摘要
本杰明·克莱因教授是交易成本经济学的代表人物之一。他也是一位活跃的社会活动家,相比其在交易成本经济学中的学术地位,克莱因的法经济学家和咨询专家身份更为人熟知。多年来,国内理论界对克莱因在交易成本经济学中定位的认识有所欠缺。其实,他在不完全契约理论领域有其独特贡献,对于不完全契约理论的完善和拓展发挥了重要作用,其理论中所阐述的问题虽备受争议却为我们后来人提出了一些非常有价值的研究课题,其理论结论为我们理解现实经济运行提供了诸多借鉴。
本文旨在通过对克莱因不完全契约理论的详细梳理,力求比较全面和客观地呈现克莱因不完全契约理论的面貌,便于理论界更为深入地了解克莱因的不完全契约理论,并以此更为深入地了解和认知不完全契约理论和交易成本经济学。同时,通过对克莱因理论不足的讨论引起研究者对交易成本经济学一些基本问题的重视和思考,促进理论研究的进一步深入。当然,理论研究是为实践服务的,本文的根本目的是通过对克莱因不完全契约理论的研究为更深刻地认识社会经济关系的现实运行提供一种视角,毕竟,在当前的法律制度状况下,合同在中国甚至比在西方更加不完全,中国经济也提供了某种不同于西方国家的制度环境,从此意义上来说,本文的研究也是中国改革实践的需要。
本文包括八章,共四大部分。第一部分为理论基础部分,包括1-3章。本部分主要是提出本文要研究的问题,并对国外和国内的相关研究进行综述,以了解本研究所处的理论环境和研究重点。本部分还对克莱因不完全契约理论的渊源和发展历程进行了梳理,大致理清作者理论发展的逻辑思路。第二部分为核心理论研究与评述部分。本部分沿着克莱因不完全契约理论的逻辑展开研究,先对其理论体系中的几个核心理论做详细剖析,最后围绕这些理论分别进行评论。第三部分是比较分析部分。本部分的主要目的是通过比较突出克莱因不完全契约理论在契约理论一系列基本问题上与其他研究者的差异,以显示出其理论研究的价值所在。在熟悉了作者理论的理论背景、发展逻辑、基本内容及理论特点之后,我们可以对作者的理论最后总结一下了。所以,在第四部分,是对作者理论对中国理论与实践价值的一个评论。本文对克莱因理论的评论是基于三个层次展开的:首先在对每个核心理论进行介绍之后围绕每个单一理论展开讨论,从优点和不足两方面针对性地阐释,便于深入了解该理论;然后通过其理论与威廉姆森和哈特理论的比较突出其理论体系的合理性与不足;最后对其理论总评,重点通过与中国案例的结合验证其合理的方面,另一方面也提出实践对其理论的挑战与质疑,以此促进对相关问题的讨论与深入研究。
本文的主要研究内容由如下几个部分构成。
第一部分,克莱因不完全契约理论的概述。主要分析克莱因理论体系中不完全契约的定义;克莱因不完全契约理论的理论缘起与发展历程;考察克莱因对不完全契约理论的认识是如何逐渐深入的;交待一下克莱因理论的理论假设,这是一个理论必备的基础前提。
第二部分,克莱因不完全契约理论的核心理论。本部分也是本文的核心内容,重点围绕专用的可占用的准租、敲竹杠、自我实施机制、价格作为质量保证等克莱因不完全契约理论中的核心理论展开研究。搞清楚这些理论的含义,理顺了它们之间的理论逻辑才可能真正认识克莱因的理论。而这其中,又以专用的可占用的准租与契约的自我实施机制两个克莱因提出的独特理论为着重研究对象,因为,克莱因之所以可称为不完全契约理论研究的名家之一,此二理论功不可没,对此两个理论的深入剖析,才可找寻到克莱因理论的真谛。
第三部分,克莱因不完全契约理论与其他契约理论研究大家的理论比较。比较有两个目的,其一是通过比较突出本文研究对象的重要意义与价值,其二是通过比较发现研究对象的合理与不合理之处,便于选择性的借鉴,因为,理论研究的根本目的在于更科学、更有效地借鉴。
第四部分,克莱因不完全契约理论对中国的启示。任何理论都有其两面性,克莱因的不完全契约理论也不例外,一方面,他的理论有其普适性,只要理论所需用的条件出现,我们自然可望看到他的理论在中国的交易实践中发挥作用:另一方面,克莱因的理论毕竟产生于西方经济社会实践,与中国的交易环境存在一定差异,不能指望克莱因的理论可以照搬过来解决中国的同类问题。我们对克莱因的理论必须是有选择的借鉴,重在方法与工具的含义。为突出这种东西方环境差异对理论的影响,本文在此部分结合中国的一些案例展开,希望以此佐证先验的判断。
本文是对克莱因不完全契约理论的一个述评,在以下方面具有一定的理论和实践价值:
本文围绕克莱因的不完全契约理论从理论渊源、理论发展、核心内容、理论的特点与应用等方面进行了比较细致、全面的介绍,首次比较客观地展现了克莱因不完全契约理论的全貌,便于理论界客观、全面地评价克莱因的不完全契约理论,准确地在交易成本经济学中为其定位。
本文对克莱因不完全契约理论中“套牢”、“可占用的专用性准租”、“品牌资本”、“自我实施机制”等基本概念和理论的揭示和阐述不但有利于正确认知克莱因的理论,而且利于研究者们厘清这些不完全契约理论研究中基本概念的意蕴,拓展这些理论的应用范围,推动契约理论研究和应用。
近年来,不完全契约理论一直是理论界研究的热点之一,尽管仍在发展、完善之中,但是已经越来越成为组织经济学、政治经济学、公司金融等与制度研究相关领域的重要工具。然而,这一工具是否符合中国的经济社会现实?我们的制度环境是否与它的运行条件匹配?在引入和应用不完全契约理论方面我们应注意什么?本文通过对克莱因不完全契约理论的研究对这些问题作出了一家之言的解答,有利于指导中国经济社会发展实践。
本文的分析存在一些不足:本杰明·克莱因的理论国内介绍的较少,其研究不完全契约问题的文献翻译过来的也较少,这给本文增加了不小的难度和工作量,因此,对文献的整理和把握还有待加强。不完全契约理论一些基本问题的实证一直是该领域研究的软肋,由于理论工具的缺乏和大量实证数据获取的困难,本文在这些问题的实证方面也没有有价值的进展。
本文涉及问题进一步的研究方向是:
第一,如何看待契约。契约是不完全的这一显然正确的观点已成为研究者们的一个共识,但对契约性质的认知则并不统一。那么,契约是权利义务划分的形式还是推动契约履行的履约机制?又抑或是签约双方权利感知的一个参照系?也许打破法学、经济学和行为理论的这种视域界限更有利于我们理解和实施契约。
第二,如何理解契约不完全的基础。虽然关于契约不完全的基础的争议颇多,但大部分人还是相信签约人的有限理性、签约的困难和第三方验证的困难对解释这一问题具有较大的说服力,当然,也有“马斯金-梯若儿批评”这样的声音质疑这些解释因素。正是这些歧见推动了不完全契约理论不断深化。已有的经验告诉我们,跨学科研究是理解这一问题及契约理论中其他争议性问题的基本途径。
第三,完善实证数据库。哈特和霍姆斯特姆曾经表达过对于契约经济学缺乏实证研究的担忧,但最近的情况表明,关于契约理论的实证研究已经越来越多。有大量的研究应用契约理论针对具体问题进行计量经济学验证或进行案例研究。对于不完全契约理论的实证检验来说,妨碍其发展的一个主要限制是合适数据的收集,由于契约和交易问题的很多信息出于保密不允许被披露,使得相关数据库的容量难以得到有效扩充。因此,相关组织的建立、信息渠道的多样化、制度的完善、专业人员实践活动的科学评估变得越来越重要。
Benjamin Klein Professor is one of the representatives of the transaction cost economics. He is also an active social activist. But the identity of law economist and consultant is better known compared to the academic status of the transaction cost economics. Over the years, the domestic theory community is lack of adequate understanding of Klein's positioning in transaction cost economics. In fact, he made a unique contribution in the field of incomplete contract theory, and played an important role in the improvement and expansion of the incomplete contract theory. The issues elaborated in his theory are highly controversial but put forward a number of valuable research topic for us. The theoretical conclusions provide reference for us understanding the reality of economic operation.
This article aims to show up incomplete contract theory comprehensively and objectively by combing the incomplete contract theory of Klein, easy for theory community to understand Klein's incomplete contract theory extensively and go deep into understanding the incomplete contract theory and transaction cost economics. At the same time, the discussion of lack on Klein's theory caused researchers'attention and consideration of some basic problems of transaction cost economics, and promoted further theoretical research. Of course, the theoretical research serves for practice, the fundamental purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective for a more profound understanding of the real run of the social and economic relations by studying the incomplete contract theory. After all, under the current status of the legal system, Chinese contract is incomplete compare with the West, and Chinese economy offers the different institutional environment from the Western countries. Thus this study is the needs of China's reform and practice.
This article includes eight chapters, a total of four parts. The first part is the section of theoretical basis, including1-3chapters. In this section, we propose the problems that need study, and have reviewed foreign and domestic research in order to understand the environment of theory and the key point of the research. This section also combs the origin and the development course of the theory of Klein incomplete contract, roughly sorts out the theoretical development of logical thinking. The second part is the core of theoretical research and comment section. This part follows the Klein's study on incomplete contract theory, logically. Firstly, we have made a detailed analysis of the core theories in its theoretical system, and finally made some comments on these theories. The third part is a comparative analysis. The main purpose of this section is to prominent Klein's incomplete contract theory by comparing the differences of a series of basic issues of contract theory with other researchers, to show the value of his theoretical studies. After familiar with the theoretical background, the logic of development, the basic content and theoretical characteristics of the author's theory, we can make conclusion on the author's theory. Therefore, in the fourth part, we make a comment on the theory's theoretical and practical value in China. This paper's reviewing of Klein theory is carried out based on three levels:Firstly, after the introduction to each core theory,make discussions on each single theory, explain the advantages and weaknesses on understanding of the theory; and then by comparing with Williamson and Hart's theory, we can easily find the rationality and weakness of its theoretical system; finally, overall its theory, by the combination of the Chinese case to verify the reasonable aspects of the theory; on the other hand, we propose that practice makes its theoretical challenge and question, in order to promote the discussion of issues related to the deep study.
The main research contents is composed of the following several parts:
The first part is an overview of Klein incomplete contract theory. Analyze the Klein incomplete contract definition; introduce the origin and course of development of Klein incomplete contract theory; Examine Klein how to gradually understand the incomplete contract theory in-depth; explain assumption of Klein theory, which is the basis of a theoretical premise.
The second part is the core concept of the incomplete contract theory. This section is also the core content of this article, focus on the Appropriable Rents, rip-off, self-enforcing mechanism, price as a quality assurance and other core vocabulary of Klein incomplete contract theory Figure out the meaning of these concepts, and combing the theory of logic between them could really understand the theory of Klein. In these concepts, the Appropriable Rents and self-enforcing mechanism are more important, because Klein is called one of the masters of incomplete contract theory benefit by the two concepts. Making a deep analysis of the two concepts could find the true meaning of Klein theory.
The third part is the comparison between Klein incomplete contract theory and the other contract theories. The Comparison has two purposes, one is to highlight the great significance and value of the research object, the second is convenient for reference by the comparison study between the rational and irrational. Because the fundamental purpose of the theoretical research is to draw more scientific and effective.
Part4The enlightenment of Klein incomplet contract theory on modern China. Every theory has its own pros and cons, so does Klein's. So what it means to us when we combine his theory with Chinese trades practics. On the on hand, Klein theory has the universal applications, it is expected that his theory may play very important role in Chinese trade practices; On the other hand, we do not believe Klein's theory would help to give answers to the same type question in China, espacially in the differential trade conditions exists. However we still look forwad to the right judgement of Klein's theory given the carefull selection of tools and methods along with Chinese cases.
This thesis is about the narrative evaluation of Klein theory, hopefully it would give the theoretical and practical value in the following aspects. The thesis thoroghly talks the root, the development, the core value, the characteristic and application of Klein incomplete contract theory. For the first time, it objectively gives out the panorama of his theory so that it can be precisely located in the trade cost economics. For the following areas of this theory, such as Holds-up, Appropriable Rents, Brand capital and Self-enforcing mechanismn, it reveals those basic definition and narrative theory. It not only helps us to be familiar with this theory, but also helps to get to know the inside information and especially the application range for the academic research.
For the past few years, it is seen the incomplete contract theory as the research hot spot issue. Even though Klein theory has its own drawbacks, it is seen as the very important tool in solving problmes of the areas like, organiztion economics, political economics, corporate finance and other relevant institutional researches. However, what it disclose when it comes to the practical Chinese economy, to the matching of Chinese institutional condition and its operation condition, to the do's and don'ts of the application of its theory. Hopefully, this thesis gives the answers.
The analysis may be not enough for the reasons like, the lack of introduction of Klein incomplete contract theory in China, so does the translation works. Particularlly, this is not very much valu in the empirical study of Klein's theory since it has not gone further step in such field.
This thesis mentions the following research aspects.
First is that how to view contracts. The researchers have reached a consensus about the incompleteness of contracts. but not the nature of it. So. what makes people honour the contracts? Is it the seperation of rights and obligations? Is it the perceptive reference of the both parties? It may helps a lot if there is a wide sphere of vision given the abandonment of law, eoconomic and behavioral theory.
Second it that how to understand the foundation of incomplete contract theory. Though, thers is lots of debates on the foundation of Klein theory, it is persuaded that Klein theory helps to explain the limited rational thinking of contract parties, the difficulties in signing a contract and the Third party testimony. At the same time, the critics, like Maskin-Tirole Critism aslo help in pushing the theory forward. The known experience tells us that the interdiscipline research is the foundmental way in solving other controversial issues.
Third is the adequate empirical study database. Hart and Holmstrom expressed the worry about the lack of empirical study of contractual economics. However, the recent study reveals that more and more empirical research have touched the concrete issue by econometrics study. The obstacle for the empirical test of incomplete contract theory is the limition of gathering appropriate data due to the confidentiality of information. So it becomes more and more important to establish the relevant institutions, full-scale informaiton channels, perfect system building and professional practice evalusitons.
引文
奥利弗·E·威廉姆森,2004,《资本主义经济制度》,商务印书馆。———2006,《经济组织的逻辑》,陈郁《企业制度与市场组织——交易费用
经济学文选》上海人民出版社。
奥利弗·E·威廉姆森、西德尼·G·温特,2008,《企业的性质-起源、演变和发展》,商务印书馆。
奥利弗·哈特,2006,《企业、合同与财务结构》,上海人民出版社
奥利弗·哈特,2010,《规范与企业理论》,(法)布鲁索、格拉尚《契约经济学》,中国人民大学出版社。
阿尔钦,1996,“租金”词条,约翰·伊特韦尔、默里·米尔盖特、彼得·纽曼编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典》,经济科学出版社。
艾伦·施瓦茨,2006,《法律契约理论与不完全契约》,拉斯·沃因、汉斯·韦坎德编,《契约经济学》,经济科学出版社。
艾伯托·费尔南德斯等,2003,《零担货车运输业中的准一体化》,克劳德·
梅纳尔编,《制度、契约与组织-从新制度经济学角度的透视》,经济科学出版社。
爱德华·G·加利科,2005,《排他性交易和纵向一体化:金枪鱼行业契约的效率》,斯科特·E·马斯腾《契约和组织案例研究》,中国人民大学出版社。
本杰明·克莱因,1985a,《自我实施合同》,埃瑞克·G·菲吕博顿、鲁道夫·瑞切特编《新制度经济学》,上海财经大学出版社。
—1992,《契约与激励:合同条款在确保契约履行中的作用》,拉斯·沃因、汉斯·韦坎德编,《契约经济学》,经济科学出版社。
—2000a,《不完全契约在自我执行交易中的作用》,(法)布鲁索、格拉尚《契约经济学》,中国人民大学出版社。
布鲁索、格拉尚,2010,《契约经济学》,中国人民大学出版社。
北京市高级人民法院知识产权庭,2011,《对特许经营合同案件诸问题的认定》,《人民司法》,第11期。
北京市第二中级人民法院民五庭,2010,《关于特许经营合同纠纷案件审理中若干问题的调研报告》,《法律适用》,第Z1期。
陈郁,2006,《企业制度与市场组织—交易费用经济学文选》,上海人民出 版社。
陈赤平,2006,《公司治理的契约分析:基于企业合作效率的研究》,中国经济出版社。——2005,《论契约的不完全性及其经济影响》,《教学与研究》,第7期。
陈永伟,2009,《哈特和产权理论》,《管理学家》,第12期。
陈博、于同申,2010,《资产专用性、机会主义行为与纵向一体化—基于中澳铁矿石价格谈判的实证研究》,《经济与管理研究》,第10期。
陈信元、黄俊,2006,《政府管制与企业垂直整合—刘永行“炼铝”的案例分析》,《管理世界》,第2期。
陈佳贵等,2011,《中国企业社会责任研究报告-企业社会责任蓝皮书(2011)》,社会科学文献出版社。
陈国富、卿志琼,2004,《专用性、准租金机制与企业所有权安排》,《南开经济研究》,第1期。
崔兵、卢现祥,2009,《威廉姆森企业边界理论评述》,《经济学动态》,第12期。
蔡宁、沈月华,2002,《国有企业并购低绩效的企业家行为因素分析》,《浙江大学学报》,第1期。
曹琳、孙曰瑶,2011,《基于品牌经济学的名人代言机制分析》,《当代财经》第2期。
迪屈奇,1999,《交易成本经济学》,经济科学出版社。
党宏伟,2008,《马克思企业理论与新制度学派企业理论的比较研究》,《四川师范大学硕十学位论文》。
弗兰西尼·拉丰泰勒、艾曼纽·雷诺,2010,《在特许权经营契约中作为激励机制的剩余索取权和自我执行:替代还是互补关系》,埃里克·布鲁索、让·米歇尔·格拉尚,《契约经济学:理论和应用》,中国人民大学出版社。
费方域,1996,《契约人假定和交易成本的决定因素—威康姆森交易成本经●济学述评之一》,《外国经济与管理》,第5期。
费方域,1997,《哈特论现有企业理论的局限性》,《外国经济与管理》第2期。
付启敏、刘伟,2011,《不确定性条件下产能过剩的纵向一体化模型》,《系统管理学报》第2期。
冯根福、孙辰健,2001,《我国上市公司“壳”资源利用绩效的实证研究》,《财贸经济》,第6期。
高维和、黄沛、王震国,2006,《资产专用性、渠道异质性与渠道投机行为:基于中国汽车企业的实证》,《财贸研究》,第4期。
国务院新闻办公室,2008,《中国的法治建设》。
黄少安,2008,《制度经济学》,高等教育出版社
——张卫国,2007,《新、老制度经济学的基本方法论及其比较—融合、继承与发展》,《江海学刊》第4期。
——2011,《再读科斯的,<企业的性质>》,《制度经济学研究》第1期。
黄丹,2011,《纵向一体化:动因与绩效》,合肥工业大学出版社。
黄升民等,2011,《中国广告主营销传播趋势报告.6》,社会科学文献出版社。
黄成明,2005,《中国特许经营现状的实证分析》,《经济与管理研究》,第1期。
贺卫、伍山林,2003,《制度经济学》,机械工业出版社
贺文哲,2006,《中国上市公司纵向并购的动因及绩效研究》,《华中科技大学硕士学位论文》。
胡麒敏、黄丹,2011,《企业纵向一体化行为的影响因子—基于中国交通运输、仓储业上市公司的实证研究》,《科学技术与工程》,第7期。
胡岳岷,2005,《论国有企业的性质》,《江汉论坛》,第8期。
胡晓娣,2009,《可占用性准租约束下的合作机制研究》,《企业活力》,第11期。
华武,2003,《企业不完全契约与准租金研究》,《中国科学技术大学博士学位论文》。
华武、方世建,2002,《缪柏其人力资本套牢的不完全契约分析》,《财经研究》,第9期。
韩艳华,2010,《资产专用性、可占用准租与资本结构的关系研究》,《商业 时代》,第26期。
惠双民,2003,《交易成本经济学综述》,《经济学动态》,第2期。
蒋士成、费方域,2008,《从事前效率问题到事后效率问题-不完全合同理论的几类经典模型比较》,《经济研究》,第8期。
克劳德·梅纳尔,2003,《执行程序和治理结构:什么关系?》克劳德·梅纳尔编,《制度、契约与组织-从新制度经济学角度的透视》,经济科学出版社。
拉丰、马赫蒂摩,2002,《激励理论》(第一卷)委托-代理模型,中国人民出版社。
林岗、张宇,2001,《马克思主义与制度分析》,北京:经济科学出版社。
李青原、唐建新,2010,《企业纵向一体化的决定因素与生产效率—来自我国制造业企业的经验证据》,《南开管理评论》,第3期。
李增泉、余谦、王晓坤,2005,《掏空、支持与并购重组——来自我国上市公司的经验证据》,《经济研究》,第1期。
李映东、李继红,2005,《专用性资产、要挟与纵向一体化——对茂化实华停产风波的经济学分析》,《西南民族大学学报·人文社科版》第8期。
李军林,2010,《组织声誉与契约的隐性要求权,方福前,西方经济学新进展》,中国人民大学出版社。
李明慧,2008,《专用性投资、套牢问题与产业组织的纵向结构——理论与实证研究》,《北京交通大学博士学位论文》。
李明慧、赵坚,2007,《资产专用性能否作为纵向一体化的主要动因》,《北京交通大学学报(社会科学版)》,第3期。
李增刚,2008,《国际无政府状态下国际制度的自我实施机制》,《国际观察》第2期。
刘国光,2010,《社会主义本质理论与初级阶段实践的矛盾》,《经济学动态》第12期。
刘启亮,2006,《不完全契约与盈余管理》,《厦门大学博士学位论文》。
刘清华,1999,《网上交易的不完全性市场契约及其自我履行机制——兼论我国企业开展网络营销的基本取向》,《经济科学》,第4期。
刘凤芹,2003,《不完全合约与履约障碍——以订单农业为例》,《经济研究》, 第4期。
刘建秋,2008,《会计契约的自我履行机制与履行范围》,《财会月刊》,第8期。
刘斐、贺文哲,2006,《我国上市公司纵向并购效率实证分析》,《开放导报》,第3期。
刘斐,2006,《企业纵向并购及其绩效研究》,《南开大学博士学位论文》。
刘丽丽,2004,《中国汽车行业的纵向一体化和纵向分拆研究》,《华中科技大学硕士学位论文》。
刘汉民,2010,《0。E。威廉姆森学术思想发展的三个阶段》,《产经评论》第1期。
里昕、揭筱纹,2007,《企业纵向战略联盟组建影响因素分析》,《财经论丛》,第2期。
里听,2007,《企业纵向战略联盟动因:一个行业层面的分析》,《财经科学》,第11期。
梁姝娜,2006,《不完全契约:新制度经济学前提假设的必然推论》,《北华大学学报(社会科学版)》,第1期。
麦克林,1999,《对‘契约与激励:契约条款在确保契约绩效中的作用’的.评论》,拉斯·沃因、汉斯·韦坎德编《契约经济学》。
马君,2006,《关系租、最优帕累托改进与治理谱系》,《第三届海峡两岸管理学研讨会会议论文》。
马君,2007,《企业合作与纵向一体化:文献回顾与综述》,《现代经济探讨》,第3期。
孟卫东、熊德章、皮星,2009,《通用兼并费雪事件的经济分析》,《现代管理科学》,第12期。
蒙特等,2004,《博弈论与经济学》,张琦译,北京:经济管理出版社。
牛德生,2004,《资产专用性理论分析》,《经济经纬》,第3期。
· 聂辉华、李金波,2008,《资产专用性、敲竹杠和纵向一体化——对费雪一通用汽车案例的全面考察》,《经济学家》,第4期。
聂辉华,2004,《交易费用经济学:过去、现在和未来———兼评威廉姆森 《资本主义经济制度》》,《管理世界》,第12期。
聂辉华,2005,《新制度经济学中不完全契约理论的分歧与融合—以威廉姆森和哈特为代表的两种进路》,《中国人民大学学报》,第1期。
聂辉华,2011,《不完全契约理论的来龙去脉》,《中国社会科学报》,第11版。
聂辉华,2007,《再谈威廉姆森》,白鲨在线博客。
帕特里克·J·考夫曼、弗朗辛·拉封丹,2005,《控制成本:麦当劳特许经营商经济租的来源》,斯科特·E·马斯腾,《契约和组织案例研究》,中国人民大学出版社。
群邑,2010,《今年,明年:中国媒体行业预测》。
斯科特·E·马斯腾,2005,《契约和组织案例研究》,中国人民大学出版社。
邵传林,2011,《国有企业性质的比较制度分析》,《经济学动态》,第9期。
特伦斯·A·辛普,2005,《整合营销传播———广告、促销与拓展》,北京大学出版社
谭劲松、黎文靖、谭燕,《企业合并中的多方利益博齐—一项10起换股合并案例为基础的研究》,《管理世界》,第3期。
谭劲松、刘炳奇,2005,《企业合并:政府主导下的多方利益博弈》,《管理世界》,第2期。
唐立军、李书友,2008,《建立和完善我国市场监管体系的思路、目标与措施》,《北京工商大学学报(社科版)》,第1期。
田野,2004,《国际协议自我实施的机理分析:一种交易成本的视角》,《世界经济与政治》,第12期。
汪丁丁,2003,《社会科学及制度经济学概论》,《社会科学战线》,第3期。
王雪莹,2010,《中国资本市场公司并购动因分析》,《社会科学家》,第2期。
王晓,2004,《欲望花窗:当代中国广告透视》,中央编译出版社。
王杰、郭克峰,2005,《现代契约经济学基本方法论及其演化新趋势》,《江苏社会科学》,第4期。
吴汉洪、徐国兴,2005,《不完全契约成因研究综述》,《经济学动态》,第 11期。
吴志攀,2009,《中国法制建设研究》,中国人民大学出版社。
韦伟、周耀东,《资产专用性、机会主义和合约安排》,《安徽大学学报(哲社版)》,第5期。
徐斌,2009,《纵向一体化的选择及其影响因素—基于能源行业的实证分析》,《当代经济管理》,第4期。
徐忠爱,2005,《企业边界如何决定—不完全契约理论文献综述》,《南京财经大学学报》,第6期。
谢惠贞、顾江,2004,《产业性质、公司战略与并购类型的选择》,《现代管理科学》,第12期。
许成钢,2006,《序言》,《企业、合同与财务结构》费方域译,上海人民出版社。
约阿姆·巴泽尔,2003,《国家与第三方强制实施者的多样性》,克劳德·
梅纳尔,《制度、契约与组织-从新制度经济学角度的透视》,经济科学出版社。
杨小凯、黄有光,1999,《专业化与经济组织—一种新兴古典微观经济学框架》,经济科学出版社。
杨小凯、张永生,2000,《新兴古典经济学和超边际分析》,中国人民大学出版社。
杨瑞龙、聂辉华,2006,《不完全契约理论:一个综述》,《经济研究》,第2期。
杨其静,2002,《合同与企业理论前沿综述》,《经济研究》,第1期。
杨春学、张琦,2009,《经济治理结构:政府与市场之外的第三条道路》,《中国社会科学报》,第30期。
杨昆丽,2009,《浅谈企业品牌形象代言人的风险性》,《经济研究导刊》,第30期。
喻卫斌,2007,《机会主义、纵向一体化和网络组织》,《中央财经大学学报》,第7期。
于立宏、郁义鸿,2006,《需求波动下的煤电纵向关系安排与政府规制》,《管理世界》,第4期。
燕红忠,2011,《明清晋商制度的基本模式与实现方式—自我实施与集体主义惩戒机制》,《中国社会经济史研究》,第3期。
叶麒麟、张莉,2009,《利益、观念与制度:国际制度的自我实施机制—个综合性分析框架》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,第3期。
周林,2007,《上市公司纵向并购行为及其实证研究》,《上海经济研究》,第12期。
张金鑫,2011,《中国企业并购年鉴2011》,中国经济出版社
赵勇、齐讴歌,2010,《分立的治理结构选择-2009年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者奥利弗威廉姆森思想述评》,《财经科学》,第1期。
中国连锁经营协会,2011,《2011中国特许经营年度发展报告》。
赵霞,2010,《不对称信息、双边激励与最佳特许经营合约》,《中南财经政法大学学报》,第6期。
宗寒,2010,《正确认识国有经济的地位和作用》,《学术月刊》,第8期。
张宇,2010,《正确认识国有经济在社会主义市场经济中的地位和作用》,《毛泽东邓小平理论研究》,第1期。
张维迎,2002,《法律制度的信誉基础》,《经济研究》,第2期。
张维迎,2004,《企业的企业家-契约理论》,上海人民出版社。
周业安,2005,《认知、学习和制度研究》,在天则经济研究所的报告。
周黎安等,2006,《信誉的价值:以网上拍卖交易为例》,《经济研究》,第12期。
张仙锋,2009,《信誉的价值:基于淘宝数据对我国电子市场的特色解释》,《当代经济科学》,第5期。
张立君,2000,《不完全契约、资产专用性与最优企业所有权安排》,《经济评论》,第4期。
AlONajjar. NI, Anderlini, L, and Felli, L.,2004, "Indescribable events", Research in Economics,58,3-30.
Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., and Rey, P.,1994, "Renegotiation Design with Unverifiable Information", Econometrical,62,257-82.
Aghion, Philippe and Jean Tirole,1997, "Formal and Real Authority in Organization", Journal of Political Economy, February.
Aaker, D. A.,1991, "Managing Brand Equity:Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name ", New York:Free Press.
Andrew Keay and Hao Zhang,2008, "Incomplete contracts, contingent fiduciaries and a director's duty to creditors", Melbourne University Larw Review. The University of Melbourne.
Annen, K.,2009, " Efficiency out of disorder:Contested ownership in incomplete contracts", Rand Journal of Economics,40,597—610.
Andras Niedermayer,2007, "On Platforms, Incomplete Contracts, and Open Source Software", Discussions schriftendp0707, University Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
Antonio Nicita and Ugo Pagano.,2005, "Incomplete contracts and institutions. Jurgen G. Backhaus", The Elgar companion to law and economics, Edward Elgar Publishing,145-163.
Barrett, S.,2003, " Environment and Statecraft:The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-making ", Oxford University Press.
Bagwell, Kyle,2009,"Self-Enforcing Trade Agreements and Private Information", NBER Working Paper, March,14812.
Benjamin Klein & Crawford. Robert G & Alchian. Armen A,1978, "Vertical Integration. Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process", Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, October,21(2),297-326.
Benjamin Klein & Keith B. Leffler,1979, "The Role of Price in Guaranteeing Quality", UCLA Department of Economics, UCLA Economics Working Papers,149.
Benjamin Klein,1980, "Transaction Cost Determinants of "Unfair" Contractual Arrangements", American Economic Review, American Economic Association, May 70(2),356-62.
Benjamin Klein & Leffler. Keith B,1981, "The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance", Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, August. 89(4),615-41.
Benjamin Klein & Kenney, Roy W,1983, "The Economics of Block Booking", Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, October,26(3),497-540.
Benjamin Klein & Roy W. Kenney,1985b, "Contractual Flexibility", UCLA Department of Economics, UCLA Economics Working Papers,388.
Benjamin Klein & Saft, Lester F,1985c, "The Law and Economics of Franchise Tying Contracts", Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, May,28(2),345-61.
Benjamin Klein,1988a, "Vertical Integration as Organizational Ownership:The Fisher Body-General Motors Relationship Revisited", Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press, Spring,4(1),199-213,
Benjamin Klein & Murphy, Kevin M,1988b, "Vertical Restraints as Contract Enforcement Mechanisms", Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, October, 31(2),265-97.
Benjamin Klein and Kenney, R,1989, " An Economic Theory of Contract Law Unpublished UCLA Working Paper.
Benjamin Klein,1995, "The economics of franchise contracts", Journal of Corporate Finance. Elsevier, October,2(1-2).9-37.
Benjamin Klein,1996a, "Why Hold-Ups Occur:The Self-Enforcing Range of Contractual Relationships", Economic Inquiry, Oxford University Press, July,34(3),444-63.
——,1996b,'Market Power in Aftermarkets ". Managerial & Decision Economics, special issue on The Role of Economists in Modern Antitrust,17,143-164.
Benjamin Klein & Murphy, Kevin M,1997, "Vertical Integration as a Self-Enforcing Contractual Arrangement", American Economic Review, American Economic Association, May 87(2),415-20.
——,1998, "The Hold-Up Problem. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and The Law, Peter Newman (ed.)", London:Macmillan.
——,1999, " Market Power in Franchise Cases in the Wake of Kodak:Applying Post-Contract Hold-Up Analysis to Vertical Relationships", Antitrust Law Journal,67,283-326.
Benjamin Klein,2000b, "Fisher-General Motors and the Nature of the Firm", Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, April,43(1),105-41.
Benjamin Klein & Kenney, Roy W,2000c, "How Block Booking Facilitated Self-Enforcing Film Contracts", Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, October,43(2), 427-35.
Benjamin Klein,2007a,'Brand Names, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, David R. Henderson (ed.)", The Library of Economics and Liberty, Liberty Fund,42-44.
——,2007b, "The Economic Lessons of Fisher Body-General Motors", International Journal of the Economics of Business,14,1-36.
——,2007c, "The Economics of Slotting Contracts (with Joshua D. Wright) ", Journal of Law & Economics,50,421-454.
——,2008, " The Enforceability of the G.M.-Fisher Body Contract:Comment on Goldberg", Industrial & Corporate Change,17.1085-1096.
Bemheim, Douglas and Whinston,1986, "Michael:Common Agency ", Econometrical 54(4),923-942.
Biglaiser, G. and C. Mezzetti,1993, "Principals Competing for an Agent in the Presence of Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard", Journal of Economic Theory,61,303-330.
Barrett, S.,1994, "Self-Enforcing International Agreements", Oxford Economic Papers. 46,878-894.
Botteon, M., and C. Carraro,1997, "Burden-sharing and Coalition Stability in Environmental Negotiations with Asymmetric Countries", in International Environmental Negotiations:Strategic Policy Issues, ed. By C. Carraro,26-55.
Bolton, Patric and Chenggang Xu,1997, "Own-ership and Competition:An Application to Schools", Mimeo, London School of Economics.
Coase, R. H.,1988a, "The Nature of the Finn:Origin", Journal of Law Economics and Organization,4,3-17.
——,1988b, " The Nature of the Firm:Meaning", Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,4,19-32.
-,1988c, " The Nature of the Firm:Influence", Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,4,33-47.
——,2000, " ne Acquisition of Fisher Body by General Motors", Journal of Law and Economics,43,15-31.
——,2006, " ne Conduct of Economics:The Example of Fisher Body and General Motors", Journal of Economics and Management Strategy,15(2),255-278.
Carraro, C., and D. Siniscalco,1993, "Strategies for International Protection of the Environment", Journal of Public Economics,52,309-328.
Contracts,1998, " The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law", Peter Newman (ed.), New York:Stockton Press, 1(A-D),436-445.
Chung, T. Y,1991, "Incomplete Contracts, Specific Investments, and Risk Sharing" Review of Economic Studies,58,1031-42.
Christopher S. Elmendorf,2004, Securing Ecological Investments on Other People's Land: A Transaction-Costs Perspective.http://lawlibrary.unm.edu/nrj/44/2/10_elmendorf_securing.pdf.
Casadesus-Masanell, R and D. ESpulber,2000, "The Fable of Fisher Body ", Journal of Law and Economics,43,67-104.
Caves R. E and Bradburd R. M,1988, " The empirical determinants o f vertical integration", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,9,265-79.
Casadesus-Masanell, Ramon, and Daniel Spulber,2000, " The Fable of Fisher Body' Journal of Law & Economics,43(1),67—104.
Coles J. W., William S. Hesterly,1998, "The Impact of Firm-specific assets and the Interaction of Uncertainty:An Examination of Make or Buy Decisions in Public and Private Hospitals", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,36,383-409.
Cristina Arellano, Yan Bai and Jing Zhang,2006, "Enforcement, Incomplete Contracts, and Recessions", Preliminary and Incomplete, June.
Chen, S.,2007,"Incomplete Contracts and Corporate Governance:Theory and Evidence—Case Studies on Chinese Banking and U.S. Franchising", Phd Thesis, Hkust.
Chi, Woody Chih-yi,2005, "Incomplete Contract and Overinvestment", Academia. Economic Papers, September,33(3),303-321.
Cave, Richard E. and Murphy, William F,1976, "Franchising:Firms, Markets, and Intangible Assets", Southern Economics Journal,4.
Demsetz, Harold,1988, "The Theory of the Firm Revisited", Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press,4(1),141-61.
Davies, S. W., Morris, C.,1995, "A New Index of Vertical Integration:Some Estimates for UK Manufacturing" International Journal of Industrial Organisation,13(2),151-177.
Fehr, Ernst, Oliver D. Hart, Christian Zehnder,2009, "Contracts, Reference Points, and Competition! Behavioral Consequences of the Fundamental Transformation", Journal of the European Economic Association,7(2-3),561-572.
Freeland, R. E,2000, " Creating Hold-Up through Vertical Integration:Fisher Body Revisited", Journal of Law and Economies,43,33-66.
Fombrun,1996,'Reputation:Value from the Corporate Image", Boston:Harvard Business School Press.
Finus, M., and B. Rundshagen,1998, "Toward a Positive Theory of Coalition Formation and Endogenous Instrumental Choice in Global Pollution Control", Public Choice,96,145-186.
Finus, M.,2001, " Game Theory and International Environmental Cooperation' Cheltenham, UK:Edward Elgar.
Finus, M., and D. Rubbelke,2008, "Coalition Formation and the Ancillary Benets of Climate Policy", Department of Economics, University of Stirling, Scotland,13.
Fan, J., Jun Huang, R. Mork and Bernard. Yeung,2008, Vertical Integration, Institutional Determinants and Impact:Evidence from China", Cuhk Working Paper.
Freeland Robert,2000, " Creating Holdup through Vertical Integration:Fisher Body Revisited", Journal of Law & Economics,43(1),33—66.
Fan Joseph P. H.,2000, " Price Uncertainty and Vertical Integration:An Examination of Petrochemical Firms", Journal of Corporate Finance,6,345-376.
Grout, P.A.,1984, "Investment and Wages in the Absence of Binding Contracts:A Nash Bargaining Approach", Econometrical,52(2),449-60.
Goldberg, Victor P.,1976, " Regulation and administered contracts ", Bell Journal of Economics,2,426-448.
Griffin, J. J., & Mahon, J. F.,1997, " The corporate social performance and corporate financial performance debate:Twenty-five years of incomparable research", Society,36(1), 531.
Goldberg, Victor P.,1976, " Regulation and administered contracts ", Bell Journal of Economics,2,426-448.
Gianmarco I.P. Ottavianot and Alessandro Turrini,2007, "Distance and Foreign Direct Investment When Contracts are Incomplete ", Journal of the European Economic Association, 5,796-822.
Hayek, Friedrich A,1948, "The Meaning of Competition, In Individualism and Economic Order", Chicago:Univ. Chicago press,97.
Holmstrom and Roberts,1998, "The Boundaries of the Firm Revisited", The Journal of Economic Perspectives,12,73-94.
Hermalin, B.and Katz, M,1991,"Moral Hazard and Verifiability", Econometrical, 59.1735-54.
Helper, S., J. P., Macduffi and C. Sable,2000, "Pragmatic Collaborations:Advancing Knowledge while Controlling Opportunism", Industrial and Corporate Change,9,443-488.
Hoel. M,1992,"International Environmental Conventions:the Case of Uniform Reductions of Emissions", Environmental and Resource Economics,2,141-159.
Joskow, Paul L,1985, "Vertical Integration and Long-term Contracts:The Case of Coal-burning Electric Generating Plants", Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press, Spring,1(1),33-80.
Jonathan Klick, Bruce Kobayashi, Larry Ribs Tein,2009, "Federalism, Variation, and State Regulation of Franchise Termination", Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal,3,356-380.
Kolstad, C,2007, "Population Growth and Technological Change:One Million B:C:to 1990", Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,53,68-79.
Koss, Patricia A. and B. Curtis Eaton,1997, "Co-specific Investments, Hold-Up and Self-
Enforcing Contracts", Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,32,457-470.
Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro, and John Moore,1997. "Credit Cycles", Journal of Political Economy, February,1997.
Kunimoto, T,2008, "Indescribability and Asymmetric Information at the Contracting Stage", Economics Letters,99,367-370.
Kristy, Buzard and Joel Watson,2011, "Contract, Renegotiation, and Hold Up:Results on the Technology of Trade and Investment", UC San Diego Working Paper.
Levy David T,1985, "Transaction cost approach to vertical integration:An empirical investigation", Review of Economics and Statistics,67(3),438-445.
Lieberman Marv in B.,1991, "Determinants of Vertical Integration:An Empirical Test" The Journal of Industrial Economics,39(5),451-466.
Lafontaine Francine, Margaret Slade.2007. "Vertical Integration and Firm Boundaries:The Evidence" Journal of Economic Literature,45(3),629-685.
Liliana Basile, Raffaele Trani.2008,Incomple the Contracts Modelling Metro-economical, July,59(3),347-370.
Martimort D and Stole L, Market Participation under Delegated and Intrinsic Common Agency Games[J/OL].
Martimort D and Stole L,2002, "the Revelation and Delegation Principals in Common Agency Games", Econometric,70,1609-1674.
MacLeod, B. and Malcomson J.,1993, "Investments, Holdup and the Form of Market Contracts", American Economic Review,83,811-37.
Milgrom, P.and Roberts. J,1992, Economics, Organization and Management. Prentice-Hall Inc.
Macaulay, Stewart,1963, "Non-Contractual Relations in Business. A Preliminary Study" American Sociological Review,28(1),55-67.
Marshall,1949, "Alfred. Principles of Economics:An Introductory Volume.8thed", New York:Macmillan,4,11.
Mark Blaug(ed.),1986, "Who's Who in Economics:A Biographical Dictionary of Major Economists 1700-1986 ", (Second Edition) Cambridge, Massachusetts:The MIT Press,989-990.
MacDona Id J. M.,1985, Market exchange or vertical integration:An empirical analysis" The Review of Economics and Statistics,67,327-31.
Martin, S.,1986,'Causes and effects of vertical integration ", Applied Economics,18(7) 737-755.
Margolis & Walsh,2003, Have reviewed 127 empirical studies conducted between 1972 and 2002 dealing with the relationship between CSP and CFP.
Martin Striebornyy & Madina Kukenovaz,2010, " Investment in Relationship-Speci.c Assets:Does Finance Matter? ", Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research, Discussion Paper,38S. http://ideas.repec.Org/p/pra/mprapa/15229.html#author.
Maskin, Eric, and Jean Tirole,1997, "Unforeseen Contingencies, Property Rights, and Incomplete Contracts", mimeo, Harvard University.
Monteverde, Kirk and David J. Teece,1982, "Supplier Switching Costs and Vertical Integration in the Automobile Industry", The Bell Journal of Economics,13(1),206-213.
Masten, Scott E,1984., "The Organization of Production:Evidence from the Aerospace Industry", Journal of Law & Economics, University of Chicago Press, October,27(2),403-17.
Mei Xue and Joy M. Field,2008,'Service Coproduction with Information Stickiness and Incomplete Contracts:Implications for Consulting Services Design ", Production and Operations Management,17(3),357-372.
Magnus Hennlock,2009, " A Note on the Cost-Benefit Ratio in Self-Enforcing Agreements", Working Papers in Economics.
Mathewson. F. and R. Winter.1985."The Economics of Franchise Contracts ", Journal of Law and Economics,28,503,26.
Nathan Nunn,2007, "Relationship-Specificity, Incomplete Contracts, and the Pattern of Trade", The Quarterly Journal of Economics,122(2),569-600.
Noldeke, G. and Schmidt, K.,1995, "Option Contracts and Renegotiation:A Solutin to the Hold-up Problem", Rand Journal of Economics,26(2),163-79.
Na, S. and H. Shin,1998, "International Environmental Agreements under Uncertainty", Oxford Economic Papers,50,173-185.
Oliver Hart and John Moore,1988, "Incomplete Contracts and Re-negotiation", Eco nometrica,56,775-785.
Oliver Hart & John Moore,1990, "Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm ", Journal of Political Economy,98(6),1119-1158.
Oliver Hart, and J.Moore,1999, " Foundations of Incomplete Contracts", Reviews of Economic Studies,66,115-38.
Oliver Hart, and B. Holmstrom,2002, "A Theory of Firm Scope", mimeo, Harvard University.
Oliver Hart and John Moore,2007, "Incomplete Contracts and Ownership:Some New Thoughts", American economic review, May,97(2),182-186.
Oliver Hart and John Moore,2008, "Contracts as Reference Points", Quarterly Journal of Economics,123(1),1-48.
Hart, Oliver,2008, "Economica Coase Lecture ", Reference Points and the Theory ofthe Firm, Economica, August,75(299),404-411.
Oliver Hart.2008, "Hold-Up, Asset Ownership, and Reference Points", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, MIT Press,124(1),267-300.
Oliver Hart, and Bengt Holmstrom.2010, "A Theory of Firm Scope", Quarterly Journal of Economics,125(2),483-513.
Ola Kvaloy,2006, " Self-enforcing contracts in agriculture ", European Review of Agricultural Economics,33 (1),73-92.
Oxenfeldt. Mired R. and kelly, Anthony O.,1968. " Will Successful Franchise System Ultimately Become Wholly-owned Chains?".Journal of retailing, W'mterM,68/69(44),15,69.
Pablo Casas-Arce and Thomas Kittsteiner.2010.Opportunism and Incomplete Contracts.
Perry, Martin K.,1978, "Price Discrimination and Forward Investigation", Bell. Journal of Economics, Spring,9,209-217.
Pol Antras,2005."Incomplete Contracts and the Product Cycle", American Economic Review, American Economic Association, September,95(4),1054-1073.
Rasmusen. E. B.,2001,'Explaining Incomplete Contracts as the Result of Contract-Reading Costs", Journal of Advances in Economic Analysis Policy, Article2,1(1).1-32.
Rubio, S. and A.Ulph,2006,"Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements Revisited, "Oxford Economic Papers,58,233-263.
Rodney L. Stump, Ashwin W. Joshi & Keysuk Kim,2001,"A Model of Self-Enforcing Agreement Use in Business-to-Business Exchange Relationships"' http://impgroup.org/uploads/papers/262.pdf
Robert E. Scott & George G. Triantis,2005,Incomplete Contracts and the Theory of Contract Design,56,187.
Ramon Casadesus-Masanell and Daniel Spulber,2001, " The Fable of Fisher Body Revisited", Working Paper,10-081. http://pdffinder.net/The-Fable-of-Fisher-Body-Revisited.html.
Segal, I.,1999, "Complexity and renegotiation:a foundation for incomplete contract' Review of Economic Studies,66.57-82.
Schwartz A.,1992, "Legal contracts theories and incomplete contracts",In Werin L., Wijkander. H. Contracts Economics,76-108.
Schmitz, Patrick W.,2008,"Incomplete contracts, the hold-up problem, and asymmetric information", Economics Letters, April,Elsevier,99(1),119-122.
Sinclair-Desgagne B.,2001, " Incentives In Common Agency ", Cirano Scientific Series.
Stigler, George,1951, "The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market", Journal of Political Economy, Jun,59(3),185-193.
Scott Gehlbach,2006, "The Consequences of Collective Action:An Incomplete-Contracts Approach ", American Journal of Political Science.50(3),802-823.
Strieborny, M. & Kukenova, M.,2010, "Investment in Relationship-Specific Assets:Does Finance Matter?", Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research, Discussion Paper.38S.
Takashi Kunimoto,2010, " Indescribability and Its Irrelevance for Contractual Incompleteness", Review of Economic Design.14,271-289.
Thomas Gall,2010, "Inequality, Incomplete Contracts, and the Size Distribution of Business Firms", International Economic Review, May,51(2),335-364.
Tirole, J.,1999, "Incomplete contracts:where do we stand?", Econometrica,67(4), 741-781.
Telser, Lester G.,1980, "A theory of Self-Enforcing Agreements", Journal of Business, 53 (1),27-44.
Timothy J. Muris,2000, The FTC and the Law of Monopolization, School of Law. Law and Economics Research Papers Series", Working Paper,00-34.
Ulph, A.,2004, "Stable International Environmental Agreements with a Stock Pollutant, Uncertainty and Learning", Journal of Risk and Uncertainty,29,53-73.
Willianmson,O. E,1967, "Hierarchical Control and Optimum Firm Size", Journal of Political Economy,75(2),123-138.
——,1971, "The Vertical Integration of Production:Market Failure Consideration", The American Economic Review,61,112-123.
——.1971, "The Vertical Integration of Product ion:Market Failure Considerations.' American Economic Review,61 (2).
——,1975,'Markets and Hierarchies:Analysis and Antitrust Implications ",New York:Free Press.
——,1979, "Transaction-Cost Economics:The Governance of Contractual Relations", Journal of Law and Economics,22,233-261.
——,1983, "Credible Commitments:Using Hostages to Support Exchange, " American Economic Review, American Economic Association, September,73(4),519-40.
——,1985, " The Economic Institutions of Capitalism", New York:Free Press.
——,1988, "The Logic of Economic organization", Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,4,65-91.
——.1991, " Comparative economic organization:The analysis of discrete structural alternative". Administrative Science Quarterly,36,269-296.
——.1996, "Comparative Economic Organization:The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives " In The Mechanisms of Governance,93.
——,1996, "The Mechanism of Governance", New York:Oxford Univ. Press.
——,2000,"The new institutional economics:taking stock, looking ahead", Jel, ⅩⅧ: 595-613.
Whinston, M.,2001, "Assessing the Property Rights and Transaction—Cost Theories of Firm Scope ", American Economic Review,91 (2),184-188.
Whinston, M.,2003, "On the Transaction Cost Determinants of Vertical Integration[J], Journal of Law", Economics and Organization,19(1).1-23.
Whinston, Michael,2003,'On the Transaction Cost Determinants of Vertical Integration" Journal of Law, Economics and Organization,19.
Weiss A,1992, "The role of firm-specific capital in vertical mergers ".Journal of Law and Economics,35(1),71-88.
Zingales,1997, L. " Corporate governance ", Nber Working Paper,6309,12-14.