Evidence for acquired pregenual anterior cingulated gray matter loss from a twin study of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry.2007.
[21]Elbert G, Herman GM, Armin H, et al. Thinner prefrontal cortex in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. NeuroImage.2008,41.675-681.
[22]Hou C, Li L, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors from a coal mining accident after 2 and 10 months, J Cent South Univ (Med Sci).2008,33(4).279-283.
[23]Niessen W, Vincken K, Weickert J, et al. Multiscale segmentation of three dimensional MR brain images [J]. Internet. J. Computer. Vision.1999,31(2/3). 185-202.
[24]Alan WL, Hong Y. Current Methods in the Automatic Tissue Segmentation of 3D Magnetic Resonance Brain Images [J]. Current Medical Imaging Reviews.2006, 2(1).91-103.
[25]Wells III WM, Grimson WEL, Kikinis R, et al. Adaptive segmentation of MRI data [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1996,15.429-42.
[26]Held K, Kops ER, Krause BJ, et al. Markov random field segmentation of brain MR images [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1997,16(6).878-86.
[27]Leemput KV, Maes F, Vandermeulen D, et al. Automated model-based bias field correction of MR images of the brain [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1999,18. 885-96.
[28]Leemput KV, Maes F, Vandermeulen D, et al.Automated model-based tissue classification of MR images of the brain [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1999,18. 897-908.
[29]Rajapakse JC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Statistical approach to segmentation of single-channel cerebral MR images [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1997,6(2). 176-86.
[30]Desco M, Gispert JD, Reig S, et al. Statistical segmentation of multidimensional brain datasets [C]. Proceedings of SPIE.2001,4322.184-93.
[31]Dawant BM, Hartmann SL, Thirion JP, et al. Automatic 3-D segmentation of internal structures of the head in MR images using a combination of similarity and free form transformations. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1999,18(10).909-16.
[32]Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Unified segmentation. NeuroImage.2005,26.839-851.
[33]Jones SE, Buchbinder BR, Aharon I. Three-dimensional mapping of cortical thickness using Laplace's equation. Hum Brain Mapp.2000,11(1).12-32.
[34]Haidar H, Soul JS. Measurement of cortical thickness in 3D brain MRI data: validation of the Laplacian method. Journal of Neuroimaging.2006,4(2).146-153.
[35]Yezzi AJ, Prince JL. An Eulerian PDE approach for computing tissue thickness. IEEE Trans Med Imaging.2003,22(10).1332-1339.
[36]Diep TM., Bourgeat P, Ourselin S. Efficient use of cerebral cortical thickness to correct brain MR segmentation. Biomedical Imaging.2007.592-595.
[37]Talairach J, Tournoux P. Coplanar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain [M]. Stuttgart. Thieme Medical.1988.
[38]Chloe H, Enrico DV, John A, et al. Voxel-based cortical thickness measurements in MRI. Neuroimage.2008, May,40(4).1701-1710.
[39]Ragnar Ng, Glenn L, Katarina V, et al. Regional thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia:Effects of diagnosis, age and antipsychotic medication. Schizophrenia Research.2008,98.16-28.
[40]Zeng X, Lawrence HS, Robert TS, et al. Segmentation and Measurement of the Cortex from 3D MR Images Using Coupled Surfaces Propagation. Medical Imaging.1999, October,18(10).
[41]Scott MLJ, Bromiley PA, Thacker NA, et al. A fast, model-independent method for cerebral cortical thickness estimation using MRI. Medical Image Analysis.2008.
[42]Thompson PM, Lee AD, Dutton RA, et al. Abnormal cortical complexity and thickness profiles mapped in Williams syndrome. J Neurosci.2005,25(16). 4146-4158.
[2]Narr KL, Bilder RM, Toga AW, et al. Mapping cortical thickness and gray matter concentration in first episode schizophrenia. Cerebral cortex.2004,15(6).708-719.
[3]Lerch JP, Pruessner JC, Zijdenbos A, et al. Focal decline of cortical thickness in Alzherimer's Disease identified by computational neuroanatomy. Cerebral cortex. 2005,15(7).995-1001.
[4]Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, et al. Mediation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport.2005,16(17).1893-1897.
[5]Narr KL, Woods RP, Thompson PM, et al. Relationships between IQ and regional cortical gray matter thickness in healthy adults. Cerebral Cortex.2006,17(9). 2163-2171.
[6]Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J, et al. Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature.2006,400(30).676-679.
[7]Kessler HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives General Psychiatry.1995,52.1048-1055.
[8]Breslau N. Epidemiological studies of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric disorders. Canada Journal of Psychiatry.2002,47.923-931.
[9]Meredith YS, William HR, Caorline P, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer: a review [J]. Psycho-oncology.1999,10 (8).531-535.
[10]Breslau N, Peterson EL, Kessler RC, et al. Short screening scale for DSM-IV Post traumatic stress Disorder [J]. Am J Psychiatry.1999,156(6).908-911.
[11]Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry.1995,152.973-981.
[12]Gurvits TV, Shenton ME, Hokama H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry.1996,11.1091-1099.
[13]Bremner JD, Randall P, Vermetten E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Biol. Psychiatry.1997,41.23-32.
[14]Stein MB, Koverola C, Hanna C, et al. Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine.1997,27.951-959.
[15]Villarreal G., Hamilton DA, Petropoulos H, et al. Reduced hippocampal volume and total white matter volume in PTSD. Biol. Psychiatry.2002,52.119-125.
[16]Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Ciszewski A, et al. Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat. Neurosci.2002,5. 1242-1247.
[17]Chen S, Xia W, Li L, et al. Gray matter density reduction in the insula in fire survivors with posttraumatic tress disorder:a voxel-based morphometric study. Psychiatry Res.2006,146.65-72.
[18]Corbo V, Clement MH, Armony JL, et al. Size versus shape differences:contrasting voxel-based and volumetric analyses of the anterior cingulate cortex in individuals with acute posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry.2005,58.119-124.
[19]Yamasue H, Kasai K, Iwanami A, et al. Voxel-based analysis of MRI reveals anterior cingulate gray-matter volume reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder due to terrorism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.2003,100.9039-9043.
[20]Kasai K, Yamasue H, Gilbertson MW, et al. Evidence for acquired pregenual anterior cingulated gray matter loss from a twin study of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry.2007.
[21]Elbert G, Herman GM, Armin H, et al. Thinner prefrontal cortex in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. NeuroImage.2008,41.675-681.
[22]Hou C, Li L, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors from a coal mining accident after 2 and 10 months, J Cent South Univ (Med Sci).2008,33(4).279-283.
[23]Niessen W, Vincken K, Weickert J, et al. Multiscale segmentation of three dimensional MR brain images [J]. Internet. J. Computer. Vision.1999,31(2/3). 185-202.
[24]Alan WL, Hong Y. Current Methods in the Automatic Tissue Segmentation of 3D Magnetic Resonance Brain Images [J]. Current Medical Imaging Reviews.2006, 2(1).91-103.
[25]Wells III WM, Grimson WEL, Kikinis R, et al. Adaptive segmentation of MRI data [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1996,15.429-42.
[26]Held K, Kops ER, Krause BJ, et al. Markov random field segmentation of brain MR images [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1997,16(6).878-86.
[27]Leemput KV, Maes F, Vandermeulen D, et al. Automated model-based bias field correction of MR images of the brain [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1999,18. 885-96.
[28]Leemput KV, Maes F, Vandermeulen D, et al.Automated model-based tissue classification of MR images of the brain [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1999,18. 897-908.
[29]Rajapakse JC, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL. Statistical approach to segmentation of single-channel cerebral MR images [J]. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1997,6(2). 176-86.
[30]Desco M, Gispert JD, Reig S, et al. Statistical segmentation of multidimensional brain datasets [C]. Proceedings of SPIE.2001,4322.184-93.
[31]Dawant BM, Hartmann SL, Thirion JP, et al. Automatic 3-D segmentation of internal structures of the head in MR images using a combination of similarity and free form transformations. IEEE Trans. Med. Imag.1999,18(10).909-16.
[32]Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Unified segmentation. NeuroImage.2005,26.839-851.
[33]Jones SE, Buchbinder BR, Aharon I. Three-dimensional mapping of cortical thickness using Laplace's equation. Hum Brain Mapp.2000,11(1).12-32.
[34]Haidar H, Soul JS. Measurement of cortical thickness in 3D brain MRI data: validation of the Laplacian method. Journal of Neuroimaging.2006,4(2).146-153.
[35]Yezzi AJ, Prince JL. An Eulerian PDE approach for computing tissue thickness. IEEE Trans Med Imaging.2003,22(10).1332-1339.
[36]Diep TM., Bourgeat P, Ourselin S. Efficient use of cerebral cortical thickness to correct brain MR segmentation. Biomedical Imaging.2007.592-595.
[37]Talairach J, Tournoux P. Coplanar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain [M]. Stuttgart. Thieme Medical.1988.
[38]Chloe H, Enrico DV, John A, et al. Voxel-based cortical thickness measurements in MRI. Neuroimage.2008, May,40(4).1701-1710.
[39]Ragnar Ng, Glenn L, Katarina V, et al. Regional thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia:Effects of diagnosis, age and antipsychotic medication. Schizophrenia Research.2008,98.16-28.
[40]Zeng X, Lawrence HS, Robert TS, et al. Segmentation and Measurement of the Cortex from 3D MR Images Using Coupled Surfaces Propagation. Medical Imaging.1999, October,18(10).
[41]Scott MLJ, Bromiley PA, Thacker NA, et al. A fast, model-independent method for cerebral cortical thickness estimation using MRI. Medical Image Analysis.2008.
[42]Thompson PM, Lee AD, Dutton RA, et al. Abnormal cortical complexity and thickness profiles mapped in Williams syndrome. J Neurosci.2005,25(16). 4146-4158.