激光相干检测在动目标频谱识别中的应用
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摘要
激光相干检测由于具有高增益及抗干扰能力强等优点，在弱回波信号及复杂背景目标探测方面具有较大优势。随着高相干性稳频激光的发展，激光相干检测所需光源逐渐得以解决，目前正朝着远距离目标探测跟踪及近距离目标成像方向发展。在远距离目标探测跟踪方面，国外相关系统可实现几千公里空间目标精密跟踪，同时具备几百公里目标多普勒成像能力，而国内在远程激光相干检测方面研究较少，主要受制于高稳定、高相干大功率激光发射源。在近距离成像方面，国外已有多个波段实验测量装置，可用于埋藏地雷及伪装目标探测与识别，国内主要有距离成像，对多普勒成像研究较少。因此，无论远距离目标探测跟踪，还是近距离目标成像，都将是未来发展的方向。
本文采用理论仿真与实验研究结合的方法，对光学相干检测在动目标频谱识别中的应用展开理论与实验研究，主要内容如下：
(1).光学相干检测在国内外远程及进程应用的发展现状分析，凝练出针对不同应用场景下的关键技术，提出在国内发展该项技术需解决的问题，为后续深入研究提供指导。
(2).深入分析光学相干检测的外差效率及信噪比，并根据相应物理模型进行仿真计算，为系统总体设计提供理论支持；同时对影响相干检测系统性能的主要因素进行理论分析。
(3).开展传统的强本振光干涉实验，完成室内、室外100m、360m、1000m、7000m距离干涉实验，掌握光学相干检测需满足的条件；并利用Si-APD对直线运动目标、旋转漫反射目标进行测速实验，测速误差0.06m/s。
(4).采用多像素光子计数器MPPC模块，分别对弱本振光干涉中的相干光场和赝热光场统计特性进行研究，获得光场F参数和对称参数，并通过曲线拟合方式，推算出探测器对应的窜扰概率和增益因子。并在连续光子流注入情况下，获得MPPC探测器的饱和阈值为1200kcps。
(5).利用MPPC对旋转漫反射目标实现弱本振信号相干检测。其中对运动漫反射目标，采用功率谱累积，可提高信噪比；进一步采用数据段细分功率谱累积技术，能在较少数据量前提下，提高信噪比。本文中，采用数据细分功率谱累积法至少能将数据利用率提升10倍，并分析限制信噪比提升的因素。
(6).采用MPPC作为光子计数单元，分别实现30m、45m和60m距离漫反射目标激光干涉。为提高探测概率，需进行功率谱累积，获得具有一定信噪比的频谱分布，然后采用匹配滤波技术，进一步提高信噪比。结果表明，在45m距离，信噪比提升5.90倍；在60m距离，信噪比提升2.73倍。
(7).利用示波器采集数据，提取振动信号振幅、频率、速度等。每个速度点对应数据长度1ms，为保证1ms时间内具有较多数据，采样率不能过低，本文选取5MHz，记录200ms时长数据，处理可得某目标振动频率83.3Hz、最大振幅5μm、最大振动速度0.6mm/s，并获得几类典型目标二维振动频谱。
(8).分别采用频谱分析仪、高速采集卡存储数据，并利用扫描振镜对目标二维空间进行扫描。频谱分析仪记录数据较慢，自动性能差；为此，采用80MHz采集卡对干涉电信号进行数字化采集，并结合FFT技术，获得转动目标表面转动频谱，初步实现运动目标二维频谱识别的信号处理。
(9).针对运动速度快且具有较大动态范围的目标，信号处理系统需具有GHz量级处理带宽，要实现该信号频率提取，可用外差频谱分析法。与某单位合作开发的信号处理模块指标如下：信号输入带宽1GHz，频谱提取以及上位机存储优于20Hz，在100MHz扫宽及100kHz分辨带宽下，扫描时间优于50ms。
综上，本课题通过对光学相干检测关键技术的理论与实验研究，逐步解决了该探测方式的主要难点，为后续远程激光相干跟踪或近程二维频谱识别提供必要的技术储备。
Laser coherent detection has large potential in the detection of weak signal incomplicated background due to its high gain coefficient and anti-jamming ability.This method of detection requires narrow-linewidth and frequency-stable lasersource, if the system works in far distance, the output power will be much higher.Fortunately, the development of frequency-stable laser becomes faster recently, andthe laser source problem in the long-range detection will be solved in a few years.Laser coherent detection has two main applications: long-range target detection andtracking, short-range target imaging. In the area of long-range application, someexperimental system in America can realize1000km above target tracking andhundreds of kilometers Doppler imaging, but the research in China is so few becauseof the high-stability, long-coherence,high-power laser source. In the area ofshort-range application, there are many research reports in landmine detection andcamouflage discrimination abroad, and the main application in our country is focuson range-imaging for3-D recognition. Therefore, no matter the long-rangedetection/tracking or the short-range imaging, the coherent detection technique is thesignificant developing orientation in the future.
The paper introduces the combination of simulation and experiment methods inthe moving target frequency-spectrum discrimination, and the main content are shown as follows:
(1). Analyze the research status about optical coherent detection at home andabroad, and summarize the key technology in different applications. At last, theprincipal problems need to be solved are put forward while developing thistechnology in our own country, and give some guidance for the subsequent research.
(2). Discuss the heterodyne efficiency and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of theoptical coherent detection, and give the simulated calculation corresponding to thephysical model in order to supply some theoretical foundation for the system design.At the same time, the acting factors of the coherent detection ability are analyzed.
(3). The traditional interference experiment based on strong local oscillator (LO)was completed indoor, outdoor100m,360m,1000m,7000m respectively. We havegrasped the experimental requirement about the long-range laser interference.Moreover, the Si-APD detector was used in the velocity measurement with linearand rotatable moving target, and the velocity error is0.06m/s.
(4). The Multi-Pixel Photon Counter(MPPC) module was applied in the photonstatistic for coherent and pseudo-thermal light field, the Fano factor and symmetryparameter can be obtained during the experiment, the cross-talk probability and gaincoefficient can be extracted through the curve fitting of the experimental data. At theend, the saturation threshold was measured as1200kcps while at the condition ofcontinuous light injecting on the active area of MPPC module.
(5). The MPPC module was used in the weak LO laser coherent detection basedon rotating diffuser indoor. The results showed that the SNR would be increased withthe method of Power Spectral Density (PSD) averaging. In addition, if the longerdata segment was cut into many shorter sections (named data segment fractionizing),then averaging the PSD for the total shorter sections, the SNR will be inceased at thesame level compared with no data cutting while just have the1/10data volume inthe experiment above.Without doubt, the method of data segment fractionizing andPSD averaging also have some restrictions during in the course of SNRimprovement, such as the influence of DC or low frequency noise.
(6). The MPPC module was used in the laser interference with outdoor diffuserat the distance of30m,45m and60m. Because the echo photons were disturbed bythe atmosphere, the interference signal was not stable for a long time. So the PSDaveraging and matched filtering were applied to enhance the SNR, the resultsshowed that the SNR raising5.90times at the distance of45m, and2.73times at thedistance of60m.
(7). The oscilloscope was employed in the data acquirement of target vibrationdetection with laser coherent detection, the amplitude,frequency and velocity of thevibrating object will be extracted from this technique. The time span of each datasegment is200ms, and dividing this data into200parts equally, so every short datasegment has1ms time span. In order to ensure that each short data segment haveadequate data volume for FFT algorithm, the sampling rate is setting as5MHz. Theresults showed that the vibrating frequency is83.3Hz, the maximal amplitude is5μm,the maximal velocity is0.6mm/s. In addition, the vibrating frequency-spectrum wasachieved for several typical vibrating objects.
(8). The frequency spectrum analyzer and high speed data acquisition card wereapplied in the intermediate frequency (IF) signal recording and memorizing, and thescanning galvanometer was used in the target surface well-distributed latticescanning. At first, the frequency spectrum analyzer was adopted as the dataaquisition system, but the efficiency of data recording was not so satisfy. So the highspeed data acquisition card was selected, and the maximal sampling rate is80MHz,combining with FFT algorithm, we can obtain frequency spectrum of the rotatingdiffuser, and realize the2-D frequency spectrum discrimination preliminarily.
(9).The application of coherent detection will expand into the detection oflong-range and fast-moving target, so the data processing system requires widebandwidth near GHz level, and the method of FFT can not satisfy this requirement,but the Method of heterodyne spectrum analyzing will be a strong candidate for highfrequency and radio frequency (RF) signal processing. In order to save manpowerand material resources, we seek cooperation with a domestic company to develop and manufacture the signal processing module, and the main parameter valves are asfollows: input bandwidth is1GHz, frequency extracting and memorizing speed is20Hz, the frequency spectrum sweep time is less than50ms under100MHzfrequency span and100kHz resolution bandwidth.
To sum up, we state and resolve the main difficulty of coherent detectionthrough the theoretical and experimental research in the paper, and give sometechnical storage for the long-range laser coherent tracking or the short-range2-Dfrequency spectrum discrimination.
本文采用理论仿真与实验研究结合的方法，对光学相干检测在动目标频谱识别中的应用展开理论与实验研究，主要内容如下：
(1).光学相干检测在国内外远程及进程应用的发展现状分析，凝练出针对不同应用场景下的关键技术，提出在国内发展该项技术需解决的问题，为后续深入研究提供指导。
(2).深入分析光学相干检测的外差效率及信噪比，并根据相应物理模型进行仿真计算，为系统总体设计提供理论支持；同时对影响相干检测系统性能的主要因素进行理论分析。
(3).开展传统的强本振光干涉实验，完成室内、室外100m、360m、1000m、7000m距离干涉实验，掌握光学相干检测需满足的条件；并利用Si-APD对直线运动目标、旋转漫反射目标进行测速实验，测速误差0.06m/s。
(4).采用多像素光子计数器MPPC模块，分别对弱本振光干涉中的相干光场和赝热光场统计特性进行研究，获得光场F参数和对称参数，并通过曲线拟合方式，推算出探测器对应的窜扰概率和增益因子。并在连续光子流注入情况下，获得MPPC探测器的饱和阈值为1200kcps。
(5).利用MPPC对旋转漫反射目标实现弱本振信号相干检测。其中对运动漫反射目标，采用功率谱累积，可提高信噪比；进一步采用数据段细分功率谱累积技术，能在较少数据量前提下，提高信噪比。本文中，采用数据细分功率谱累积法至少能将数据利用率提升10倍，并分析限制信噪比提升的因素。
(6).采用MPPC作为光子计数单元，分别实现30m、45m和60m距离漫反射目标激光干涉。为提高探测概率，需进行功率谱累积，获得具有一定信噪比的频谱分布，然后采用匹配滤波技术，进一步提高信噪比。结果表明，在45m距离，信噪比提升5.90倍；在60m距离，信噪比提升2.73倍。
(7).利用示波器采集数据，提取振动信号振幅、频率、速度等。每个速度点对应数据长度1ms，为保证1ms时间内具有较多数据，采样率不能过低，本文选取5MHz，记录200ms时长数据，处理可得某目标振动频率83.3Hz、最大振幅5μm、最大振动速度0.6mm/s，并获得几类典型目标二维振动频谱。
(8).分别采用频谱分析仪、高速采集卡存储数据，并利用扫描振镜对目标二维空间进行扫描。频谱分析仪记录数据较慢，自动性能差；为此，采用80MHz采集卡对干涉电信号进行数字化采集，并结合FFT技术，获得转动目标表面转动频谱，初步实现运动目标二维频谱识别的信号处理。
(9).针对运动速度快且具有较大动态范围的目标，信号处理系统需具有GHz量级处理带宽，要实现该信号频率提取，可用外差频谱分析法。与某单位合作开发的信号处理模块指标如下：信号输入带宽1GHz，频谱提取以及上位机存储优于20Hz，在100MHz扫宽及100kHz分辨带宽下，扫描时间优于50ms。
综上，本课题通过对光学相干检测关键技术的理论与实验研究，逐步解决了该探测方式的主要难点，为后续远程激光相干跟踪或近程二维频谱识别提供必要的技术储备。
Laser coherent detection has large potential in the detection of weak signal incomplicated background due to its high gain coefficient and anti-jamming ability.This method of detection requires narrow-linewidth and frequency-stable lasersource, if the system works in far distance, the output power will be much higher.Fortunately, the development of frequency-stable laser becomes faster recently, andthe laser source problem in the long-range detection will be solved in a few years.Laser coherent detection has two main applications: long-range target detection andtracking, short-range target imaging. In the area of long-range application, someexperimental system in America can realize1000km above target tracking andhundreds of kilometers Doppler imaging, but the research in China is so few becauseof the high-stability, long-coherence,high-power laser source. In the area ofshort-range application, there are many research reports in landmine detection andcamouflage discrimination abroad, and the main application in our country is focuson range-imaging for3-D recognition. Therefore, no matter the long-rangedetection/tracking or the short-range imaging, the coherent detection technique is thesignificant developing orientation in the future.
The paper introduces the combination of simulation and experiment methods inthe moving target frequency-spectrum discrimination, and the main content are shown as follows:
(1). Analyze the research status about optical coherent detection at home andabroad, and summarize the key technology in different applications. At last, theprincipal problems need to be solved are put forward while developing thistechnology in our own country, and give some guidance for the subsequent research.
(2). Discuss the heterodyne efficiency and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of theoptical coherent detection, and give the simulated calculation corresponding to thephysical model in order to supply some theoretical foundation for the system design.At the same time, the acting factors of the coherent detection ability are analyzed.
(3). The traditional interference experiment based on strong local oscillator (LO)was completed indoor, outdoor100m,360m,1000m,7000m respectively. We havegrasped the experimental requirement about the long-range laser interference.Moreover, the Si-APD detector was used in the velocity measurement with linearand rotatable moving target, and the velocity error is0.06m/s.
(4). The Multi-Pixel Photon Counter(MPPC) module was applied in the photonstatistic for coherent and pseudo-thermal light field, the Fano factor and symmetryparameter can be obtained during the experiment, the cross-talk probability and gaincoefficient can be extracted through the curve fitting of the experimental data. At theend, the saturation threshold was measured as1200kcps while at the condition ofcontinuous light injecting on the active area of MPPC module.
(5). The MPPC module was used in the weak LO laser coherent detection basedon rotating diffuser indoor. The results showed that the SNR would be increased withthe method of Power Spectral Density (PSD) averaging. In addition, if the longerdata segment was cut into many shorter sections (named data segment fractionizing),then averaging the PSD for the total shorter sections, the SNR will be inceased at thesame level compared with no data cutting while just have the1/10data volume inthe experiment above.Without doubt, the method of data segment fractionizing andPSD averaging also have some restrictions during in the course of SNRimprovement, such as the influence of DC or low frequency noise.
(6). The MPPC module was used in the laser interference with outdoor diffuserat the distance of30m,45m and60m. Because the echo photons were disturbed bythe atmosphere, the interference signal was not stable for a long time. So the PSDaveraging and matched filtering were applied to enhance the SNR, the resultsshowed that the SNR raising5.90times at the distance of45m, and2.73times at thedistance of60m.
(7). The oscilloscope was employed in the data acquirement of target vibrationdetection with laser coherent detection, the amplitude,frequency and velocity of thevibrating object will be extracted from this technique. The time span of each datasegment is200ms, and dividing this data into200parts equally, so every short datasegment has1ms time span. In order to ensure that each short data segment haveadequate data volume for FFT algorithm, the sampling rate is setting as5MHz. Theresults showed that the vibrating frequency is83.3Hz, the maximal amplitude is5μm,the maximal velocity is0.6mm/s. In addition, the vibrating frequency-spectrum wasachieved for several typical vibrating objects.
(8). The frequency spectrum analyzer and high speed data acquisition card wereapplied in the intermediate frequency (IF) signal recording and memorizing, and thescanning galvanometer was used in the target surface well-distributed latticescanning. At first, the frequency spectrum analyzer was adopted as the dataaquisition system, but the efficiency of data recording was not so satisfy. So the highspeed data acquisition card was selected, and the maximal sampling rate is80MHz,combining with FFT algorithm, we can obtain frequency spectrum of the rotatingdiffuser, and realize the2-D frequency spectrum discrimination preliminarily.
(9).The application of coherent detection will expand into the detection oflong-range and fast-moving target, so the data processing system requires widebandwidth near GHz level, and the method of FFT can not satisfy this requirement,but the Method of heterodyne spectrum analyzing will be a strong candidate for highfrequency and radio frequency (RF) signal processing. In order to save manpowerand material resources, we seek cooperation with a domestic company to develop and manufacture the signal processing module, and the main parameter valves are asfollows: input bandwidth is1GHz, frequency extracting and memorizing speed is20Hz, the frequency spectrum sweep time is less than50ms under100MHzfrequency span and100kHz resolution bandwidth.
To sum up, we state and resolve the main difficulty of coherent detectionthrough the theoretical and experimental research in the paper, and give sometechnical storage for the long-range laser coherent tracking or the short-range2-Dfrequency spectrum discrimination.
引文
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