城市轻轨车辆车内噪声分布规律及降噪措施研究
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摘要
城市轻轨交通具有运送旅客能力大、行车速度高、行车可控制性和可靠性强等优点。另外,轻轨能使城市道路面积得到双倍利用,促进城市的物业开发以及减少空气污染。随着城市轨道车辆行业的高速发展,越来越多的城市开始筹建轻轨交通。
但是,另一方面,轻轨车辆车内噪声引起了人们的关注。轻轨车辆车内噪声不但严重影响旅客乘车的舒适度,而且能引起轻轨车辆部件的早期疲劳损坏,从而降低轻轨车辆的使用寿命。
本文主要通过测试,研究轻轨车辆车内声场分布规律,采取有效降噪措施,具体内容如下：
首先,在正常运行车辆内布点,对车辆内的噪声和振动进行测试,运用HEAD acoustics噪声与振动测试及分析系统,采集不同的运行速度下的具体数值,进行分析。
对车内噪声与振动进行频谱分析,在不同频率下,得出各测点的声压级和振动加速度具体数值。经调研,轻轨车辆车内噪声的主要来源为：①轮轨噪声,主要以中高频为主；②空调机组噪声和电气设备噪声,该两种噪声以中低频为主。轻轨车辆车内振动主要分为：①转向架上方地板面与车体中央地板面的振动加速度值最大,主要为中低频；②空调机组处振动其次,主要为中高频；③侧墙处振动最小,主要为中低频。
通过测试、频谱分析,对空调机组、侧墙、地板、车辆连接处、车辆部件采取减振降噪措施：在空调机组处加超吸玻璃棉；在侧墙壁板上涂敷阻尼材料；在地板上粘贴阻尼材料等,以达到减振降噪的目的。
Subway transportation have some advantages of great transportation capacity, rapid running speed, good properties of running controllability and reliability. And subway can make double use of urban road area, promote the city's property development and reduce air pollution. With high speed developing of railcar industry, more and more cities start building subway transportation.
However, on the other hand, the noise in metro car also attracted attention. Vehicle noise not only seriously affect the comfort of passengers, but also can bring parts fatigue damage of railway vehicle in early stage. So it reduce the service life of railway vehicle and restrict the development of railway traffic to a certain extent.
In order to get vibration value and the rule of sound field distribution in metro car, and do study on vibration and noise reduction to it, this paper mainly aims at following aspects:
Firstly, on different running speed, according to some standards in and abroad, used HEAD acoustics noise and vibration test and analysis system, did points distribution and did a test in the metro car.
Through noise and vibration spectrum analysis, get sound pressure level and vibration accelerations of every test point on different frequencies. Through the analysis, educed the main noise sources in the metro car consist of wheel-rail noise, air conditioning unit noise, windshield and electrical equipments noise. the vibration condition in the metro as follows:the vibration acceleration of the floor surface on bogie and in the car central are the biggest, mainly are medium and low frequency; the next are the vibration accelerations of air conditioning unit, mainly are medium and high frequency; the vibration at side walls are the minimum, mainly are medium and low frequency.
Base on the analysis, take some vibration and noise reduction measures to air condition units, side walls and floor as follows:Adding super absorbing glass cotton at air condition units; coating damping material on side walls; pasting damping material on floor,aim to reduce noise and vibration.
Lastly, by using ANSYS finite element software, do analysis to the improved floor, show that method is feasible.
但是,另一方面,轻轨车辆车内噪声引起了人们的关注。轻轨车辆车内噪声不但严重影响旅客乘车的舒适度,而且能引起轻轨车辆部件的早期疲劳损坏,从而降低轻轨车辆的使用寿命。
本文主要通过测试,研究轻轨车辆车内声场分布规律,采取有效降噪措施,具体内容如下：
首先,在正常运行车辆内布点,对车辆内的噪声和振动进行测试,运用HEAD acoustics噪声与振动测试及分析系统,采集不同的运行速度下的具体数值,进行分析。
对车内噪声与振动进行频谱分析,在不同频率下,得出各测点的声压级和振动加速度具体数值。经调研,轻轨车辆车内噪声的主要来源为：①轮轨噪声,主要以中高频为主；②空调机组噪声和电气设备噪声,该两种噪声以中低频为主。轻轨车辆车内振动主要分为：①转向架上方地板面与车体中央地板面的振动加速度值最大,主要为中低频；②空调机组处振动其次,主要为中高频；③侧墙处振动最小,主要为中低频。
通过测试、频谱分析,对空调机组、侧墙、地板、车辆连接处、车辆部件采取减振降噪措施：在空调机组处加超吸玻璃棉；在侧墙壁板上涂敷阻尼材料；在地板上粘贴阻尼材料等,以达到减振降噪的目的。
Subway transportation have some advantages of great transportation capacity, rapid running speed, good properties of running controllability and reliability. And subway can make double use of urban road area, promote the city's property development and reduce air pollution. With high speed developing of railcar industry, more and more cities start building subway transportation.
However, on the other hand, the noise in metro car also attracted attention. Vehicle noise not only seriously affect the comfort of passengers, but also can bring parts fatigue damage of railway vehicle in early stage. So it reduce the service life of railway vehicle and restrict the development of railway traffic to a certain extent.
In order to get vibration value and the rule of sound field distribution in metro car, and do study on vibration and noise reduction to it, this paper mainly aims at following aspects:
Firstly, on different running speed, according to some standards in and abroad, used HEAD acoustics noise and vibration test and analysis system, did points distribution and did a test in the metro car.
Through noise and vibration spectrum analysis, get sound pressure level and vibration accelerations of every test point on different frequencies. Through the analysis, educed the main noise sources in the metro car consist of wheel-rail noise, air conditioning unit noise, windshield and electrical equipments noise. the vibration condition in the metro as follows:the vibration acceleration of the floor surface on bogie and in the car central are the biggest, mainly are medium and low frequency; the next are the vibration accelerations of air conditioning unit, mainly are medium and high frequency; the vibration at side walls are the minimum, mainly are medium and low frequency.
Base on the analysis, take some vibration and noise reduction measures to air condition units, side walls and floor as follows:Adding super absorbing glass cotton at air condition units; coating damping material on side walls; pasting damping material on floor,aim to reduce noise and vibration.
Lastly, by using ANSYS finite element software, do analysis to the improved floor, show that method is feasible.
引文
[1]夏禾等.城市轨道交通系统引起的环境振动问题.北方交通大学学报.1999,23(4):1-7
[2]马大猷,噪声与振动控制工程手册,科学出版社.1987.7
[3]姜坚白.北京城市铁路振动与噪声控制对策.铁道建筑,2003,增刊：64-66
[4]Philip M.Morse,周竹君译,振动和声(Vibration and Sound),国外铁道车辆.1987
[5]葛世平.城市轨道交通的振动与噪声对环境的影响及其对策.城市轨道交通研究.2003(4)
[6]Ivan Tolstoy和Clarence S.Clay海洋声学(Ocean Acoustics),海洋出版社,1987,5-10
[7]郑长聚等.环境工程手册.第一版.高等教育出版社.2000
[8]Leo.L.Beranek声学测量.第一版.科学出版社.1988
[9]周新祥.噪声控制及应用实例.第一版.海洋出版社.1999:252
[10]马大猷.现代声学理论基础.科学出版社.2004
[11]缪龙秀.客车车内噪声状况及其分析.铁道车辆.1987(5),14-19
[12]娄茂达.采运机械噪声的分析与防治[J].林业机械与木工设备.1981：06
[13]Tanaka S(英),Railway speedup technology and related basic problems.Quart.Rep. of RTRI. 1992(1),12-18
[14]程明昆,李松盛.工业噪声(续二)[J].工业安全与环保.1981：03
[15]曾青中.韩增盛.城市轨道交通车辆.成都：西南交通大学出版社.2006:280-281
[16]张重超.噪声的危害及隔声罩的应用[J].噪声与振动控制.1982:0l
[17]Nemoto, Kouichi. The journal of the acoustical society of America.2001(3):107-109
[18]范莉.环境噪声调查研究[A].四川省环境科学学会2003年学术年会论文集[C].2003
[19]杨玉致.机械噪声控制技术.中国农业机械出版社,1996(8):13-53
[20]赵宏音.环境声学和噪声污染防治[J].沈阳师范学院学报(自然科学版).1999:01
[21]吕玉恒,王庭佛.噪声与振动控制设备及材料选用手册.机械工业出版社.1999,209-230
[22]杜勇.压缩机噪声在线监测系统的开发研究[D].大连理工大学.2005
[23]齐共金,杨盛良,赵恂.材料开发与应用.2002,17(5):40-44
[24]牟向东.噪声源分析方法及其应用[J].湖北汽车工业学院学报.1999:03
[25]李旭祥,钱军民等.聚合物基复合泡沫材料的吸声机理[J].噪声与振动控制.2000(2):42-43
[26]李勉钧.必须重视噪声污染的治理[J].福州师专学报.1999：06
[27]刘惠玲.环境噪声控制.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002(10):20-30
[28]赵凤强.城市环境噪声问题的相关理论方法及应用[D].大连理工大学.2006
[29]雷晓燕,圣小珍.铁路交通噪声与振动.科学出版社.2004(6):166-171
[30]杜功焕,朱哲民,龚秀芬.声学基础.南京大学出版社.2009
[2]马大猷,噪声与振动控制工程手册,科学出版社.1987.7
[3]姜坚白.北京城市铁路振动与噪声控制对策.铁道建筑,2003,增刊：64-66
[4]Philip M.Morse,周竹君译,振动和声(Vibration and Sound),国外铁道车辆.1987
[5]葛世平.城市轨道交通的振动与噪声对环境的影响及其对策.城市轨道交通研究.2003(4)
[6]Ivan Tolstoy和Clarence S.Clay海洋声学(Ocean Acoustics),海洋出版社,1987,5-10
[7]郑长聚等.环境工程手册.第一版.高等教育出版社.2000
[8]Leo.L.Beranek声学测量.第一版.科学出版社.1988
[9]周新祥.噪声控制及应用实例.第一版.海洋出版社.1999:252
[10]马大猷.现代声学理论基础.科学出版社.2004
[11]缪龙秀.客车车内噪声状况及其分析.铁道车辆.1987(5),14-19
[12]娄茂达.采运机械噪声的分析与防治[J].林业机械与木工设备.1981：06
[13]Tanaka S(英),Railway speedup technology and related basic problems.Quart.Rep. of RTRI. 1992(1),12-18
[14]程明昆,李松盛.工业噪声(续二)[J].工业安全与环保.1981：03
[15]曾青中.韩增盛.城市轨道交通车辆.成都：西南交通大学出版社.2006:280-281
[16]张重超.噪声的危害及隔声罩的应用[J].噪声与振动控制.1982:0l
[17]Nemoto, Kouichi. The journal of the acoustical society of America.2001(3):107-109
[18]范莉.环境噪声调查研究[A].四川省环境科学学会2003年学术年会论文集[C].2003
[19]杨玉致.机械噪声控制技术.中国农业机械出版社,1996(8):13-53
[20]赵宏音.环境声学和噪声污染防治[J].沈阳师范学院学报(自然科学版).1999:01
[21]吕玉恒,王庭佛.噪声与振动控制设备及材料选用手册.机械工业出版社.1999,209-230
[22]杜勇.压缩机噪声在线监测系统的开发研究[D].大连理工大学.2005
[23]齐共金,杨盛良,赵恂.材料开发与应用.2002,17(5):40-44
[24]牟向东.噪声源分析方法及其应用[J].湖北汽车工业学院学报.1999:03
[25]李旭祥,钱军民等.聚合物基复合泡沫材料的吸声机理[J].噪声与振动控制.2000(2):42-43
[26]李勉钧.必须重视噪声污染的治理[J].福州师专学报.1999：06
[27]刘惠玲.环境噪声控制.哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2002(10):20-30
[28]赵凤强.城市环境噪声问题的相关理论方法及应用[D].大连理工大学.2006
[29]雷晓燕,圣小珍.铁路交通噪声与振动.科学出版社.2004(6):166-171
[30]杜功焕,朱哲民,龚秀芬.声学基础.南京大学出版社.2009