基于微地震监测的油井压裂裂缝成像算法研究
|
摘要
当前,随着微地震监测技术理论研究的成熟,微地震监测技术广泛应用于低渗油田的水力压裂改造的裂缝勘探,所以研究微地震数据处理的方法具有重要意义。其中,微地震压裂裂缝成像算法是整个处理软件的核心。
本文基于自行研制的微地震监测系统,对关于压裂裂缝的震源定位和震源成像算法展开研究,并选择同型波时差定位的方法作为成像算法。根据实际水力压裂工作环境,提出基于井下-地面结合监测的方式用于监测压裂裂缝,这样既保证采集信号质量,同时也为震源定位反演提供了线性可解的条件。分析微地震数据处理系统软件架构,具体可分为信号预处理、信号提取、震源定位及三维成像模拟四部分。数据的预处理,采用频率域滤波,并利用功率谱分析取得微地震信号分布的频率范围。对微地震信号的提取则是利用相关滤波加强信噪比,结合长时窗和短时窗能量比值,最终得到相对到时时间差,并用于震源定位反演中。为验证信号提取算法的准确性,文章模拟了地震波并利用相关算法提取模拟信号。最后在模拟三维裂缝图像方法上,采用地形模拟技术进行二维裂缝体模拟,并从力学角度对裂缝形态进行解释,分析裂缝的主力驱动方位。
In the age of energy being shorted day by day, the need of oil source is increasing. Except the way of developing new oilfield , the use in the low permeability reservoir becomes important study direction more in more. But the aim to get more oil asks special technology, such as hydraulic fracture、importing the high temperature gas et al. Now hydraulic fracture is a common way in the more parts of oil field, it imports some kind of liquid to improve the pressure with the aim to crack the two side of oil well wall and ameliorate flow in the under-layer. So what the effect of fracturing is and what could be happened? It needs to estimate the procedure ,after compare with many kinds of detection scheme and choice the micro-seismic wave detection way which could be a much better way to gain the crack.
All the time the seismic wave is the important trick to realize the earth exploring. In the modern industry, the ways of seismic wave exploration with introducing man-making earthquakes study the structure of the shallow earth , find any mineral resource or solve problems in the geology engineering. As the research on the theory of seismic wave develops and the technology on digital signal processing improves, the field-geophysicists apply the related technology on the drilling of the oilfiled and detect the resources with micro-seismic wave. Due to its high business value, so that the micro-seismic wave detection becomes one of the new directions on the geophysics technology development.
Detect the micro-seismic wave and analyze the micro-seismic event which produced in the activities of the fracturing , aimed to monitor the activities result、get a better effect and make clearly the state of the underground. Especially on the engineering of development on oil-gas filed, such as oil recovery、water injection、gas breathed into et, all that kinds of work could induce seismic wave and provides the detection base. The effect on the oilfiled change is thought to more mature、more feasible and more dependent ,which compared with the man-feeling way.
This article analyses the trait of the seismic wave when it spreads from the sources to the detection stations on the theory. In the mode of the sources location ,choice the way of same kind wave with time arrival differences as the basic location principles and at the same time make the required factors which is the complementary of the principles. It also makes the direct wave velocity model. Continuously, discuss the development state of micro-seismic detection at home and abroad, and find now the research on the theory of micro-seismic much but the completely instruments few. So introduce the micro-seismic monitor system made by our laboratory, which including the design scheme, the detail module and basic detection theories, at last contrasting two kinds of monitor system,(one are putting the monitor stations on the earth, but the other are underground). Combined the advantages of the two systems, make underground and earth monitors stations built up the detection system which increase the reliable of the signal and the seasonally of the explains.
The next part analyses the signal collecting and processing software. It proposes many demands from the sides such as the principle of the software designing, operating function rules ,rational structure, high and stable running effect et al. Introduce on the overall software structure, and the clearly explanation in the relationship between modules’function by the software processing flow chart. This chapter presents the software architecture and prepares for the next part.
So, in the forth part, give the full illustrate on the software processing program, the data processing module is explained clearly. The collected data from the ground, has been interferenced which may come from no-controllable environment, such as operating vehicles on the oilfield. the underground detector which throw in the water well aside the fracture well also collect the regular non-signal data. In that data ,the signal are not obvious, so must take some special measurements to filter the non-seismic wave.In the spread path of micro-seismic signal from source to ground ,the signal is attenuated by the soil absorption, the high frequency weaken faster than the low one ,so the most of detected data is low frequency. Take the frequency domain filter ,which change the time-domain signal to the frequency-domain by the FFT algorithm, keep the frequency part which takes the most energy, and filters out the frequency which include small energy; But in the course of frequency filter, the frequency area on the focused signal energy need the power spectral. When the seismic signal’s mean is a zero due to the signal attenuation, the power spectral is a statistics trait and indicates the seismic wave feature. So after compared of different power spectral calculations, select welch power spectral and gain the main band for filter part by calculating the peak frequency on the spectral.
After the one-dimensional frequency filter, the signal is still not clear and need the related processing to increase SNR. The principle of related use the signal similarity and add them, the energy of the same one increases, otherwise, the energy decreases, this also takes the noise’s non-regular behavior into account. Simulate the sampling signal (SA function) and do the related function with the micro-seismic data, making the micro-seismic signal clearly; The other purpose of the related calculation is to pick up the arrival time of signal, using the rate between STA and LTA to receive the relative arrival time under some man-make threshold. The algorithm employs some simulated data and get a good result.
In the end of this part, according to the image principle of same kind wave with time arrival differences ,solve out the 11 formulas , locate the micro-seismic sources dot and simulate the 3-dimensional image which includes three steps, such as the sources dot location-interpolation,surface fitting and 3D picturing. At last using the Mechanics to give the explanation of the 3d image and instructing the condition of the horizontal fracture and vertical crack .
In order to get the results of the software, Takes some examples on processing the digital data of oilfield detected and show that the software works normally. At the same time ,discuss the problems appeared on the experiments and give the probable cause.
Finally, make a summary on the all paper and with the aim to make the system perfect, some suggestions in the further research are given.
本文基于自行研制的微地震监测系统,对关于压裂裂缝的震源定位和震源成像算法展开研究,并选择同型波时差定位的方法作为成像算法。根据实际水力压裂工作环境,提出基于井下-地面结合监测的方式用于监测压裂裂缝,这样既保证采集信号质量,同时也为震源定位反演提供了线性可解的条件。分析微地震数据处理系统软件架构,具体可分为信号预处理、信号提取、震源定位及三维成像模拟四部分。数据的预处理,采用频率域滤波,并利用功率谱分析取得微地震信号分布的频率范围。对微地震信号的提取则是利用相关滤波加强信噪比,结合长时窗和短时窗能量比值,最终得到相对到时时间差,并用于震源定位反演中。为验证信号提取算法的准确性,文章模拟了地震波并利用相关算法提取模拟信号。最后在模拟三维裂缝图像方法上,采用地形模拟技术进行二维裂缝体模拟,并从力学角度对裂缝形态进行解释,分析裂缝的主力驱动方位。
In the age of energy being shorted day by day, the need of oil source is increasing. Except the way of developing new oilfield , the use in the low permeability reservoir becomes important study direction more in more. But the aim to get more oil asks special technology, such as hydraulic fracture、importing the high temperature gas et al. Now hydraulic fracture is a common way in the more parts of oil field, it imports some kind of liquid to improve the pressure with the aim to crack the two side of oil well wall and ameliorate flow in the under-layer. So what the effect of fracturing is and what could be happened? It needs to estimate the procedure ,after compare with many kinds of detection scheme and choice the micro-seismic wave detection way which could be a much better way to gain the crack.
All the time the seismic wave is the important trick to realize the earth exploring. In the modern industry, the ways of seismic wave exploration with introducing man-making earthquakes study the structure of the shallow earth , find any mineral resource or solve problems in the geology engineering. As the research on the theory of seismic wave develops and the technology on digital signal processing improves, the field-geophysicists apply the related technology on the drilling of the oilfiled and detect the resources with micro-seismic wave. Due to its high business value, so that the micro-seismic wave detection becomes one of the new directions on the geophysics technology development.
Detect the micro-seismic wave and analyze the micro-seismic event which produced in the activities of the fracturing , aimed to monitor the activities result、get a better effect and make clearly the state of the underground. Especially on the engineering of development on oil-gas filed, such as oil recovery、water injection、gas breathed into et, all that kinds of work could induce seismic wave and provides the detection base. The effect on the oilfiled change is thought to more mature、more feasible and more dependent ,which compared with the man-feeling way.
This article analyses the trait of the seismic wave when it spreads from the sources to the detection stations on the theory. In the mode of the sources location ,choice the way of same kind wave with time arrival differences as the basic location principles and at the same time make the required factors which is the complementary of the principles. It also makes the direct wave velocity model. Continuously, discuss the development state of micro-seismic detection at home and abroad, and find now the research on the theory of micro-seismic much but the completely instruments few. So introduce the micro-seismic monitor system made by our laboratory, which including the design scheme, the detail module and basic detection theories, at last contrasting two kinds of monitor system,(one are putting the monitor stations on the earth, but the other are underground). Combined the advantages of the two systems, make underground and earth monitors stations built up the detection system which increase the reliable of the signal and the seasonally of the explains.
The next part analyses the signal collecting and processing software. It proposes many demands from the sides such as the principle of the software designing, operating function rules ,rational structure, high and stable running effect et al. Introduce on the overall software structure, and the clearly explanation in the relationship between modules’function by the software processing flow chart. This chapter presents the software architecture and prepares for the next part.
So, in the forth part, give the full illustrate on the software processing program, the data processing module is explained clearly. The collected data from the ground, has been interferenced which may come from no-controllable environment, such as operating vehicles on the oilfield. the underground detector which throw in the water well aside the fracture well also collect the regular non-signal data. In that data ,the signal are not obvious, so must take some special measurements to filter the non-seismic wave.In the spread path of micro-seismic signal from source to ground ,the signal is attenuated by the soil absorption, the high frequency weaken faster than the low one ,so the most of detected data is low frequency. Take the frequency domain filter ,which change the time-domain signal to the frequency-domain by the FFT algorithm, keep the frequency part which takes the most energy, and filters out the frequency which include small energy; But in the course of frequency filter, the frequency area on the focused signal energy need the power spectral. When the seismic signal’s mean is a zero due to the signal attenuation, the power spectral is a statistics trait and indicates the seismic wave feature. So after compared of different power spectral calculations, select welch power spectral and gain the main band for filter part by calculating the peak frequency on the spectral.
After the one-dimensional frequency filter, the signal is still not clear and need the related processing to increase SNR. The principle of related use the signal similarity and add them, the energy of the same one increases, otherwise, the energy decreases, this also takes the noise’s non-regular behavior into account. Simulate the sampling signal (SA function) and do the related function with the micro-seismic data, making the micro-seismic signal clearly; The other purpose of the related calculation is to pick up the arrival time of signal, using the rate between STA and LTA to receive the relative arrival time under some man-make threshold. The algorithm employs some simulated data and get a good result.
In the end of this part, according to the image principle of same kind wave with time arrival differences ,solve out the 11 formulas , locate the micro-seismic sources dot and simulate the 3-dimensional image which includes three steps, such as the sources dot location-interpolation,surface fitting and 3D picturing. At last using the Mechanics to give the explanation of the 3d image and instructing the condition of the horizontal fracture and vertical crack .
In order to get the results of the software, Takes some examples on processing the digital data of oilfield detected and show that the software works normally. At the same time ,discuss the problems appeared on the experiments and give the probable cause.
Finally, make a summary on the all paper and with the aim to make the system perfect, some suggestions in the further research are given.
引文
[1]董世泰,高红霞.微地震监测技术及其在油田开发中的应用[J].2004,18(5):5-10.
[2] Les Bennett Joel Le Calvez David R, Sarver Kevin Tanner, et al.水力压裂监测新方法[J].油田新技术,2005-2006:42-57.
[3] Les Bennett Joel Le Calvez David R,Sarver Kevin Tanner, et al.The source for hydraulic fracture characterization[J]. Oil field, 20005-2006:42-57.
[4] Sylvette Bonnefoy-Claudet, Fabrice Cotton, Pierre-Yves Bard. The nature of noise wavefileld and its applications for site effects studies[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2006, 79:205-227.
[5] Li Zhengguang, Yang Runhai, Zhao Jinming, et al. Rock-braking test research on earthquake sequence type [J]. Journal of Seismological Research. 2005, 28(4): 388-393.
[6] Zhang Shan, Liu Qinglin, Zhao Qun, et al. Aplication of microseismic monitoring technology in development of oil field [J]. Geophysical Prospectiong for Petroleum, 2002, 41(2):226-231.
[7] Segall P. Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction [M]. Geology American Elasevier science, 1989, 17(10):942-946.
[8]张山,刘清林,赵群,姜宇东.微地震监测技术在油田开发中的应用[J].石油物探, 2002,41:226-231.
[9]盛虞,Lynch R.高精度微震监测技术及在水电工程中的应用前景[A].全国大坝安全监测技术信息网,2008年度技术信息交流会暨全国大坝安全监测技术应用和发展研讨会论文集[C], 2008 .
[10] C J de Pater.J Groenenboom,D B van Dam.R.Romijn. Active seismic monitoring of hydraulic fractures in laboratory experiments[J] .International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2001,38(6):777-785.
[11] Maochen Ge. Efficient mine microseismic monitoring[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005,6(1-2):44-56.
[12] Ren T X Reddish D J .Styles P Numerical modelling and microseismic monitoring to improve strata behaviour [J]. Computer Applications in the Minerals Industries, 2001,5:1-10.
[13] Maxwell S C Urbancic T I. The role of passive microseismic monitoring in the instrumented oil field[C]. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SAN ANTONIO, TX, SEP 29-OCT 02, 2002. SPE RESERVOIR EVALUATION & ENGINEERING 2005,8(1):70-76.
[14] Aleksander J,Mendecki Richard A,Lynch. Routine Seismic Monitoring in Mines[C].大连:2007.
[15]王爱国,周媱稘,陈勇,et al.基于微地震技术的油田裂缝监测及模拟[J].中国海洋大学学报,2008,38(1):116-120.
[16] Geiger L. Probability method for the determination of earthquake epicenters from arrival time only[J]. Bull.St.Louis.Univ, 1912, 8: 60-71.
[17] Lee W H K, J C Lahr. A computer program for determining hypocenter, magnitude, and first motion pattern of local earthquakes[J]. U.S.Geol.Surv. Open-File Rept, 1975: 75-311.
[18]赵仲和.多重模型地震定位程序及其在北京台网的应用[J].地震学报,1983,5(2):242-254.
[19]孙英杰.微地震震源反演方法研究[D].北京:中国石油大学, 2008 .
[20]曾融生.固体地球物理学导论[M].北京:科技出版社,1984.
[21]陈祖斌,林君,张林行.新型数字式地震检波器的设计[J].石油仪器, 1999,13(05):1-4 .
[22]杨泓渊.复杂山地自定位无缆地震仪的研究与实现[D].吉林:吉林大学, 2009.
[23]王典.地震勘探几种数字新技术及其应用[D].吉林:吉林大学,2006
[24]王济,胡晓.Matlab在振动信号处理中的应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[25]胡光书.数字信号处理-理论、算法与实现[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1997:320-382.
[26]闫靓.可控震源地震数据处理速度分析及动校正算法研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008.
[27] Le Calvez, Joel H.Bennett Les, Tanner, Kevin V et al. Monitoring microseismic fracture development to optimize stimulation and production in aging fields 2005(01).
[28]朱卫星.相关滤波在微地震数据处理中的应用[J].勘探地球物理,2007, 30(2):130-139.
[29]罗桂纯.利用相关检测法进行地震波速及其变化的精确测量[D].北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所,2006.
[30]叶根喜,姜福兴,杨淑华.时窗能量特征法拾取微地震波初始到时的可行性研究[J].地球物理学报.2008,51(5):1574-1581.
[31]胡伟中.叠加台湾宽频地震网资料制作全秋波相走时之研究[D].台湾:台湾大学学院地质科学研究所,2008.
[32]高淑芳,李山有,武东坡,et al.一种改进的STA/LTA震相自动识别方法[J].世界地震工程,2008,24(2):37-41.
[33]逄焕东,姜福兴,张兴民.微地震的线性方程定位求解及其病态处理[J].岩土力学, 2004, 25:60-62 .
[34]田玥.一种新的线性单事件地震定位方法[C].云南:2001年中国地球物理学会年刊,2001.
[35]田玥.地震定位研究综述[J].地球物理进展,2002, 17(1):147-155.
[36]吕智勇,苏国君,韩渭宾.几种地震定位程序的定位效果分析[J].四川地震,2001,2:24-28.
[37]李会义.微地震破裂定位方法及其应用研究[D].北京:北京科技大学,2004.
[38] Oye, V. and M. Roth. Automated seismic event location for hydrocarbon reservoirs[J]. computers & Geosciences,29(7):851-863.
[39]王爱国.微地震监测与模拟技术在裂缝研究中的应用[D].北京:中国石油大学, 2008 .
[40]张景和,孙宗颀.地应力、裂缝测试技术在石油勘探开发中的应用[J].石油工业出版社,2008,22(1):75-81.
[41]付崇清.齐40块微地震监测汽驱前缘分析[J].特种油气藏, 2008,15(05):60-65.
[42] Dyer, B.C.et al. Microseismic imaging of a geothermal reservoir stimulation[M]. Geological Society Special Publication ,2003,209:77-86.
[43]刘天佑.应用地球物理数据采集与处理[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2004.
[44]刘先灵.水力压裂实时监测及解释技术应用与研究[D].四川:西南石油,2003.
[45]李智敏,苟先太,金炜东.微地震信号的频率特征[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(60):830-834.
[46]王慧.MEMS地震加速度计的信号调理研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008.
[47] T.Fischer, S.Hainzl, Z.Jechumtalova et al. Microseismic signatures of hydraulic fracture growth in sediment formations: Observations and modeling[J]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH,2008,113(B2):1-7.
[2] Les Bennett Joel Le Calvez David R, Sarver Kevin Tanner, et al.水力压裂监测新方法[J].油田新技术,2005-2006:42-57.
[3] Les Bennett Joel Le Calvez David R,Sarver Kevin Tanner, et al.The source for hydraulic fracture characterization[J]. Oil field, 20005-2006:42-57.
[4] Sylvette Bonnefoy-Claudet, Fabrice Cotton, Pierre-Yves Bard. The nature of noise wavefileld and its applications for site effects studies[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2006, 79:205-227.
[5] Li Zhengguang, Yang Runhai, Zhao Jinming, et al. Rock-braking test research on earthquake sequence type [J]. Journal of Seismological Research. 2005, 28(4): 388-393.
[6] Zhang Shan, Liu Qinglin, Zhao Qun, et al. Aplication of microseismic monitoring technology in development of oil field [J]. Geophysical Prospectiong for Petroleum, 2002, 41(2):226-231.
[7] Segall P. Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction [M]. Geology American Elasevier science, 1989, 17(10):942-946.
[8]张山,刘清林,赵群,姜宇东.微地震监测技术在油田开发中的应用[J].石油物探, 2002,41:226-231.
[9]盛虞,Lynch R.高精度微震监测技术及在水电工程中的应用前景[A].全国大坝安全监测技术信息网,2008年度技术信息交流会暨全国大坝安全监测技术应用和发展研讨会论文集[C], 2008 .
[10] C J de Pater.J Groenenboom,D B van Dam.R.Romijn. Active seismic monitoring of hydraulic fractures in laboratory experiments[J] .International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2001,38(6):777-785.
[11] Maochen Ge. Efficient mine microseismic monitoring[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2005,6(1-2):44-56.
[12] Ren T X Reddish D J .Styles P Numerical modelling and microseismic monitoring to improve strata behaviour [J]. Computer Applications in the Minerals Industries, 2001,5:1-10.
[13] Maxwell S C Urbancic T I. The role of passive microseismic monitoring in the instrumented oil field[C]. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SAN ANTONIO, TX, SEP 29-OCT 02, 2002. SPE RESERVOIR EVALUATION & ENGINEERING 2005,8(1):70-76.
[14] Aleksander J,Mendecki Richard A,Lynch. Routine Seismic Monitoring in Mines[C].大连:2007.
[15]王爱国,周媱稘,陈勇,et al.基于微地震技术的油田裂缝监测及模拟[J].中国海洋大学学报,2008,38(1):116-120.
[16] Geiger L. Probability method for the determination of earthquake epicenters from arrival time only[J]. Bull.St.Louis.Univ, 1912, 8: 60-71.
[17] Lee W H K, J C Lahr. A computer program for determining hypocenter, magnitude, and first motion pattern of local earthquakes[J]. U.S.Geol.Surv. Open-File Rept, 1975: 75-311.
[18]赵仲和.多重模型地震定位程序及其在北京台网的应用[J].地震学报,1983,5(2):242-254.
[19]孙英杰.微地震震源反演方法研究[D].北京:中国石油大学, 2008 .
[20]曾融生.固体地球物理学导论[M].北京:科技出版社,1984.
[21]陈祖斌,林君,张林行.新型数字式地震检波器的设计[J].石油仪器, 1999,13(05):1-4 .
[22]杨泓渊.复杂山地自定位无缆地震仪的研究与实现[D].吉林:吉林大学, 2009.
[23]王典.地震勘探几种数字新技术及其应用[D].吉林:吉林大学,2006
[24]王济,胡晓.Matlab在振动信号处理中的应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006.
[25]胡光书.数字信号处理-理论、算法与实现[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1997:320-382.
[26]闫靓.可控震源地震数据处理速度分析及动校正算法研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008.
[27] Le Calvez, Joel H.Bennett Les, Tanner, Kevin V et al. Monitoring microseismic fracture development to optimize stimulation and production in aging fields 2005(01).
[28]朱卫星.相关滤波在微地震数据处理中的应用[J].勘探地球物理,2007, 30(2):130-139.
[29]罗桂纯.利用相关检测法进行地震波速及其变化的精确测量[D].北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所,2006.
[30]叶根喜,姜福兴,杨淑华.时窗能量特征法拾取微地震波初始到时的可行性研究[J].地球物理学报.2008,51(5):1574-1581.
[31]胡伟中.叠加台湾宽频地震网资料制作全秋波相走时之研究[D].台湾:台湾大学学院地质科学研究所,2008.
[32]高淑芳,李山有,武东坡,et al.一种改进的STA/LTA震相自动识别方法[J].世界地震工程,2008,24(2):37-41.
[33]逄焕东,姜福兴,张兴民.微地震的线性方程定位求解及其病态处理[J].岩土力学, 2004, 25:60-62 .
[34]田玥.一种新的线性单事件地震定位方法[C].云南:2001年中国地球物理学会年刊,2001.
[35]田玥.地震定位研究综述[J].地球物理进展,2002, 17(1):147-155.
[36]吕智勇,苏国君,韩渭宾.几种地震定位程序的定位效果分析[J].四川地震,2001,2:24-28.
[37]李会义.微地震破裂定位方法及其应用研究[D].北京:北京科技大学,2004.
[38] Oye, V. and M. Roth. Automated seismic event location for hydrocarbon reservoirs[J]. computers & Geosciences,29(7):851-863.
[39]王爱国.微地震监测与模拟技术在裂缝研究中的应用[D].北京:中国石油大学, 2008 .
[40]张景和,孙宗颀.地应力、裂缝测试技术在石油勘探开发中的应用[J].石油工业出版社,2008,22(1):75-81.
[41]付崇清.齐40块微地震监测汽驱前缘分析[J].特种油气藏, 2008,15(05):60-65.
[42] Dyer, B.C.et al. Microseismic imaging of a geothermal reservoir stimulation[M]. Geological Society Special Publication ,2003,209:77-86.
[43]刘天佑.应用地球物理数据采集与处理[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2004.
[44]刘先灵.水力压裂实时监测及解释技术应用与研究[D].四川:西南石油,2003.
[45]李智敏,苟先太,金炜东.微地震信号的频率特征[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(60):830-834.
[46]王慧.MEMS地震加速度计的信号调理研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2008.
[47] T.Fischer, S.Hainzl, Z.Jechumtalova et al. Microseismic signatures of hydraulic fracture growth in sediment formations: Observations and modeling[J]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH,2008,113(B2):1-7.