软件无线电在测量终端的应用研究
摘要
在航天测控中，需要对飞行器的速度、距离、角度进行跟踪和测量。随着测控技术的不断发展，用户对设备的可靠性、自动化程度、小型化、支持多模式、设备通用性等方面提出了更高的要求，传统测量终端采用模拟电路和数字电路相结合实现方法已经较难满足上述要求。本文对基于软件无线电技术的测量终端实现方法进行了研究。
本文提出了基于软件无线电测量终端的实现方案。通过对70MHz中频信号直接采样，采用FPGA或DSP实现载波锁相环、自动增益控制、侧音相位提取、方位和俯仰角误差解调，实现对飞行器的速度、距离、角度等信息的提取。这样，既可以从根本上克服由于使用模拟器件带来的问题，又可以通过对可编程器件软件下载或改变DSP软件，实现在一种硬件平台上完成不同的功能。文章对数控增益可变中频单元、A／D采样及移／变频单元、测距单元、角度跟踪单元等的基本原理和实现方法进行了详细的说明和分析。
本文结合信号处理仿真平台SPW，对软件无线电实现方案中测速、测距、测角等三种终端的重要技术及组成分别进行了仿真。通过仿真验证了方案的可行性，并对方案的一些重要指标进行了数值分析。
本文对A／D采样及数字下变频的关键硬件部分进行了研究，对硬件的组成、主要部件的性能和CPLD内部模块的功能和实现方法进行了分析和说明。
本文提出的采用软件无线电技术实现的测量终端，可以大大简化硬件设备，提高设备的通用性和灵活度，同时大大降低开发时间和开发费用，在测控领域有较强的实用价值。
In both telemetry and telecontrol of space vehicles, it is necessary to track these vehicles and to measure their velocity and range relative to the station. In conjunction with the rapid development of spaceflight cause, the requirement of reliability, general-utility, automatization, miniaturization and supporting multimodel are higher than ever. To meet these requirements are more difficultl by using traditional measuring terminal with only analog and digital circuits, hi this paper, fundamental study is focused on a new measuring terminal which is based on software radio technique.
This new measuring terminal, in which the input signal with its frequency 70MHz is sampled directly and the extraction of the target information (velocity, range and angle errors)is performed by the CPLD and DSP techniques, not only overcome essential the difficulties caused by analog devices but also realize many different functions on one hardware platform. Those function can be downloaded from programmable device software and adapted DSP software.
In this paper, the principle and the implementation of all the units constructing the new measuring terminal are described extensively; the AID sampler and the down frequency converter and then- performances are studied; the function of internal block models of the CPLD and their implementation are described. Also, the computer simulations of tracking functions of the new terminal are performed using the simulation platform for signal processing worksystem(SPW)and its important specifications are analyzed numerically. The simulation results validate the capability of the new measuring terminal.
Finally, we make the conclusion that the new measuring terminal can simplify considerably equipments, enhance their general-utility and flexibility, and significantly decrease their development interval and cost. In practice, this new measuring terminal is of great value to spaceflight task.
本文提出了基于软件无线电测量终端的实现方案。通过对70MHz中频信号直接采样，采用FPGA或DSP实现载波锁相环、自动增益控制、侧音相位提取、方位和俯仰角误差解调，实现对飞行器的速度、距离、角度等信息的提取。这样，既可以从根本上克服由于使用模拟器件带来的问题，又可以通过对可编程器件软件下载或改变DSP软件，实现在一种硬件平台上完成不同的功能。文章对数控增益可变中频单元、A／D采样及移／变频单元、测距单元、角度跟踪单元等的基本原理和实现方法进行了详细的说明和分析。
本文结合信号处理仿真平台SPW，对软件无线电实现方案中测速、测距、测角等三种终端的重要技术及组成分别进行了仿真。通过仿真验证了方案的可行性，并对方案的一些重要指标进行了数值分析。
本文对A／D采样及数字下变频的关键硬件部分进行了研究，对硬件的组成、主要部件的性能和CPLD内部模块的功能和实现方法进行了分析和说明。
本文提出的采用软件无线电技术实现的测量终端，可以大大简化硬件设备，提高设备的通用性和灵活度，同时大大降低开发时间和开发费用，在测控领域有较强的实用价值。
In both telemetry and telecontrol of space vehicles, it is necessary to track these vehicles and to measure their velocity and range relative to the station. In conjunction with the rapid development of spaceflight cause, the requirement of reliability, general-utility, automatization, miniaturization and supporting multimodel are higher than ever. To meet these requirements are more difficultl by using traditional measuring terminal with only analog and digital circuits, hi this paper, fundamental study is focused on a new measuring terminal which is based on software radio technique.
This new measuring terminal, in which the input signal with its frequency 70MHz is sampled directly and the extraction of the target information (velocity, range and angle errors)is performed by the CPLD and DSP techniques, not only overcome essential the difficulties caused by analog devices but also realize many different functions on one hardware platform. Those function can be downloaded from programmable device software and adapted DSP software.
In this paper, the principle and the implementation of all the units constructing the new measuring terminal are described extensively; the AID sampler and the down frequency converter and then- performances are studied; the function of internal block models of the CPLD and their implementation are described. Also, the computer simulations of tracking functions of the new terminal are performed using the simulation platform for signal processing worksystem(SPW)and its important specifications are analyzed numerically. The simulation results validate the capability of the new measuring terminal.
Finally, we make the conclusion that the new measuring terminal can simplify considerably equipments, enhance their general-utility and flexibility, and significantly decrease their development interval and cost. In practice, this new measuring terminal is of great value to spaceflight task.
引文
[1]李平．统一S波段测控系统的发展及现状．飞行器测控技术．1993，3．34～46．
[2]SPW V4.0快速入门．
[3]单月辉．多率数字信号处理技术在航天测控系统中的应用．光电技术．1999，3．35～40
[4]樊平毅，冯重熙．全数字接收机中一种载波相位恢复的新方法．通信学报．1992，6．
[5]吕晶，黄葆华．全数字接收机中的多速率信号处理技术．电信科学．1998，11．14～16．
[6]李双田，李昌立，陈丹平等．短波数字接收机的算法研究和DSP实现．电子学报．1999，6．27～30．
[7]Tim Hentschel, Matthias Henker, Gerhard Fettweis. The Digital Front-End of Software Radio Terminals. IEEE Personal Communication. 1999,8. 40～46.
[8]Heinrich Meyr, Martin Oerder,Andreas Polydords. On Sampling Rate,Analog Prefiiltering,and Sufficient Statistics for Digital Receivers. IEEE Transation on Communication. 1999,11.
[9]Brad Brannon. Digital-radio-receiver design requires re-evaluation of parameters. EDN. 1998,11. 163～168.
[10]胡厚甫．数字化自动增益控制与自动频率微调系统．现代雷达．1991．72～80．
[11]Ulrich L.Rohde,Jerry C.Whitaker,T.T.N.bucher Communications Receivers:Principles and Design. Second Edition,McGraw-Hill. 1996.
[12]张睿，李维英，李建东．带通采样技术在软件接收机中的应用．西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2000，6，第27卷第三期．326～329．
[13]王祥峰．软件无线电在导弹航天测控领域中的应用．飞行测控学报．1993，3，第18卷第1期．30～37．
[14]万心平，张厥盛，郑继禹．锁相技术．西安电子科技大学出版社．1993．26～30，72～75．
[15]石书济主编．飞行器测控系统——看不见的领航员．国防工业出版社．1999．18～31，56～78．
[16]尚怀智，金浩．数字式中频正交检波器．1998，第2期．60～63．
[17]吴利民，薛峰，吴宁生．软件无线电技术及其应用．武汉工业大学．2000，6．75～80，84～92．
[18]李曰永．数字锁相接收机．无线电工程．1982，4．1～16．
[19]高跃清．数字化解调．2000年雷达与测量技术研讨会．
[20]J.Robert Jensen,Roberts.Bokulic. Highly Accurate,Noncoherent Technique for Spacecraft Doppler Tacking IEEE Transactions On Aerospace And Electronic System VOL.35,NO.3 july 1999 963～972
[22]曾涛，龙腾．一种新的中频采样滤波器的设计与实现．电子学报．Vol．28 No．6 2000年6月51～54
[23]张文忠 沈兰荪．全数字接收机的DSP实现．电讯科学．Vol．11 No．10 1995年10月26～30
[24]Tim Hentschel, Matthias Henker, IEEE Personal Communication. August 1999.
[25]王飞雪，郭桂蓉．基于二阶采样的免混频全数字化正交解调．电子学报．1999年6月118～119
[26]William C.Lindsey, Chak Ming Chie. A Survey of Digital Phase-Loched Loops. Proceeding of The IEEE,Vol.69,No.4 April, 1981.410～431
[27]Apostolis K.Salkintzis,Hong Nie. ADC and DSP Challenges in the Development of Software Radio Base Stations. IEEE Personal Communication. August 1999
[28]Richard Smith Hughes. Analog Automatic Control Loops in Radar and EW. Artech House. 1988.14～16
[29]丁玉美 高西全等．数字信号处理．西安电子科技大学．1994年．
[30]谷学敏．航天无线电测控技术．国防科工委技术指挥学院．1988年7月
[31]宋万杰，罗丰等．CPLD技术及其应用．西安电子科技大学，1999年9月．
[2]SPW V4.0快速入门．
[3]单月辉．多率数字信号处理技术在航天测控系统中的应用．光电技术．1999，3．35～40
[4]樊平毅，冯重熙．全数字接收机中一种载波相位恢复的新方法．通信学报．1992，6．
[5]吕晶，黄葆华．全数字接收机中的多速率信号处理技术．电信科学．1998，11．14～16．
[6]李双田，李昌立，陈丹平等．短波数字接收机的算法研究和DSP实现．电子学报．1999，6．27～30．
[7]Tim Hentschel, Matthias Henker, Gerhard Fettweis. The Digital Front-End of Software Radio Terminals. IEEE Personal Communication. 1999,8. 40～46.
[8]Heinrich Meyr, Martin Oerder,Andreas Polydords. On Sampling Rate,Analog Prefiiltering,and Sufficient Statistics for Digital Receivers. IEEE Transation on Communication. 1999,11.
[9]Brad Brannon. Digital-radio-receiver design requires re-evaluation of parameters. EDN. 1998,11. 163～168.
[10]胡厚甫．数字化自动增益控制与自动频率微调系统．现代雷达．1991．72～80．
[11]Ulrich L.Rohde,Jerry C.Whitaker,T.T.N.bucher Communications Receivers:Principles and Design. Second Edition,McGraw-Hill. 1996.
[12]张睿，李维英，李建东．带通采样技术在软件接收机中的应用．西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2000，6，第27卷第三期．326～329．
[13]王祥峰．软件无线电在导弹航天测控领域中的应用．飞行测控学报．1993，3，第18卷第1期．30～37．
[14]万心平，张厥盛，郑继禹．锁相技术．西安电子科技大学出版社．1993．26～30，72～75．
[15]石书济主编．飞行器测控系统——看不见的领航员．国防工业出版社．1999．18～31，56～78．
[16]尚怀智，金浩．数字式中频正交检波器．1998，第2期．60～63．
[17]吴利民，薛峰，吴宁生．软件无线电技术及其应用．武汉工业大学．2000，6．75～80，84～92．
[18]李曰永．数字锁相接收机．无线电工程．1982，4．1～16．
[19]高跃清．数字化解调．2000年雷达与测量技术研讨会．
[20]J.Robert Jensen,Roberts.Bokulic. Highly Accurate,Noncoherent Technique for Spacecraft Doppler Tacking IEEE Transactions On Aerospace And Electronic System VOL.35,NO.3 july 1999 963～972
[22]曾涛，龙腾．一种新的中频采样滤波器的设计与实现．电子学报．Vol．28 No．6 2000年6月51～54
[23]张文忠 沈兰荪．全数字接收机的DSP实现．电讯科学．Vol．11 No．10 1995年10月26～30
[24]Tim Hentschel, Matthias Henker, IEEE Personal Communication. August 1999.
[25]王飞雪，郭桂蓉．基于二阶采样的免混频全数字化正交解调．电子学报．1999年6月118～119
[26]William C.Lindsey, Chak Ming Chie. A Survey of Digital Phase-Loched Loops. Proceeding of The IEEE,Vol.69,No.4 April, 1981.410～431
[27]Apostolis K.Salkintzis,Hong Nie. ADC and DSP Challenges in the Development of Software Radio Base Stations. IEEE Personal Communication. August 1999
[28]Richard Smith Hughes. Analog Automatic Control Loops in Radar and EW. Artech House. 1988.14～16
[29]丁玉美 高西全等．数字信号处理．西安电子科技大学．1994年．
[30]谷学敏．航天无线电测控技术．国防科工委技术指挥学院．1988年7月
[31]宋万杰，罗丰等．CPLD技术及其应用．西安电子科技大学，1999年9月．