厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动及菌群特性研究
摘要
厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)是一种高效经济的新型生物脱氮工艺,该工艺由于具有脱氮效率高、无需外加有机碳源、无氧溶解氧、污泥产率低等特点受到研究界广泛的关注。厌氧氨氧化工艺适合处理高氨氮废水,尤其在处理低碳氮比废水方面具有独特的优势。随着厌氧氨氧化研究的深入,厌氧氨氧化组合工艺也发展起来,广泛应用于处理高氮废水。然而,厌氧氨氧化菌生长极其缓慢,其世代时间通常为11天,以至于厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动需要一个相当长的周期。厌氧氨氧化工艺漫长的启动过程已成为该工艺工业化应用的重要瓶颈之一。针对厌氧氨氧化工艺启动过长的问题,本研究探索和进一步完善厌氧氨氧化工艺的快速启动策略。主要研究成果包括：
(1)筛选含有土著厌氧氨氧化菌的活性污泥作为接种污泥可以提高厌氧氨氧化工艺启动的有效性,同时可以缩短启动时间。在实验中,随机从三种不同的污水处理工艺采取接种污泥,接种至三个平行运行的反应器。其中,含有土著厌氧氨氧化菌的接种污泥成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应,启动过程仅为3个月,短于通常4个月或更长的启动周期。
(2)MBR适合于厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动。MBR因膜对生物量的完全截留作用和活性污泥良好的自身性质缩短了启动周期,2个月内成功从活性污泥中启动厌氧氨氧化工艺。其最大氨氮去除速率和亚硝酸盐去除速率分别为159.8mgNL-1d-1和185.4mgNL-1d-1,比厌氧氨氧化活性为0.35g(NH4+-N+NO2--N)/(gVSS·d)。膜生物反应器启动厌氧氨氧化过程污泥转换期的膜污染速率高于污泥适应期和活性提高期。
对比研究MBR和SBR启动厌氧氨氧化工艺的性能表明,MBR的厌氧氨氧化启动周期比SBR的启动周期节省了41.6%的时间。谱系分析表明,同样的接种污泥启动成功后,MBR和SBR中厌氧氨氧化菌种组成显著不同,MBR中存在4种厌氧氨氧化菌,而SBR中仅含2种厌氧氨氧化菌。
(3)无纺布环型填料固定床反应器适宜厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动,并长期稳定运行。无纺布环型填料固定床反应器在第39天首次表现出厌氧氨氧化活性,通过逐步提高进水氮负荷,在367天,反应器达到最大脱氮性能,其总氮负荷和总氮去除率分别达到10.25kgNm-3d-1和90.19%。长期运行过程中由于反应器中亚硝酸盐积累和pH升高抑制了厌氧氨氧化活性,通过及时降低进水总氮负荷和调节pH,反应器性能逐步恢复稳定。
(4)以长期适温储存厌氧氨氧化污泥作为接种污泥,可以快速启动厌氧氨氧化工艺。37℃低营养(NH4+-N和N02--N投加量分别为13.6g/(kgMLSS·d))储存厌氧氨氧化污泥6个月,其厌氧氨氧化活性降为储存前的29.2%；以6个月储存后污泥作为接种污泥,不会因污泥转换期污泥中大量非目标菌的死亡影响启动过程,并节省了污泥转换期所需的时间,在2个月内成功启动厌氧氨氧化工艺。
(5)成功制备磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球,实现厌氧氨氧化菌与磁粉的协同包埋。研究表明,在磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球中,磁粉添加量在0.5-1.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge×20ml PVA-SA)的范围内可以增加小球的厌氧氨氧化活性,当磁粉添加量为0.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge×20ml PVA-SA),小球活性提高最大,NH4+-N和N02--N的氮去除速率分别提高56.05%和50.03%。适合参数的低频短时间的超声可以提高磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球的活性。将制备好的具有相同磁粉含量的磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球置于KQ5200DE型数控超声仪中(35℃,50w)超声,在超声时长为0-10min的范围内,小球的厌氧氨氧化活性有所升高,当超声时长为10min,活性提高幅度最大,达到95.45%。
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) is an efficient and cost-effective biological nitrogen removal process. Due to its high removal efficiency, low sludge production rate, no need of external organic carbon source and dissolved oxygen, it gains extensive attention. Anammox process can deal with high-ammonia wastewater, and it is especially suitable for treatment of wastewater with low carbon/total nitrogen. Recently, Anammox combined process has been developed and widely used in treating high-nitrogen wastewater. However, as the generation time of anammox bacteria needs two weeks, the cultivation of Anammox bacteria requires a very long period, which becomes the bottleneck of Anammox process and limits its intrudustrial applications. To solve such problems, this study explores and improves quick start-up strategy of Anammox. Main research achievements were as follows:
(1) Selecting the activated sludge with aboriginal Anammox bacteria as seed sludge can improve the performance of Anammox process and shorten the start-up period. In the experiment, three kinds of seed sludges, randomly selected from different wastewater treatment processes, were inoculated in three parallel reactors. The results showed that only the seed sludge which contained aboriginal Anammox bacteria could successfully started up Anammox process, and it merely took3months to realize this process, which was shorter than the usual start-up period of4months or longer.
(2) MBR is suitable for quick start-up of Anammox. It successfully started up Anammox process from the activated sludge in2months since it could realize complete biomass retention and keep the activated sludge with good settling property stay in the reactor. The maximum removal rates of ammonia and nitrite were159.8mgNL-1d-1and185.4mgNL/-d-1, and the specific anammox activity was0.35g (NH4+-N+NO2--N)(gVSS·d)-1. During the Anammox start-up process, membrane fouling rate of sludge conversion stage was higher than that of sludge adaption stage and activity improving stage.
Compared to SBR, MBR could save as much as41.6%on time usage of Anammox start-up process. Phylogenetic analysis showed that, after the successful start-up with the same seed sludge, Anammox bacteria species in MBR and SBR were significantly different. MBR had4species while SBR had only2species.
(3) Non-woven ring carrier fixed bed reactor can accelerate the start-up process of Anammox and realize long-term operation. In the fixed bed reactor, Anammox activity occurred on39d. The nitrogen removal efficiency was increased by gradually increasing the influent nitrogen loading. The reactor gained a maximum nitrogen removal efficiency on367d, whose total nitrogen loading and removal efficency were10.25kgNm-3d-1and90.19%. During the long-term operation, Anammox activity was inhibited due to nitrite accumulation or pH increase, however, the performance of the reactor could be restored when total nitrogen loading rate and pH were timely adjusted.
(4) Anammox sludge stored for long-term period at its optimal temperature can quickly start up Anammox process. Although Anammox activity decreased to29.2%of that before the storage after6-month storage with low nutrition (addition of NH4+-N and NCV-N was both13.6g/(kg MLSS-d)) at37℃, Anammox process successfully started up within2months by inoculating such sludge. One possibility was that the influence of dead non-target bacteria on the start-up process was avoided by adopting this strategy, and consequently, the period of sludge conversion stage was curtailed.
(5) Preparation of magnetic entrapped Anammox balls could realize joint embedding of Anammox bacteria and magnetic particles. Keeping the powder to a certain level (0.5-1.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge X20ml PVA-SA)) can increased the Anammox activity. When the amount was0.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge X20ml PVA-SA), the maximum of the balls activity was gained, and nitrogen removal rates of NH4+/-N and NO2--N increased by56.05%and50.03%. Low-frequency ultrasound with appropriate parameters can also improve the activity of the magnetic entrapped Anammox balls. Then the balls with the same content of magnetic powder were placed in KQ5200DE numerical control ultrasonic instrument (35℃,50w). The Anammox activity was enhanced when the ultrasound duration was kept at the range of0-10min, and increased the most by95.45%when the ultrasonic duration was10min.
(1)筛选含有土著厌氧氨氧化菌的活性污泥作为接种污泥可以提高厌氧氨氧化工艺启动的有效性,同时可以缩短启动时间。在实验中,随机从三种不同的污水处理工艺采取接种污泥,接种至三个平行运行的反应器。其中,含有土著厌氧氨氧化菌的接种污泥成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应,启动过程仅为3个月,短于通常4个月或更长的启动周期。
(2)MBR适合于厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动。MBR因膜对生物量的完全截留作用和活性污泥良好的自身性质缩短了启动周期,2个月内成功从活性污泥中启动厌氧氨氧化工艺。其最大氨氮去除速率和亚硝酸盐去除速率分别为159.8mgNL-1d-1和185.4mgNL-1d-1,比厌氧氨氧化活性为0.35g(NH4+-N+NO2--N)/(gVSS·d)。膜生物反应器启动厌氧氨氧化过程污泥转换期的膜污染速率高于污泥适应期和活性提高期。
对比研究MBR和SBR启动厌氧氨氧化工艺的性能表明,MBR的厌氧氨氧化启动周期比SBR的启动周期节省了41.6%的时间。谱系分析表明,同样的接种污泥启动成功后,MBR和SBR中厌氧氨氧化菌种组成显著不同,MBR中存在4种厌氧氨氧化菌,而SBR中仅含2种厌氧氨氧化菌。
(3)无纺布环型填料固定床反应器适宜厌氧氨氧化工艺快速启动,并长期稳定运行。无纺布环型填料固定床反应器在第39天首次表现出厌氧氨氧化活性,通过逐步提高进水氮负荷,在367天,反应器达到最大脱氮性能,其总氮负荷和总氮去除率分别达到10.25kgNm-3d-1和90.19%。长期运行过程中由于反应器中亚硝酸盐积累和pH升高抑制了厌氧氨氧化活性,通过及时降低进水总氮负荷和调节pH,反应器性能逐步恢复稳定。
(4)以长期适温储存厌氧氨氧化污泥作为接种污泥,可以快速启动厌氧氨氧化工艺。37℃低营养(NH4+-N和N02--N投加量分别为13.6g/(kgMLSS·d))储存厌氧氨氧化污泥6个月,其厌氧氨氧化活性降为储存前的29.2%；以6个月储存后污泥作为接种污泥,不会因污泥转换期污泥中大量非目标菌的死亡影响启动过程,并节省了污泥转换期所需的时间,在2个月内成功启动厌氧氨氧化工艺。
(5)成功制备磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球,实现厌氧氨氧化菌与磁粉的协同包埋。研究表明,在磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球中,磁粉添加量在0.5-1.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge×20ml PVA-SA)的范围内可以增加小球的厌氧氨氧化活性,当磁粉添加量为0.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge×20ml PVA-SA),小球活性提高最大,NH4+-N和N02--N的氮去除速率分别提高56.05%和50.03%。适合参数的低频短时间的超声可以提高磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球的活性。将制备好的具有相同磁粉含量的磁性包埋厌氧氨氧化小球置于KQ5200DE型数控超声仪中(35℃,50w)超声,在超声时长为0-10min的范围内,小球的厌氧氨氧化活性有所升高,当超声时长为10min,活性提高幅度最大,达到95.45%。
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) is an efficient and cost-effective biological nitrogen removal process. Due to its high removal efficiency, low sludge production rate, no need of external organic carbon source and dissolved oxygen, it gains extensive attention. Anammox process can deal with high-ammonia wastewater, and it is especially suitable for treatment of wastewater with low carbon/total nitrogen. Recently, Anammox combined process has been developed and widely used in treating high-nitrogen wastewater. However, as the generation time of anammox bacteria needs two weeks, the cultivation of Anammox bacteria requires a very long period, which becomes the bottleneck of Anammox process and limits its intrudustrial applications. To solve such problems, this study explores and improves quick start-up strategy of Anammox. Main research achievements were as follows:
(1) Selecting the activated sludge with aboriginal Anammox bacteria as seed sludge can improve the performance of Anammox process and shorten the start-up period. In the experiment, three kinds of seed sludges, randomly selected from different wastewater treatment processes, were inoculated in three parallel reactors. The results showed that only the seed sludge which contained aboriginal Anammox bacteria could successfully started up Anammox process, and it merely took3months to realize this process, which was shorter than the usual start-up period of4months or longer.
(2) MBR is suitable for quick start-up of Anammox. It successfully started up Anammox process from the activated sludge in2months since it could realize complete biomass retention and keep the activated sludge with good settling property stay in the reactor. The maximum removal rates of ammonia and nitrite were159.8mgNL-1d-1and185.4mgNL/-d-1, and the specific anammox activity was0.35g (NH4+-N+NO2--N)(gVSS·d)-1. During the Anammox start-up process, membrane fouling rate of sludge conversion stage was higher than that of sludge adaption stage and activity improving stage.
Compared to SBR, MBR could save as much as41.6%on time usage of Anammox start-up process. Phylogenetic analysis showed that, after the successful start-up with the same seed sludge, Anammox bacteria species in MBR and SBR were significantly different. MBR had4species while SBR had only2species.
(3) Non-woven ring carrier fixed bed reactor can accelerate the start-up process of Anammox and realize long-term operation. In the fixed bed reactor, Anammox activity occurred on39d. The nitrogen removal efficiency was increased by gradually increasing the influent nitrogen loading. The reactor gained a maximum nitrogen removal efficiency on367d, whose total nitrogen loading and removal efficency were10.25kgNm-3d-1and90.19%. During the long-term operation, Anammox activity was inhibited due to nitrite accumulation or pH increase, however, the performance of the reactor could be restored when total nitrogen loading rate and pH were timely adjusted.
(4) Anammox sludge stored for long-term period at its optimal temperature can quickly start up Anammox process. Although Anammox activity decreased to29.2%of that before the storage after6-month storage with low nutrition (addition of NH4+-N and NCV-N was both13.6g/(kg MLSS-d)) at37℃, Anammox process successfully started up within2months by inoculating such sludge. One possibility was that the influence of dead non-target bacteria on the start-up process was avoided by adopting this strategy, and consequently, the period of sludge conversion stage was curtailed.
(5) Preparation of magnetic entrapped Anammox balls could realize joint embedding of Anammox bacteria and magnetic particles. Keeping the powder to a certain level (0.5-1.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge X20ml PVA-SA)) can increased the Anammox activity. When the amount was0.5g/(20ml Anammox sludge X20ml PVA-SA), the maximum of the balls activity was gained, and nitrogen removal rates of NH4+/-N and NO2--N increased by56.05%and50.03%. Low-frequency ultrasound with appropriate parameters can also improve the activity of the magnetic entrapped Anammox balls. Then the balls with the same content of magnetic powder were placed in KQ5200DE numerical control ultrasonic instrument (35℃,50w). The Anammox activity was enhanced when the ultrasound duration was kept at the range of0-10min, and increased the most by95.45%when the ultrasonic duration was10min.
引文
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