基于数学模型的寒区河流水量水质联合调控研究
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摘要
松花江地处我国寒冷地区,整个流域介于北纬41°42＇—51°38＇之间,其水环境特征与国内其他大河有所不同。松花江干流存在多个河流型水源地,水源地的水质关系到沿岸哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、吉林、松原等多个重要城市上千万人口的用水安全。每年由工业、农业、生活等排放的大量污水进入松花江,加重了松花江水体污染,增加了发生突发性污染事件的几率。为了给流域水质日常管理提供分析平台,给流域突发性水污染事件应急管理提供技术支撑,本论文做了相关研究,主要包括以下几方面内容：
(1)本文根据流域特点建立了松花江干流非冰封期及冰封期水动力水质耦合模型。首先利用多年实测水文、水质资料,建立非冰封期数值模型,模型的重要参数(纵向扩散系数、污染物衰减系数等)的确定采用实地监测和模型率定相结合的方法,利用监测结果分析了Fischer、E1der两种纵向扩散系数经验公式在松花江的适用性,在此基础上,根据冰封期水利要素及水文监测特点,对模型进行改进,建立了适合该地区的冰封期水动力水质模型。
(2)文中对松花江南源第二松花江干流水质问题进行了深入研究,比较了上游来水和支流饮马河对第二松花江干流水质的影响,并进一步预测了各类水质边界条件变化后干流水质的变化。通过评价饮马河水质对干流水质的影响,类推其它流量较小的支流、水质好于饮马河的支流对干流水质的影响。进一步分析了干流上游来水和支流对干流水质改善的影响比重。文中分析了第二松花江丰满水库水量调控措施对下游松原水源地CODcr、氨氮水质的影响。
(3)利用模型对2005年松花江硝基苯水污染事件进行模拟。对污染冰体融化导致的二次污染问题进行研究,通过结冰实验,了解硝基苯在冰冻过程的分配特点,利用冰封期模型对冰体融化过程中残留污染物释放对水质的影响进行了预测。对2010年吉林化工原料桶污染事件进行模拟,对不同污染负荷导致的水质变化情况进行预测。
(4)建立了面向突发性水污染事件的水库群应急调控机制。根据调控机制需要,将干流研究区域划分为5段,分析了各段在不同水量条件下的水流传播规律及水库群对水质的调控规律,模拟研究了10种调控措施在应对硝基苯污染事件中发挥的作用。文中模拟了五种潜在突发性污染事件,根据污染物的类型、发生地点及季节的不同,共采取了25个调度方案,并对调控效果进行了比较和分析。
The Songhua River is located in China cold region of between north latitude41°42'and51°38' which water environment characteristics is different from those of other rivers of china. There are several river-water resources on the main stream of Songhua River, which water quality affect supply water safety of millions of people in the longshore cities, for example, Haerbin, Qiqihaer, Jilin, Songyuan et al. Every year, much sewage from industry, agriculture, living is poured into the Songhua River and deteriorates water quality in Songhua River and increases the probability of contamination accidents. In order to provide a analysis platform of technical support for daily and emergency management, relevant researches were carried on in this paper, and the contents are followed:
(1) Hydrodynamics and water quality modes of the Songhua River main stream were provided for frozen period and no-frozen period. First, no-frozen numerical model was set up based on the measured hydrologic and water quality data of many years. Some key parameters, such as dispersion coeffient and contaminant attenuation coefficient, were determined by integrating field monitoring with directional model. The applicability of Fischer and Elder discrete coefficient formula to the Songhua River was analysed, according to the monitoring results. Further, another improved model was made, according to the water elements and the hydrologic monitoring features for frozen period.
(2) Some problems of the second Songhua River water quality were discussed in detail. How the upstream inflow and the Yinma River tributaries water quality influence that of the second Songhua River was compared and the main stream water quality change was forecasted after the water quality in boundary conditions changeed. The effects of other smaller tributaries and those with better water quality than Yinma River on the main stream was analogized by the way of by analogy. Furtherly, the influence of the quantity of flow regulation of Fengman reservoir on the second Songhua river on the CODcr and ammonia of downstream water sources of Song Yuan was analysed.
(3) The nitrobenzene pollution event in Songhua River in2005was modeled using established hydrodynamic model. The secondary pollution problems caused by polluted ice melting were studied and the distribution characteristics of nitrobenzene in the freezing process were understood through freezing experiments. The influence of the residual contamination release on water quality was predicted by use of the frozen period model. The chemical raw materials bucket pollution event happened in Jilin province in2010was also modeled and the change of water quality caused by different pollution load was predicted.
(4) The reservoir group emergency regulatory mechanism for the sudden pollution incident was established. The study area is divided into five sections according to the regulatory mechanism. The flow propagation for every section of different water conditions and influence of reservoirs on the water quality regulation law were analyzed. Ten kinds of control measures in response to nitrobenzene pollution event were simulated. Five potential sudden pollution incidents were simulated and twenty-five scheduling schemes were adopted according to the type of contaminants, the different occurrence location and season. And the regulatory effects were compared and analyzed.
(1)本文根据流域特点建立了松花江干流非冰封期及冰封期水动力水质耦合模型。首先利用多年实测水文、水质资料,建立非冰封期数值模型,模型的重要参数(纵向扩散系数、污染物衰减系数等)的确定采用实地监测和模型率定相结合的方法,利用监测结果分析了Fischer、E1der两种纵向扩散系数经验公式在松花江的适用性,在此基础上,根据冰封期水利要素及水文监测特点,对模型进行改进,建立了适合该地区的冰封期水动力水质模型。
(2)文中对松花江南源第二松花江干流水质问题进行了深入研究,比较了上游来水和支流饮马河对第二松花江干流水质的影响,并进一步预测了各类水质边界条件变化后干流水质的变化。通过评价饮马河水质对干流水质的影响,类推其它流量较小的支流、水质好于饮马河的支流对干流水质的影响。进一步分析了干流上游来水和支流对干流水质改善的影响比重。文中分析了第二松花江丰满水库水量调控措施对下游松原水源地CODcr、氨氮水质的影响。
(3)利用模型对2005年松花江硝基苯水污染事件进行模拟。对污染冰体融化导致的二次污染问题进行研究,通过结冰实验,了解硝基苯在冰冻过程的分配特点,利用冰封期模型对冰体融化过程中残留污染物释放对水质的影响进行了预测。对2010年吉林化工原料桶污染事件进行模拟,对不同污染负荷导致的水质变化情况进行预测。
(4)建立了面向突发性水污染事件的水库群应急调控机制。根据调控机制需要,将干流研究区域划分为5段,分析了各段在不同水量条件下的水流传播规律及水库群对水质的调控规律,模拟研究了10种调控措施在应对硝基苯污染事件中发挥的作用。文中模拟了五种潜在突发性污染事件,根据污染物的类型、发生地点及季节的不同,共采取了25个调度方案,并对调控效果进行了比较和分析。
The Songhua River is located in China cold region of between north latitude41°42'and51°38' which water environment characteristics is different from those of other rivers of china. There are several river-water resources on the main stream of Songhua River, which water quality affect supply water safety of millions of people in the longshore cities, for example, Haerbin, Qiqihaer, Jilin, Songyuan et al. Every year, much sewage from industry, agriculture, living is poured into the Songhua River and deteriorates water quality in Songhua River and increases the probability of contamination accidents. In order to provide a analysis platform of technical support for daily and emergency management, relevant researches were carried on in this paper, and the contents are followed:
(1) Hydrodynamics and water quality modes of the Songhua River main stream were provided for frozen period and no-frozen period. First, no-frozen numerical model was set up based on the measured hydrologic and water quality data of many years. Some key parameters, such as dispersion coeffient and contaminant attenuation coefficient, were determined by integrating field monitoring with directional model. The applicability of Fischer and Elder discrete coefficient formula to the Songhua River was analysed, according to the monitoring results. Further, another improved model was made, according to the water elements and the hydrologic monitoring features for frozen period.
(2) Some problems of the second Songhua River water quality were discussed in detail. How the upstream inflow and the Yinma River tributaries water quality influence that of the second Songhua River was compared and the main stream water quality change was forecasted after the water quality in boundary conditions changeed. The effects of other smaller tributaries and those with better water quality than Yinma River on the main stream was analogized by the way of by analogy. Furtherly, the influence of the quantity of flow regulation of Fengman reservoir on the second Songhua river on the CODcr and ammonia of downstream water sources of Song Yuan was analysed.
(3) The nitrobenzene pollution event in Songhua River in2005was modeled using established hydrodynamic model. The secondary pollution problems caused by polluted ice melting were studied and the distribution characteristics of nitrobenzene in the freezing process were understood through freezing experiments. The influence of the residual contamination release on water quality was predicted by use of the frozen period model. The chemical raw materials bucket pollution event happened in Jilin province in2010was also modeled and the change of water quality caused by different pollution load was predicted.
(4) The reservoir group emergency regulatory mechanism for the sudden pollution incident was established. The study area is divided into five sections according to the regulatory mechanism. The flow propagation for every section of different water conditions and influence of reservoirs on the water quality regulation law were analyzed. Ten kinds of control measures in response to nitrobenzene pollution event were simulated. Five potential sudden pollution incidents were simulated and twenty-five scheduling schemes were adopted according to the type of contaminants, the different occurrence location and season. And the regulatory effects were compared and analyzed.
引文
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