成都平原耕地资源系统协同性分析与调控研究
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摘要
耕地资源系统是由水田、旱地、菜地等为主体构成的系统整体,它是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础和财富源泉,更是维护国家粮食安全、社会稳定和生态环境可持续发展的重要保障,其协同性主要体现为耕地资源系统与其区域范围内的土地资源系统、社会经济系统、生态环境系统内部各相关子系统之间的协调和合作关系。可以说,一定区域范围内,耕地资源系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间是否协同、有序和可持续将直接影响和决定着人类社会的生存、发展和延续。近年来,随着人口的不断增长、经济社会发展和城市化进程的日益加快,成都平原城镇面积不断扩张,耕地资源被大量占用,原本和谐有序的村镇空间格局受到严重影响。而与此同时,由于粮食和农产品需求的刚性,农业生产又不得不依赖于密集型的耕作和大量的化肥、农药施用来保证产量,从而造成土壤退化、环境污染等一系列资源和环境问题。以上问题在一定程度上影响了成都平原耕地资源系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间原本协同、有序的运行状态,同时更是严重制约了耕地资源系统自身的健康和可持续发展。
基于此,本文以耕地资源系统作为研究对象,以其属性特征为基础,立足系统论、协同论等多学科理论,将耕地资源系统作为一个有机整体置于土地资源系统、社会经济系统与生态环境系统之中,采用定性与定量分析相结合、规范与实证研究相结合、理论分析与科学实验相结合的方法,深入剖析系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间的协同关系、协同机理及外在表现形式,并通过序参量分析和协同性模型计算,回答了成都平原耕地资源系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间是否协同,协同状态、协同的程度以及造成系统不协同问题的关键影响因素等主要问题。并在此基础之上,提出“协同调控”的基本观点,有针对性的构建出以五大关键调控模式为核心的研究区耕地资源系统协同调控的整体性解决方案。从而初步形成相对完整的成都平原区耕地资源系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间协同性问题分析与调控的基本研究框架,为耕地资源保护与可持续利用研究提供了新的分析思路。
通过上述分析,本文得出以下主要研究结论：
1.立足于相关理论基础,本文对耕地资源系统的内涵、基本特征和功能表现进行了全面、系统的研究,认为耕地资源系统是在一定区域范围内,土地资源系统、社会经济系统和生态环境系统的内部相关子系统之间相互联系、相互作用、相互交织、相互耦合作用形成的子系统,其协同性的实质是耕地资源系统与三大系统内部各相关子系统(如：人口子系统、环境子系统、产业子系统等)之间的协同和有序关系。其协同性的外在表现形式往往通过耕地资源系统的数量、质量和空间布局三大属性来加以标识和表征,其中：数量属性主要反映资源量的多少和结构是否合理；质量属性表征资源质量的优劣及环境特征；空间布局属性标示资源空间分布是否合理,是否与经济社会发展、产业布局、景观优化相适应。
2.引入“有序度”和“序参量”的相关分析方法于成都平原耕地资源系统与土地资源、社会经济和生态环境三大系统的内部相关子系统之间的协同性分析之中,从时间和空间双重维度全面分析了系统数量、质量和空间布局三大属性所反映出来的协同和有序特征。
(1)将耕地资源系统数量属性的协同性判定目标设定为“人地关系和谐”,将控制序参量归纳为“人均耕地面积”、“耕地年减少率”及“耕地面积占土地面积的比例”等,开展系统研究与测算。研究结果表明：2002～2008年间,成都平原耕地资源系统数量属性的有序状态经历了“较有序→基本有序→较无序”的变化过程,数量属性在向不协同方向发展,且存在明显的区域差异性特征,其实质反映出耕地资源系统与社会经济系统中的人口子系统以及土地资源系统内部其它子系统之间相互联系、相互耦合而呈现出来的日益紧张的人地关系和结构比例关系。
(2)将耕地资源系统质量属性的协同性判定目标设定为“资源可持续利用”,将控制序参量归纳为“土壤肥力指数”和“土壤污染指数”等,进行系统研究与测算,研究结果表明,系统质量属性的有序度持续下降,年均减少率达16.42%,质量属性急剧向不协同方向发展,且空间差异明显,其实质揭示了研究区耕地资源系统与社会经济系统及生态环境系统中各相关子系统之间的联系和耦合状态,反映出现有生产力水平条件下,社会经济发展对耕地资源利用效果、产出能力及环境质量的影响程度。
(3)将耕地资源空间布局属性的协同性判定目标设定为“空间布局合理”,将控制序参量归纳为“人均GDP”、“第一产业产值占地区国民生产总值的比重”、“从事第一产业劳动力占总劳动力的比例”、“农民人均纯收入增长率”、“香农多样性指数(SHDI)”、“香农均度指数(SHEI)”等,进行测算和系统分析,研究结果表明,6年来,系统空间布局属性总体表现出持续上升的有序度变化特征,空间布局属性在向协同方向发展,这一方面说明研究区耕地资源利用对社会经济发展速度和发展程度的适应性,但同时也应该看到耕地资源系统与研究区产业结构、景观格局之间存在的不协同问题。
(4)将耕地资源系统整体与土地资源、社会经济和生态环境三大系统内部子系统之间的协同性的序参量判定目标设定为“协同发展”,将控制序参量设定为“人地关系和谐”、“资源可持续利用”和“空间布局合理”,开展测算与研究,研究结果表明,2002～2008年间,在系统三大属性有序度的共同影响和作用下,研究区耕地资源系统的有序度总体呈下降趋势,耕地资源系统在向不协同方向发展,且各区域均表现出明显的波动变化特征。
3.利用耕地资源系统三大属性的控制序参量对于系统有序度的“贡献值”来评判系统三大属性及整体有序程度。并以此为基础,通过有序度随时间变化而表现出来的变化特征来分析系统的协同程度,建立协同性评价模型。通过模型的分析与计算,结果表明,2003～2008年间,成都平原耕地资源系统与土地资源、社会经济和生态环境三大系统内部相关子系统之间的协同度数值在-0.1与-0.01之间变化,均为负值,系统整体处于不协同状态,且在时间维度上的变化分为三个阶段,2003～2005年间,耕地资源系统协同度持续上扬,系统整体呈现出由不协同状态向协同状态逼近的趋势；2005～2007年间,系统协同度下降；2007～2008年间,系统协同度变化趋于平缓。与此同时,耕地资源系统协同性呈现明显的空间差异特征；研究结果表明,成都平原耕地资源系统与区域范围内的土地资源系统、社会经济系统和生态环境系统内部相关子系统之间已经出现了一定程度的不协同、不合谐的状态特征。因此,开展耕地资源系统协同调控相关研究十分的必要和必需。
4.通过对现阶段成都平原耕地资源系统协同特征及其主要存在问题的综合分析,揭示出导致成都平原耕地资源系统不协同问题的关键影响因素：(1)经济发展与工业化、城市化进程加快；(2)人口持续增长；(3)耕地资源系统多元主体之间的利益博弈与不协同；(4)耕地质量退化；(5)耕地污染加剧；(6)耕地资源空间布局缺乏协同调控思想和方法的指导；(7)土地利用总体规划、城镇规划、产业发展规划之间缺乏有效衔接;(8)城乡建设用地缺乏统筹规划,资源利用效率不高。
5.结合研究区耕地资源系统协同性特征的全面分析,针对存在问题及其关键性影响因素,提出“协同调控”的观点,尝试运用有效的管理、技术、经济及法律等多项调控手段,通过对机制、方法、技术、模式的有效融合,初步形成以“基于产业结构统筹与空间布局优化的耕地资源协同调控模式、基于耕地资源系统相关主体利益协同的调控管理模式、基于耕地质量保护与提升关键技术的协同调控技术模式、基于多平台耕地资源信息监测技术集成与数字化动态监测系统相结合的协同调控模式、基于土地开发整理技术的耕地资源协同调控管理模式”为核心的四大类,十三个小项的研究区耕地资源系统协同调控的整体性解决方案。实现了对影响耕地资源系统数量、质量和空间布局三大关键属性的主要不协同问题的有效阻断,部分调控模式已在实践中得以实际应用,调控效果明显。
本文的特色与创新之处：
(1)研究思路的创新。初步形成相对完整的成都平原耕地资源系统与土地资源系统、社会经济系统、生态环境系统内部相关子系统之间协同性问题的基本分析思路、研究框架和研究方法,为耕地资源相关问题研究提供了新的思路。
(2)研究视角的创新。传统的耕地资源研究方法大多采用从局部到整体的解决方案,直接针对存在问题本身制定对策。本文运用系统论思想,将耕地资源系统作为一个有机整体,深入研究其系统本身与土地资源系统、社会经济系统、生态环境系统之间的协同性问题,坚持系统性、整体性的研究理念,从整体到局部的层层剖析研究对象的本质特征,于系统内外要素之间,局部与整体的关系之间,阐释协同机理,构建数学模型,寻求问题的解决途径。
(3)多学科研究方法的交叉融合与创新。根据研究对象耕地资源系统的特点,注重多学科研究方法的综合运用与交叉融合,突出社会科学研究方法与自然科学研究方法相结合,规范研究与实证研究相结合,定性与定量相结合。同时,根据研究需要,将GIS技术和分析测试技术(土壤农化分析、环境污染分析)等自然科学类的研究方法引入耕地资源系统管理科学研究中,实现多种研究方法与手段的有机融合。
Farmland resource system is an entire system which consists mainly of paddy field, dry land and vegetable field, etc. It is the material foundation and the wealth source for the survival and development of human beings, moreover, an important guarantee for maintaining the national food security, social stability and sustainable development of ecological environment. In certain area, whether the farmland resource system and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system are synergic, ordered and sustainable will directly determine and affect the existence, development and continuation of human society. In recent years, with the constant growth of population and the increasing acceleration of social and economic development and urbanization, the urban area of Chengdu Plain is expanding continuously, the farmland resource is occupied massively, and the harmonious and ordered spatial pattern of villages and towns is severely affected. Meanwhile, since the demand of food and agricultural products is rigid and the agricultural production has to depend on intensive farming and a large amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide for output guaranty, a series of resource and environmental problems such as soil degradation and environmental pollution, etc. are caused. The above-mentioned problems affect the synergic and ordered operation relation between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and relevant subsystems of the three major systems to a certain extent and seriously restrict the sound and sustainable development of the farmland resource system.
As a result, this thesis chooses the farmland resource system as the research object. Based on its attributive characters and multi-disciplinary theories such as systematology and synergetics, the farmland resource system is regarded as an organic integrity in land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system. The methods of combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis, criterion research with demonstration research, as well as theoretical analysis with scientific experiment are adopted to thoroughly analyze the synergic relation between the farmland resource system and relevant subsystems of the three major systems, the mechanism and external manifestation of its synergy. The analysis of order parameter and the computation of synergy model give a response to the major problems: whether the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and relevant subsystems of the three major systems are synergic; what is the state and degree of synergy and the key factors which cause the asynergy of the system. Based on the above analysis and computation, the major viewpoint of "synergic regulation" is developed. The integrated solution of the synergic regulation of the farmland resource system in the researched area which centers on five major regulation modes is made accordingly. Then the basic framework of relatively complete analysis and regulation on the synergy between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and relevant subsystems of the three major systems begins to take shape to provide a new line of analysis for farmland resources protection and sustainable utilization research.
Through the above analysis, the thesis gives the following main research conclusions:
1. Based on relevant theoretical foundation, the thesis has a compressive and systematic study on the connotation, essential characteristics and function performance of the farmland resource system. It argues that the farmland resource system is a subsystem formed by the interrelation, interaction, interlacing and interconnection of relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system in certain area. The essence of its synergy is the synergic and ordered relation between the farmland resource system and relevant subsystems of the three major systems (such as the population subsystem, environment subsystem and industry subsystem, etc.). The external manifestation of its synergy is often characterized by the three major attributes of the quantity, quality and spatial distribution of farmland resource systems. Among the three major attributes, the quantity largely reflects whether the amount and structure of resources is rational; the quality represents the quality and environment characteristics of the resources; and the spatial distribution marks whether the space distribution of resources is rational and in line with the social and economic development, industrial layout and landscape optimization..
2. Relevant analytical methods of the "degree of order" and the "order parameter" are introduced to analyze the synergy between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system. Through the thorough analysis in time and spatial dimension, the synergic and ordered features are reflected in the three major attributes of the quantity, quality and spatial distribution of the system.
(1) The synergy of quantity attribute of the farmland resource system is set as the "harmony of man-environment relationship" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "per capita arable land", the "annual land decrement rate" and the "rate of farmland to land" etc. to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that the ordered state of quantity attribute of the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain changed from "relatively ordered to basically ordered and to relatively disordered" in the period from 2002 to 2008. The study shows that the quantity attribute developed in a trend of asynergy and there were obvious area differences. The essence of the quantity attribute reflects the increasingly severe man-environment relationship and proportional relationship visible with the interrelation and interconnection between the farmland resource system and the population subsystem of the socioeconomic system as well as relevant subsystems of the land resource system.
(2) The synergy of quality attribute of the farmland resource system is set as the "sustainable utilization of resource" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "soil fertility index", "output value from per unit area of farmland" and "soil pollution index", etc. to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that the degree of order of the system quality attribute declined constantly, with the annual decrement rate of 16.42%. The study shows that the quality attribute of the system developed in a trend of asynergy sharply and there were obvious spatial differences. The essence of the quantity attribute reveals the connection and coupling between the farmland resource system and relevant subsystems of socioeconomic system and eco-environment system, and reflects the influence of social and economic development on farmland resource utilization effect, productive skill and environmental quality under the condition of the existing productivity level.
(3) The synergy of spatial distribution attribute of the farmland resource system is set as "rational spatial layout" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "Per Capita GDP", the "rate of first industry output value to regional GNP", the "rate of labor force in first industry to the total labor force", "rural per capita net income", "SHDI" and "SHEI", etc. to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that, in the past six years, the degree of order of the spatial distribution attribute of the system continued to rise and the spatial distribution attribute developed in a trend of synergy. The study shows that the utilization of farmland resource in the researched area is in line with the speed and level of social and economic development. However, the asynergy between the farmland resource system and the industrial structure and landscape pattern in the researched area must be paid attention.
(4) The order parameter of synergy between the entire farmland resource system and the subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system is set as "synergic development" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "harmony of man-environment relationship", "resource sustainable utilization" and "rational spatial distribution" to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that the degree of order of the farmland resource system in the researched area declined in general and the farmland resource system developed in a trend of asynergy and there were obvious fluctuations in various areas in the period from 2002 to 2008 under the common influence of the degree of order of the three major attributes of the system.
3. The three major attributes and the entire degree of order of the system is judged from the "contribution" of the controlled order parameter of the three major attributes of the system on the degree of order of the system. Based on this, the variation characteristics reflected by the change of degree of order with the time are utilized to analyze the degree of synergy of the system and build the synergy evaluation model. Through the analysis and computation of the model, the findings indicate that the degree of synergy between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system was a negative value ranging between -0.1 and -0.01 in the period from 2003 to 2008. Therefore the entire system was in a state of asynergy. The variation is divided into three phases in time dimension:the synergy degree of farmland resource system continued to rise and the system developed from the state of asynergy to the state of synergy in the period from 2003 to 2005; the synergy degree declined in the period from 2005 to 2007; and the synergy degree increased slightly in the period from 2007 to 2008. Meanwhile, the synergy degree of farmland resource system showed obvious spatial differences. The above-mentioned characteristics indicate that the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system in regional area are in an asynergic and inharmonious state to a certain extent. Therefore, it is essential and necessary to conduct relevant research on the synergic regulation of the farmland resource system.
4. Through a comprehensive analysis on the synergy characteristics and main existing problems of the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain at the present stage, the key factors that cause asynergy of the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain are found out as follows:(1) acceleration of economic development, industrialization and urbanization; (2) constant growth of population; (3) benefit gambling and asynergy between plural subjects of the farmland resource system; (4) land degradation; (5) worsening land pollution; (6) lack of the instruction of synergic regulation idea and method for the farmland resource spatial distribution; (7) lack of effective interface between the land utilization overall plan, town planning, industrial development plan; (8) lack of overall planning for construction land in town and countries and low resource utilization ratio.
5. Combining the overall analysis of the synergy characteristics of the farmland resource system in the researched area, the viewpoint of "synergic regulation" is developed to search for the existing problems and key factors. Efforts are made to adopt multiple effective regulation methods of management, technology, economy and laws, etc., and integrate the mechanism, methods, technology and mode effectively. The integrated solution of synergic regulation of the farmland resource system in the researched area, including four categories (thirteen items), which centers on "the synergic regulation mode based on farmland resource of industrial structure plan and spatial distribution optimization, the synergic regulation management mode based on the benefit of interrelated subjects of farmland resource system, the synergic regulation technology mode based on farmland quality protection and key technology improvement, the synergic regulation mode based on the combination of multi-platform farmland resource information monitoring technology integration and digital dynamic monitoring system, and the synergic regulation management mode based on farmland resource of land development and consolidation technology " begins to take shape. The main problems of asynergy that affect the three key attributes of quantity, quality and spatial distribution of the farmland resource system are effectively resolved. Some of the regulation modes have been put into practice and had a marked effect.
The characteristics and innovation of this paper:
(1) Innovation in research thinking. This paper has basically formed a relatively thorough analysis of fundamental thinking, research structure and research method on the synergy of cultivated land resource system. What's more, it offers a new way of thinking in related cultivated land resource system research.
(2) Innovation in research perspective. Traditional research on cultivated land resource system mainly adopted " part to the whole" strategy and made solution directly according to the existing problems. This paper adopted systematology's ideas to make research on the synergy of cultivated land resource system and upheld systematicness and globality. This paper carried out analysis by using the strategy of "the whole to part" on the essential features of research objects and reached solution by analyzing the relationship between internal and external factors, part and the whole, and by explaining synergy mechanism and building mathematical model.
(3) Interconnection and integrated innovation of multi-disciplinary research method. According to the features of the research object:cultivated land resource system. This paper attached great importance to the comprehensive adoption and interconnection of multi-disciplinary research method and paid attention to the combination of different methods such as, the combination of social science and natural science, normative research and empirical study, quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis. Meanwhile, due to the demand of research, this research introduced many natural science research methods such as GIS technology and analysis measurement technology (soil agrochemistry analysis, environmental pollution analysis) to the research of cultivated land resource system management so as to realize integrated innovation by combing different research methods.
基于此,本文以耕地资源系统作为研究对象,以其属性特征为基础,立足系统论、协同论等多学科理论,将耕地资源系统作为一个有机整体置于土地资源系统、社会经济系统与生态环境系统之中,采用定性与定量分析相结合、规范与实证研究相结合、理论分析与科学实验相结合的方法,深入剖析系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间的协同关系、协同机理及外在表现形式,并通过序参量分析和协同性模型计算,回答了成都平原耕地资源系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间是否协同,协同状态、协同的程度以及造成系统不协同问题的关键影响因素等主要问题。并在此基础之上,提出“协同调控”的基本观点,有针对性的构建出以五大关键调控模式为核心的研究区耕地资源系统协同调控的整体性解决方案。从而初步形成相对完整的成都平原区耕地资源系统与三大系统内部相关子系统之间协同性问题分析与调控的基本研究框架,为耕地资源保护与可持续利用研究提供了新的分析思路。
通过上述分析,本文得出以下主要研究结论：
1.立足于相关理论基础,本文对耕地资源系统的内涵、基本特征和功能表现进行了全面、系统的研究,认为耕地资源系统是在一定区域范围内,土地资源系统、社会经济系统和生态环境系统的内部相关子系统之间相互联系、相互作用、相互交织、相互耦合作用形成的子系统,其协同性的实质是耕地资源系统与三大系统内部各相关子系统(如：人口子系统、环境子系统、产业子系统等)之间的协同和有序关系。其协同性的外在表现形式往往通过耕地资源系统的数量、质量和空间布局三大属性来加以标识和表征,其中：数量属性主要反映资源量的多少和结构是否合理；质量属性表征资源质量的优劣及环境特征；空间布局属性标示资源空间分布是否合理,是否与经济社会发展、产业布局、景观优化相适应。
2.引入“有序度”和“序参量”的相关分析方法于成都平原耕地资源系统与土地资源、社会经济和生态环境三大系统的内部相关子系统之间的协同性分析之中,从时间和空间双重维度全面分析了系统数量、质量和空间布局三大属性所反映出来的协同和有序特征。
(1)将耕地资源系统数量属性的协同性判定目标设定为“人地关系和谐”,将控制序参量归纳为“人均耕地面积”、“耕地年减少率”及“耕地面积占土地面积的比例”等,开展系统研究与测算。研究结果表明：2002～2008年间,成都平原耕地资源系统数量属性的有序状态经历了“较有序→基本有序→较无序”的变化过程,数量属性在向不协同方向发展,且存在明显的区域差异性特征,其实质反映出耕地资源系统与社会经济系统中的人口子系统以及土地资源系统内部其它子系统之间相互联系、相互耦合而呈现出来的日益紧张的人地关系和结构比例关系。
(2)将耕地资源系统质量属性的协同性判定目标设定为“资源可持续利用”,将控制序参量归纳为“土壤肥力指数”和“土壤污染指数”等,进行系统研究与测算,研究结果表明,系统质量属性的有序度持续下降,年均减少率达16.42%,质量属性急剧向不协同方向发展,且空间差异明显,其实质揭示了研究区耕地资源系统与社会经济系统及生态环境系统中各相关子系统之间的联系和耦合状态,反映出现有生产力水平条件下,社会经济发展对耕地资源利用效果、产出能力及环境质量的影响程度。
(3)将耕地资源空间布局属性的协同性判定目标设定为“空间布局合理”,将控制序参量归纳为“人均GDP”、“第一产业产值占地区国民生产总值的比重”、“从事第一产业劳动力占总劳动力的比例”、“农民人均纯收入增长率”、“香农多样性指数(SHDI)”、“香农均度指数(SHEI)”等,进行测算和系统分析,研究结果表明,6年来,系统空间布局属性总体表现出持续上升的有序度变化特征,空间布局属性在向协同方向发展,这一方面说明研究区耕地资源利用对社会经济发展速度和发展程度的适应性,但同时也应该看到耕地资源系统与研究区产业结构、景观格局之间存在的不协同问题。
(4)将耕地资源系统整体与土地资源、社会经济和生态环境三大系统内部子系统之间的协同性的序参量判定目标设定为“协同发展”,将控制序参量设定为“人地关系和谐”、“资源可持续利用”和“空间布局合理”,开展测算与研究,研究结果表明,2002～2008年间,在系统三大属性有序度的共同影响和作用下,研究区耕地资源系统的有序度总体呈下降趋势,耕地资源系统在向不协同方向发展,且各区域均表现出明显的波动变化特征。
3.利用耕地资源系统三大属性的控制序参量对于系统有序度的“贡献值”来评判系统三大属性及整体有序程度。并以此为基础,通过有序度随时间变化而表现出来的变化特征来分析系统的协同程度,建立协同性评价模型。通过模型的分析与计算,结果表明,2003～2008年间,成都平原耕地资源系统与土地资源、社会经济和生态环境三大系统内部相关子系统之间的协同度数值在-0.1与-0.01之间变化,均为负值,系统整体处于不协同状态,且在时间维度上的变化分为三个阶段,2003～2005年间,耕地资源系统协同度持续上扬,系统整体呈现出由不协同状态向协同状态逼近的趋势；2005～2007年间,系统协同度下降；2007～2008年间,系统协同度变化趋于平缓。与此同时,耕地资源系统协同性呈现明显的空间差异特征；研究结果表明,成都平原耕地资源系统与区域范围内的土地资源系统、社会经济系统和生态环境系统内部相关子系统之间已经出现了一定程度的不协同、不合谐的状态特征。因此,开展耕地资源系统协同调控相关研究十分的必要和必需。
4.通过对现阶段成都平原耕地资源系统协同特征及其主要存在问题的综合分析,揭示出导致成都平原耕地资源系统不协同问题的关键影响因素：(1)经济发展与工业化、城市化进程加快；(2)人口持续增长；(3)耕地资源系统多元主体之间的利益博弈与不协同；(4)耕地质量退化；(5)耕地污染加剧；(6)耕地资源空间布局缺乏协同调控思想和方法的指导；(7)土地利用总体规划、城镇规划、产业发展规划之间缺乏有效衔接;(8)城乡建设用地缺乏统筹规划,资源利用效率不高。
5.结合研究区耕地资源系统协同性特征的全面分析,针对存在问题及其关键性影响因素,提出“协同调控”的观点,尝试运用有效的管理、技术、经济及法律等多项调控手段,通过对机制、方法、技术、模式的有效融合,初步形成以“基于产业结构统筹与空间布局优化的耕地资源协同调控模式、基于耕地资源系统相关主体利益协同的调控管理模式、基于耕地质量保护与提升关键技术的协同调控技术模式、基于多平台耕地资源信息监测技术集成与数字化动态监测系统相结合的协同调控模式、基于土地开发整理技术的耕地资源协同调控管理模式”为核心的四大类,十三个小项的研究区耕地资源系统协同调控的整体性解决方案。实现了对影响耕地资源系统数量、质量和空间布局三大关键属性的主要不协同问题的有效阻断,部分调控模式已在实践中得以实际应用,调控效果明显。
本文的特色与创新之处：
(1)研究思路的创新。初步形成相对完整的成都平原耕地资源系统与土地资源系统、社会经济系统、生态环境系统内部相关子系统之间协同性问题的基本分析思路、研究框架和研究方法,为耕地资源相关问题研究提供了新的思路。
(2)研究视角的创新。传统的耕地资源研究方法大多采用从局部到整体的解决方案,直接针对存在问题本身制定对策。本文运用系统论思想,将耕地资源系统作为一个有机整体,深入研究其系统本身与土地资源系统、社会经济系统、生态环境系统之间的协同性问题,坚持系统性、整体性的研究理念,从整体到局部的层层剖析研究对象的本质特征,于系统内外要素之间,局部与整体的关系之间,阐释协同机理,构建数学模型,寻求问题的解决途径。
(3)多学科研究方法的交叉融合与创新。根据研究对象耕地资源系统的特点,注重多学科研究方法的综合运用与交叉融合,突出社会科学研究方法与自然科学研究方法相结合,规范研究与实证研究相结合,定性与定量相结合。同时,根据研究需要,将GIS技术和分析测试技术(土壤农化分析、环境污染分析)等自然科学类的研究方法引入耕地资源系统管理科学研究中,实现多种研究方法与手段的有机融合。
Farmland resource system is an entire system which consists mainly of paddy field, dry land and vegetable field, etc. It is the material foundation and the wealth source for the survival and development of human beings, moreover, an important guarantee for maintaining the national food security, social stability and sustainable development of ecological environment. In certain area, whether the farmland resource system and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system are synergic, ordered and sustainable will directly determine and affect the existence, development and continuation of human society. In recent years, with the constant growth of population and the increasing acceleration of social and economic development and urbanization, the urban area of Chengdu Plain is expanding continuously, the farmland resource is occupied massively, and the harmonious and ordered spatial pattern of villages and towns is severely affected. Meanwhile, since the demand of food and agricultural products is rigid and the agricultural production has to depend on intensive farming and a large amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticide for output guaranty, a series of resource and environmental problems such as soil degradation and environmental pollution, etc. are caused. The above-mentioned problems affect the synergic and ordered operation relation between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and relevant subsystems of the three major systems to a certain extent and seriously restrict the sound and sustainable development of the farmland resource system.
As a result, this thesis chooses the farmland resource system as the research object. Based on its attributive characters and multi-disciplinary theories such as systematology and synergetics, the farmland resource system is regarded as an organic integrity in land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system. The methods of combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis, criterion research with demonstration research, as well as theoretical analysis with scientific experiment are adopted to thoroughly analyze the synergic relation between the farmland resource system and relevant subsystems of the three major systems, the mechanism and external manifestation of its synergy. The analysis of order parameter and the computation of synergy model give a response to the major problems: whether the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and relevant subsystems of the three major systems are synergic; what is the state and degree of synergy and the key factors which cause the asynergy of the system. Based on the above analysis and computation, the major viewpoint of "synergic regulation" is developed. The integrated solution of the synergic regulation of the farmland resource system in the researched area which centers on five major regulation modes is made accordingly. Then the basic framework of relatively complete analysis and regulation on the synergy between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and relevant subsystems of the three major systems begins to take shape to provide a new line of analysis for farmland resources protection and sustainable utilization research.
Through the above analysis, the thesis gives the following main research conclusions:
1. Based on relevant theoretical foundation, the thesis has a compressive and systematic study on the connotation, essential characteristics and function performance of the farmland resource system. It argues that the farmland resource system is a subsystem formed by the interrelation, interaction, interlacing and interconnection of relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system in certain area. The essence of its synergy is the synergic and ordered relation between the farmland resource system and relevant subsystems of the three major systems (such as the population subsystem, environment subsystem and industry subsystem, etc.). The external manifestation of its synergy is often characterized by the three major attributes of the quantity, quality and spatial distribution of farmland resource systems. Among the three major attributes, the quantity largely reflects whether the amount and structure of resources is rational; the quality represents the quality and environment characteristics of the resources; and the spatial distribution marks whether the space distribution of resources is rational and in line with the social and economic development, industrial layout and landscape optimization..
2. Relevant analytical methods of the "degree of order" and the "order parameter" are introduced to analyze the synergy between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system. Through the thorough analysis in time and spatial dimension, the synergic and ordered features are reflected in the three major attributes of the quantity, quality and spatial distribution of the system.
(1) The synergy of quantity attribute of the farmland resource system is set as the "harmony of man-environment relationship" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "per capita arable land", the "annual land decrement rate" and the "rate of farmland to land" etc. to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that the ordered state of quantity attribute of the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain changed from "relatively ordered to basically ordered and to relatively disordered" in the period from 2002 to 2008. The study shows that the quantity attribute developed in a trend of asynergy and there were obvious area differences. The essence of the quantity attribute reflects the increasingly severe man-environment relationship and proportional relationship visible with the interrelation and interconnection between the farmland resource system and the population subsystem of the socioeconomic system as well as relevant subsystems of the land resource system.
(2) The synergy of quality attribute of the farmland resource system is set as the "sustainable utilization of resource" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "soil fertility index", "output value from per unit area of farmland" and "soil pollution index", etc. to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that the degree of order of the system quality attribute declined constantly, with the annual decrement rate of 16.42%. The study shows that the quality attribute of the system developed in a trend of asynergy sharply and there were obvious spatial differences. The essence of the quantity attribute reveals the connection and coupling between the farmland resource system and relevant subsystems of socioeconomic system and eco-environment system, and reflects the influence of social and economic development on farmland resource utilization effect, productive skill and environmental quality under the condition of the existing productivity level.
(3) The synergy of spatial distribution attribute of the farmland resource system is set as "rational spatial layout" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "Per Capita GDP", the "rate of first industry output value to regional GNP", the "rate of labor force in first industry to the total labor force", "rural per capita net income", "SHDI" and "SHEI", etc. to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that, in the past six years, the degree of order of the spatial distribution attribute of the system continued to rise and the spatial distribution attribute developed in a trend of synergy. The study shows that the utilization of farmland resource in the researched area is in line with the speed and level of social and economic development. However, the asynergy between the farmland resource system and the industrial structure and landscape pattern in the researched area must be paid attention.
(4) The order parameter of synergy between the entire farmland resource system and the subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system is set as "synergic development" and the controlled order parameter is reduced to "harmony of man-environment relationship", "resource sustainable utilization" and "rational spatial distribution" to conduct system research and measurement. The findings indicate that the degree of order of the farmland resource system in the researched area declined in general and the farmland resource system developed in a trend of asynergy and there were obvious fluctuations in various areas in the period from 2002 to 2008 under the common influence of the degree of order of the three major attributes of the system.
3. The three major attributes and the entire degree of order of the system is judged from the "contribution" of the controlled order parameter of the three major attributes of the system on the degree of order of the system. Based on this, the variation characteristics reflected by the change of degree of order with the time are utilized to analyze the degree of synergy of the system and build the synergy evaluation model. Through the analysis and computation of the model, the findings indicate that the degree of synergy between the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system was a negative value ranging between -0.1 and -0.01 in the period from 2003 to 2008. Therefore the entire system was in a state of asynergy. The variation is divided into three phases in time dimension:the synergy degree of farmland resource system continued to rise and the system developed from the state of asynergy to the state of synergy in the period from 2003 to 2005; the synergy degree declined in the period from 2005 to 2007; and the synergy degree increased slightly in the period from 2007 to 2008. Meanwhile, the synergy degree of farmland resource system showed obvious spatial differences. The above-mentioned characteristics indicate that the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain and the relevant subsystems of land resource system, socioeconomic system and eco-environment system in regional area are in an asynergic and inharmonious state to a certain extent. Therefore, it is essential and necessary to conduct relevant research on the synergic regulation of the farmland resource system.
4. Through a comprehensive analysis on the synergy characteristics and main existing problems of the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain at the present stage, the key factors that cause asynergy of the farmland resource system of Chengdu Plain are found out as follows:(1) acceleration of economic development, industrialization and urbanization; (2) constant growth of population; (3) benefit gambling and asynergy between plural subjects of the farmland resource system; (4) land degradation; (5) worsening land pollution; (6) lack of the instruction of synergic regulation idea and method for the farmland resource spatial distribution; (7) lack of effective interface between the land utilization overall plan, town planning, industrial development plan; (8) lack of overall planning for construction land in town and countries and low resource utilization ratio.
5. Combining the overall analysis of the synergy characteristics of the farmland resource system in the researched area, the viewpoint of "synergic regulation" is developed to search for the existing problems and key factors. Efforts are made to adopt multiple effective regulation methods of management, technology, economy and laws, etc., and integrate the mechanism, methods, technology and mode effectively. The integrated solution of synergic regulation of the farmland resource system in the researched area, including four categories (thirteen items), which centers on "the synergic regulation mode based on farmland resource of industrial structure plan and spatial distribution optimization, the synergic regulation management mode based on the benefit of interrelated subjects of farmland resource system, the synergic regulation technology mode based on farmland quality protection and key technology improvement, the synergic regulation mode based on the combination of multi-platform farmland resource information monitoring technology integration and digital dynamic monitoring system, and the synergic regulation management mode based on farmland resource of land development and consolidation technology " begins to take shape. The main problems of asynergy that affect the three key attributes of quantity, quality and spatial distribution of the farmland resource system are effectively resolved. Some of the regulation modes have been put into practice and had a marked effect.
The characteristics and innovation of this paper:
(1) Innovation in research thinking. This paper has basically formed a relatively thorough analysis of fundamental thinking, research structure and research method on the synergy of cultivated land resource system. What's more, it offers a new way of thinking in related cultivated land resource system research.
(2) Innovation in research perspective. Traditional research on cultivated land resource system mainly adopted " part to the whole" strategy and made solution directly according to the existing problems. This paper adopted systematology's ideas to make research on the synergy of cultivated land resource system and upheld systematicness and globality. This paper carried out analysis by using the strategy of "the whole to part" on the essential features of research objects and reached solution by analyzing the relationship between internal and external factors, part and the whole, and by explaining synergy mechanism and building mathematical model.
(3) Interconnection and integrated innovation of multi-disciplinary research method. According to the features of the research object:cultivated land resource system. This paper attached great importance to the comprehensive adoption and interconnection of multi-disciplinary research method and paid attention to the combination of different methods such as, the combination of social science and natural science, normative research and empirical study, quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis. Meanwhile, due to the demand of research, this research introduced many natural science research methods such as GIS technology and analysis measurement technology (soil agrochemistry analysis, environmental pollution analysis) to the research of cultivated land resource system management so as to realize integrated innovation by combing different research methods.
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