微机化站间自动闭塞冗余控制系统研究
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摘要
在大型复杂实时协作等关键应用中，需要高可靠性的保障。如何保证系统能快速、准确、可靠、持久的运行，是需重点解决的关键问题之一，这就需要系统具备冗余和容错能力。微机化站间自动闭塞系统采用计算机实现站间闭塞，并结合现有计轴技术，显著的提高了区间通过能力，对提高我国单线区段行车安全性及铁路运输自动化水平具有重要的社会意义。
本文依据微机化站间自动闭塞系统的基本功能提出了系统总体结构，对系统组成、工作原理、主要特点进行了分析。针对铁路站间自动闭塞系统的故障一安全及可靠性应用要求，设计实现了二乘二取二的冗余闭塞控制模块、智能I／O模块。并对二乘二取二冗余控制系统中同步策略及通信等关键技术进行了分析研究，其中通信包括了控制机与现场设备间的通信、工作控制机与备用控制机之间的通信、以及与邻站的通信。以单模光纤为传输介质构建了双环冗余自愈网络，结合数据校验和正反码传输技术实现了控制机与安全智能I／O模块及计轴器之间的可靠通信，该通信过程具有适应分布式系统控制、系统升级方便、多重安全防护等特点。
最后结合实际应用，基于系统状态转换模型，采用马尔可夫过程研究了可修复系统的可靠度和安全度，分析了不同故障覆盖和维修率对系统可靠性和安全性的影响，仿真结果表明该系统具有较高的可靠性及安全性。
High-reliable supports are greatly in need among the key applications of complex real-time environment. When the system has the abilities of redundancy and . fault-tolerance technologies, it can run quickly, exactly, reliably and continually. How to acquire the abilities in the systems is the major problem to be solved. The automatic block between railway stations system is made up of the micro-computer block between railway stations and the existing axle counting technique. The use of the system changes the existing artificial manner of transacting block between railway stations, the time for transacting block and affirming the train arrival becomes less, it is important significance of improving carrying safety and the level of carrying automatization.
In this paper, the system total framework is designed at the basic of the system basic function. Both the main function and the work principle of the system are explained. According to the points of fail-safe and reliability need of the automatic block between railway stations system, the control module of redundant block of two-out-of-two and the intelligent I/O module are designed. Furthermore, we analyze the key techniques in the two-out-of-two redundant control system such as the synchronization strategy and communication which include the communication between the control machine and local equipment, the communication between the working control machine and the standby control machine and the communication between the control machine and the adjacent stations. A message transmission scheme by the Single-mode fiber with the structure of redundant doublering is designed. Moreover, some technologies such' as data checking and positive-reverse code transmission are adopted in order to achieve the reliable communication between the control machine, I/O module and the axle counting. The process can be applied in distributing control systems and is characterized by convenient system update and multiple safety protection.
Finally, combined with the practical application, the reliability and security of maintainable system are studied with Markov procession based on the model of state conversion of the system. In addition, the influences of faulty-covering rate and maintainable rate on the reliability and security of the system are analyzed. Simulation results show that the system has excellent property of reliability and security.
本文依据微机化站间自动闭塞系统的基本功能提出了系统总体结构，对系统组成、工作原理、主要特点进行了分析。针对铁路站间自动闭塞系统的故障一安全及可靠性应用要求，设计实现了二乘二取二的冗余闭塞控制模块、智能I／O模块。并对二乘二取二冗余控制系统中同步策略及通信等关键技术进行了分析研究，其中通信包括了控制机与现场设备间的通信、工作控制机与备用控制机之间的通信、以及与邻站的通信。以单模光纤为传输介质构建了双环冗余自愈网络，结合数据校验和正反码传输技术实现了控制机与安全智能I／O模块及计轴器之间的可靠通信，该通信过程具有适应分布式系统控制、系统升级方便、多重安全防护等特点。
最后结合实际应用，基于系统状态转换模型，采用马尔可夫过程研究了可修复系统的可靠度和安全度，分析了不同故障覆盖和维修率对系统可靠性和安全性的影响，仿真结果表明该系统具有较高的可靠性及安全性。
High-reliable supports are greatly in need among the key applications of complex real-time environment. When the system has the abilities of redundancy and . fault-tolerance technologies, it can run quickly, exactly, reliably and continually. How to acquire the abilities in the systems is the major problem to be solved. The automatic block between railway stations system is made up of the micro-computer block between railway stations and the existing axle counting technique. The use of the system changes the existing artificial manner of transacting block between railway stations, the time for transacting block and affirming the train arrival becomes less, it is important significance of improving carrying safety and the level of carrying automatization.
In this paper, the system total framework is designed at the basic of the system basic function. Both the main function and the work principle of the system are explained. According to the points of fail-safe and reliability need of the automatic block between railway stations system, the control module of redundant block of two-out-of-two and the intelligent I/O module are designed. Furthermore, we analyze the key techniques in the two-out-of-two redundant control system such as the synchronization strategy and communication which include the communication between the control machine and local equipment, the communication between the working control machine and the standby control machine and the communication between the control machine and the adjacent stations. A message transmission scheme by the Single-mode fiber with the structure of redundant doublering is designed. Moreover, some technologies such' as data checking and positive-reverse code transmission are adopted in order to achieve the reliable communication between the control machine, I/O module and the axle counting. The process can be applied in distributing control systems and is characterized by convenient system update and multiple safety protection.
Finally, combined with the practical application, the reliability and security of maintainable system are studied with Markov procession based on the model of state conversion of the system. In addition, the influences of faulty-covering rate and maintainable rate on the reliability and security of the system are analyzed. Simulation results show that the system has excellent property of reliability and security.
引文
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[2] 傅世善，闭塞与列控概论．http://www.crsc.com.cn/thrw/gllt/fssl.htm．
[3] 邹少文，郭进，杨扬．微机化站间自动闭塞系统的研究．西南交通大学学报．2003，38(4)：418-422．
[4] 李毅力．二乘(二取二)计算机联锁系统．计算机工程．2004，30(S1)：482-483．
[5] 刘名元，郭进．铁路站间自动闭塞信息传输和热备的研究．铁路计算机．2005，14(1)：12-14．
[6] 高继祥，郑俊杰．双机热备计算机联锁系统可靠与安全性指标分析．北方交通大学学报．1998，22(5)：73-77．
[7] 张新明，王俊高．二取二乘二冗余计算机联锁系统的结构与安全性分析．铁道科学研究院五十五周年论文集．北京：中国铁道出版社．2005：92-97．
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[10] 段武．微机联锁双机热备系统的研究．中国铁道科学．1997，18(3)：101-107．
[11] G. Grawer, W. Heinze. Using a Fiber Optic CAN Bus for the Proton Source Control of the CERN PS-Linac. International Conference Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (Icalepcs'97). 1997-11-0307.
[12] Mark Lynn, Scott Montgomery, Kin Moy. An Expandable Passive Optical Star Network Architecture for Automotive Applications. SAE Technical Paper. 1999-01-0303.
[13] Yingxu Wang. Design and Implementation of Dependable CAN-based Distributed Systems. PALBUS Task Technical Report. 2001.
[14] J. Rufino. Fault-tolerant broadcasts in CAN. The 28th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems, IEEE. 1998.
[15] Agilent Company. DC to 10 MBd Versatile Link with POF or HCS Fiber for Factory.
[16] 饶运涛，邹继军，郑勇芸．现场总线CAN原理与应用技术．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2003．6．
[17] 陈少卿．基于CAN的电动汽车控制网络设计与实现．华中科技大学硕士毕业论文．2004．4．
[18] 王玺．分布式计算机联锁系统安全信息传输网络研究．中国科技信息．2006(16)．
[19] 范明海，王寿泰，徐传骧．塑料光纤新进展．光纤与电缆及其应用技术．1996(5)，pp：48-52．
[20] Peng G D. Prospects of POF and gating for sensing. In the 5th International Conference of Optical Fiber Sensors. Portland, OR, USA, 2002, pp: 6-10.
[21] 魏臻等．HJ04A铁路信号计算机联锁系统的原理及应用．合肥工业大学微型计算机及应用研究所．1999．
[22] ISO-11898. Road vehicles-Interchange of digital information-Controller Area Network (CAN) for high speed communication. 1993.
[23] Bosch. CAN specification. Version 2.0. 1991, Robert Bosch GmbH.
[24] 徐文明．嵌入式系统结构特点．电测与仪表．2004(8)：48-56．
[25] 胡国兵．嵌入式系统综述．南通职业大学学报．2004，18(4)：29-32．
[26] 朱燕蓓．我国计算机联锁亟待解决的若干问题．上海铁道科技．1999(2)：17-18．
[27] 何文卿．6502电气集中电路．第二版(修订本)．北京：中国铁道出版社．1996．
[28] 雷雨．基于扩展帧格式的CAN较高层通信协议设计．工业控制计机．2003，16(12)：13-15
[29] 王丽华，徐志根，王长林．可维修三模冗余结构系统的可靠度与安全度分析．西南交通大学学报．2002，37(1)：103-107
[30] 徐志根，王长林．三模冗余结构微机联锁系统的安全度分析．西南交通大学学报．1999，34(6)：713-717
[31] 张佳楠，王海峰，蒋大明．计算机联锁系统二乘二取二容错结构分析．铁路计算机应用．2006，15(11)：46-49．
[32] 张新明，刘海洋，赵永清．二取二制式计算机联锁系统中的通信技术．中国铁道科学．2005，26(5)：96-100．
[33] 王艳红，刘虎兴，谢保锋．计算机联锁软件模拟自动测试系统的研究与实现．中国铁道科学．2004，25(2)：16-19．
[34] 张萍，赵阳．北京城市轨道交通计算机联锁控制系统特殊联锁功能的软件实现．中国铁道科学．2004，25(5)：110-113．
[35] 谢保锋，逄增文，卢佩玲．TYJL—ECC 新一代容错计算机联锁系统的研究．铁道通信信号．2005，(5)：11-14．
[36] Forouzan B A著，吴时霖，周正康，吴永辉等译．数据通信与网络．机械工业出版社．第2版．2002．
[37] Hank P, Johnk E. SJA1000 Stand-alone CAN controller, Application Note An97076, Germany: Systems Laboratory Hamburg, 1997.
[38] Alan Bums, Andy Wellings. Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages (Third Edition) Ada 95, Real-Time Java and Real-Time POSIX. http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/rts/ RTSBook Third Edition.html
[39] C．M．Krishna，Kang G．Shin．"Real-time Systems"影印版，北京：清华大学出版社，2001
[40] Hiller M.. Software Fault-Tolerance Techniques from a Real-Time Systems Point of View: an overview. Technical Report No. 98-16, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
[41] Avizienis A.. Fault Tolerance and Fault Intolerance: Complementary Approaches to Reliable Computing, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 458-464, June 1975
[42] Avizienis A., Laprie J.C.. Dependable Computing: From Concepts to Design Diversity. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 629-638, 1986
[43] 雷霖．现场总线控制网络技术．电子工业出版社．2004．
[44] 阳宪惠．现场总线技术及其应用．清华大学出版社．2000．
[45] Horning J. J, Lauer H. C., Melliar-Smith P. M., Randell B.. A Program tructure for Error Detection And Recovery. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 16, pp: 172-187, 1974
[46] ISO-11898. Road vehicles-Interchange of digital information-CAN for high-speed communication.
[47] Qiang Yue, Hongze Xu. Computer-interlocking system of 2-out-of-2 multiplying 2 redundancy and its security analysis. Intelligent Control and Automation, 2004. WCICA 2004. Filth World Congress on. Volume 6, pp: 5292-5296, 2004.
[48] Tongdan Jin, David W. Coit. Variance of system reliability estimates with arbitrarily repeated components. IEEE Transaction on reliability, Vol 50, No 4, pp:409-413, Dec. 2001.
[49] Behr A., Camarinopoulos L, Pampoukis G. Domination of k-out-of-n systems. IEEE Transaction on reliability, Vol 44, Issue 4, pp: 705-708, Dec. 1995.
[50] 宋保维．系统可靠性设计与分析．西安：西北工业大学出版社．2000．
[51] 赵志熙．计算机联锁系统技术．北京：中国铁道出版社．2003．
[52] 王珍熙．可靠性·冗余及容错技术．北京：航空工业出版社．1991．
[53] Wang Hai-feng, Yang Shi-wu, Huang Zan-wu, et al. Study on Fault-Detection Oriented Intelligent Fail-Safe Controller for Railway Interlocking System. ICEMI, 2005, 7 (8):6-10.
[54] 袁由光．实时系统中的可靠性技术．北京：清华大学出版社．1995：6-10．
[2] 傅世善，闭塞与列控概论．http://www.crsc.com.cn/thrw/gllt/fssl.htm．
[3] 邹少文，郭进，杨扬．微机化站间自动闭塞系统的研究．西南交通大学学报．2003，38(4)：418-422．
[4] 李毅力．二乘(二取二)计算机联锁系统．计算机工程．2004，30(S1)：482-483．
[5] 刘名元，郭进．铁路站间自动闭塞信息传输和热备的研究．铁路计算机．2005，14(1)：12-14．
[6] 高继祥，郑俊杰．双机热备计算机联锁系统可靠与安全性指标分析．北方交通大学学报．1998，22(5)：73-77．
[7] 张新明，王俊高．二取二乘二冗余计算机联锁系统的结构与安全性分析．铁道科学研究院五十五周年论文集．北京：中国铁道出版社．2005：92-97．
[8] 《当代中国铁路信号》(1991-1995)编辑委员会编著．当代中国铁路信号(1991-1995)．北京：中国铁道出版社．1997．6．
[9] 魏震，谢剑英．Device Net总线应用层协议的实现．自动化与仪表．2002，17(1)：15-17．
[10] 段武．微机联锁双机热备系统的研究．中国铁道科学．1997，18(3)：101-107．
[11] G. Grawer, W. Heinze. Using a Fiber Optic CAN Bus for the Proton Source Control of the CERN PS-Linac. International Conference Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems (Icalepcs'97). 1997-11-0307.
[12] Mark Lynn, Scott Montgomery, Kin Moy. An Expandable Passive Optical Star Network Architecture for Automotive Applications. SAE Technical Paper. 1999-01-0303.
[13] Yingxu Wang. Design and Implementation of Dependable CAN-based Distributed Systems. PALBUS Task Technical Report. 2001.
[14] J. Rufino. Fault-tolerant broadcasts in CAN. The 28th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing Systems, IEEE. 1998.
[15] Agilent Company. DC to 10 MBd Versatile Link with POF or HCS Fiber for Factory.
[16] 饶运涛，邹继军，郑勇芸．现场总线CAN原理与应用技术．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2003．6．
[17] 陈少卿．基于CAN的电动汽车控制网络设计与实现．华中科技大学硕士毕业论文．2004．4．
[18] 王玺．分布式计算机联锁系统安全信息传输网络研究．中国科技信息．2006(16)．
[19] 范明海，王寿泰，徐传骧．塑料光纤新进展．光纤与电缆及其应用技术．1996(5)，pp：48-52．
[20] Peng G D. Prospects of POF and gating for sensing. In the 5th International Conference of Optical Fiber Sensors. Portland, OR, USA, 2002, pp: 6-10.
[21] 魏臻等．HJ04A铁路信号计算机联锁系统的原理及应用．合肥工业大学微型计算机及应用研究所．1999．
[22] ISO-11898. Road vehicles-Interchange of digital information-Controller Area Network (CAN) for high speed communication. 1993.
[23] Bosch. CAN specification. Version 2.0. 1991, Robert Bosch GmbH.
[24] 徐文明．嵌入式系统结构特点．电测与仪表．2004(8)：48-56．
[25] 胡国兵．嵌入式系统综述．南通职业大学学报．2004，18(4)：29-32．
[26] 朱燕蓓．我国计算机联锁亟待解决的若干问题．上海铁道科技．1999(2)：17-18．
[27] 何文卿．6502电气集中电路．第二版(修订本)．北京：中国铁道出版社．1996．
[28] 雷雨．基于扩展帧格式的CAN较高层通信协议设计．工业控制计机．2003，16(12)：13-15
[29] 王丽华，徐志根，王长林．可维修三模冗余结构系统的可靠度与安全度分析．西南交通大学学报．2002，37(1)：103-107
[30] 徐志根，王长林．三模冗余结构微机联锁系统的安全度分析．西南交通大学学报．1999，34(6)：713-717
[31] 张佳楠，王海峰，蒋大明．计算机联锁系统二乘二取二容错结构分析．铁路计算机应用．2006，15(11)：46-49．
[32] 张新明，刘海洋，赵永清．二取二制式计算机联锁系统中的通信技术．中国铁道科学．2005，26(5)：96-100．
[33] 王艳红，刘虎兴，谢保锋．计算机联锁软件模拟自动测试系统的研究与实现．中国铁道科学．2004，25(2)：16-19．
[34] 张萍，赵阳．北京城市轨道交通计算机联锁控制系统特殊联锁功能的软件实现．中国铁道科学．2004，25(5)：110-113．
[35] 谢保锋，逄增文，卢佩玲．TYJL—ECC 新一代容错计算机联锁系统的研究．铁道通信信号．2005，(5)：11-14．
[36] Forouzan B A著，吴时霖，周正康，吴永辉等译．数据通信与网络．机械工业出版社．第2版．2002．
[37] Hank P, Johnk E. SJA1000 Stand-alone CAN controller, Application Note An97076, Germany: Systems Laboratory Hamburg, 1997.
[38] Alan Bums, Andy Wellings. Real-Time Systems and Programming Languages (Third Edition) Ada 95, Real-Time Java and Real-Time POSIX. http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/rts/ RTSBook Third Edition.html
[39] C．M．Krishna，Kang G．Shin．"Real-time Systems"影印版，北京：清华大学出版社，2001
[40] Hiller M.. Software Fault-Tolerance Techniques from a Real-Time Systems Point of View: an overview. Technical Report No. 98-16, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
[41] Avizienis A.. Fault Tolerance and Fault Intolerance: Complementary Approaches to Reliable Computing, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 458-464, June 1975
[42] Avizienis A., Laprie J.C.. Dependable Computing: From Concepts to Design Diversity. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 629-638, 1986
[43] 雷霖．现场总线控制网络技术．电子工业出版社．2004．
[44] 阳宪惠．现场总线技术及其应用．清华大学出版社．2000．
[45] Horning J. J, Lauer H. C., Melliar-Smith P. M., Randell B.. A Program tructure for Error Detection And Recovery. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 16, pp: 172-187, 1974
[46] ISO-11898. Road vehicles-Interchange of digital information-CAN for high-speed communication.
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