风力发电系统运行与控制方法研究
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摘要
风能是一种清洁、实用、经济和环境友好的替代能源,与其它可再生能源一道,可以为人类发展提供可持续的能源基础。在未来能源系统中,风电具有重要的战略地位。
人类利用风能已经有数千年历史,现代风电研究与开发也有30多年的历史。许多国家投入了大量人力、物力对风力发电进行长期研究,这些研究成果使风力发电技术不断得到提高。风电开发多年来一直保持很高的增长速度,近几年中国的风电装机容量几乎以每年翻一番的速度迅猛发展。
由于风力发电使用的一次能源——风能具有能量密度低、波动性大、不能直接储存等特点,风力发电领域仍然有许多问题需要进一步深入研究。风速的波动性和间歇性给风轮机运行、控制及风电并网等各个环节带来一系列影响,使风力发电表现出与传统发电方式截然不同的特性,是大多数风力发电运行与控制问题的根本原因所在。因此,本文紧紧围绕风速的波动性、间歇性这条线索,从风特征研究、短期风速仿真、小时风速预测、电力系统短期负荷预测,到水电-风电联合运行、飞轮辅助的风力发电系统功率与频率综合控制等方面,对风力发电运行与控制问题进行了研究。主要内容如下:
(1)对风能利用所涉及的问题进行了广泛的文献研究,将风能利用研究领域分类为:①风电气象学、风能资源评估与风电场建设,②风力发电设备及联网方式,③风力发电系统的运行与控制,④风电场管理与风力发电安全问题,⑤风力发电新概念、实验研究与现场测试等5个分支研究领域,并对每个分支研究领域进行了综述,旨在为深入研究提供一条有参考价值的线索。
(2)提出了用实测风速校正的短期风速仿真方法,其基本思路是:首先用基于风速Kaimal谱的仿真模型得到初步仿真风速,然后用实测风速通过谱模拟对初步仿真风速进行谱校正,校正后的仿真风速能反映特定场址的短期风速变动规律。通过本文的短期风速仿真研究,不仅加深了对短期风速波动规律的认识,而且这种仿真方法也可以用于其它风工程或信号分析领域的仿真研究。
(3)提出了小时风速和电力系统短期负荷的向量自回归模型及预测方法,其基本思想是:首先对周期性变化的小时风速或短期负荷时间序列按时间进行向量化,将单变量时间序列转化为向量时间序列,然后建立向量自回归模型,最后将模型用于预测。单变量时间序列向量化过程完全保留了事物周期性变化的信息,所建立的向量自回归模型能更深刻地揭示事物的变化规律。单变量时间序列向量化是一种具有一定普适性的方法,可广泛用于其它领域周期性时间序列的建模与预测。
(4)用线性规划法研究了水电与风电的联合运行,建立了水电-风电联合运行数学模型——目标函数和约束条件,通过模型求解结果,定量揭示了水电与风电互补性的本质,即:水电可以对风电提供容量支持,风电可以对水电提供电量支持。
(5)提出了用飞轮辅助的风力发电系统功率和频率综合控制方法。通过飞轮的充/放电控制来辅助风力发电,使风力发电-飞轮系统具有传统发电机组的功率和频率控制能力。
最后,对本文5个主要创新性研究成果进行了总结,对这些研究成果的应用和进一步深入研究进行了展望。
Wind energy is a kind of clean, practical, economic and environmentally friendly alternative energy. Together with other forms of renewable energy, wind energy can contribute to a sustainable energy foundation for the human developing. In the future energy system, wind power is of strategic importance.
Wind energy has been utilized for many thousand years. The history of modern wind power research and development is also more than 30 years. Many governments invested a lot of money for long-term wind power research activities. In recent years, the wind power installed capacity has gained dramatically high growing rates in China, almost doubled her total installed capacity every year.
Wind energy is characterized by its low energy density, variability, intermittence and can not be directly stored. These characteristics lead to lots and lots of problems remained unsolved in the domain of wind power research. The variation and intermission of wind has notable impact on the wind turbine operation, control and wind power integration into power grid. Obviously, the variability and intermittence of wind are the primary reasons of problems involved in wind power operation and control. Based on the above mentioned analysis, this dissertation researched on several problems related to wind power operation and control, including wind characteristics, short-term wind speed simulation, hourly wind speed forecasting, short-term power system load forecasting, combined operation of hydro power generation and wind power generation, as well as synthesized power and frequency control of wind power generation system assisted through flywheels. The main contributions of this dissertation were summarized as follows.
(1) A large amount of literate related to wind energy utilization has been studied. The domain of wind energy research has been cataloged into 5 main subdomains:①wind power meteorology, wind energy resource assessment, and wind power project construction;②wind power equipment and power grid integration;③wind power system operation and control;④wind farm management and wind power security issues;⑤new concept of wind power generation, experimental research and field measurement. Reviewing remarks have been made on every subdomain. The purpose of this literate reviewing is directed to provide a valuable clue for deep research on wind energy development.
(2) A short-term wind speed simulation method has been proposed. The basic idea of this method is as follows. Firstly, a primary wind speed series was obtained through a model based on Kaimal wind speed power spectral density. Then, a method called spectrum mimicry was applied to the primary simulated wind speed series to correct it. After correcting, the final resulting simulated wind speed series could be able to reflect the special site characteristic wind speed fluctuations. This simulation method should be useful in a wide area of studies, such as other wind engineering and signal analysis.
(3) A vector autogression model has been proposed for the hourly wind speed forecasting and short-term power system load forecasting. The main ideas of the proposed modelling and forecasting method are as follows. Firstly, the periodic hourly wind speed time series or short-term power system load time series was vectorized according to the different time of a day. This processing transferred a univariate time series to a vector time series. Secondly, a vector autogression (VAR) model was set up with vectorized time series. Finally, the resulting VAR model was applied to the forecasting of hourly wind speeds or short-term power system loads. The periodic variation information was preserved in the transformation of a univariate time series to a vector time series, so the resulting VAR model could reveal more foundational characteristics hided in the time series. The proposed vectorization of a univarate time series is a generalized method, and could be suitable for modeling and forecasting of other periodic time series.
(4) A linear programming model was proposed for combined operation of a hydro power station and a wind farm. The real value of the model is embedded in its objective function and constrains considered in the model. The solution obtained from the proposed revealed quatificationally the complement between hydro power and wind power. The complement advantages come from the fact that the hydro power station can provide capacity supporting to the wind farm and simultaneously the wind farm can provide energy supporting to the hydro power station.
(5) A synthesized power and frequency control method of wind power generation system assisted through flywheels has been proposed. A scheme of wind power generation system assisted through flywheels has been studied, in order to ensure that the flywheel-wind power generation system has justice power and frequency control capability as a traditional generation unit.
At the end of the dissertation, five main innovative results were summarized, the application of these results and a perspective on the further research opportunity were presented.
人类利用风能已经有数千年历史,现代风电研究与开发也有30多年的历史。许多国家投入了大量人力、物力对风力发电进行长期研究,这些研究成果使风力发电技术不断得到提高。风电开发多年来一直保持很高的增长速度,近几年中国的风电装机容量几乎以每年翻一番的速度迅猛发展。
由于风力发电使用的一次能源——风能具有能量密度低、波动性大、不能直接储存等特点,风力发电领域仍然有许多问题需要进一步深入研究。风速的波动性和间歇性给风轮机运行、控制及风电并网等各个环节带来一系列影响,使风力发电表现出与传统发电方式截然不同的特性,是大多数风力发电运行与控制问题的根本原因所在。因此,本文紧紧围绕风速的波动性、间歇性这条线索,从风特征研究、短期风速仿真、小时风速预测、电力系统短期负荷预测,到水电-风电联合运行、飞轮辅助的风力发电系统功率与频率综合控制等方面,对风力发电运行与控制问题进行了研究。主要内容如下:
(1)对风能利用所涉及的问题进行了广泛的文献研究,将风能利用研究领域分类为:①风电气象学、风能资源评估与风电场建设,②风力发电设备及联网方式,③风力发电系统的运行与控制,④风电场管理与风力发电安全问题,⑤风力发电新概念、实验研究与现场测试等5个分支研究领域,并对每个分支研究领域进行了综述,旨在为深入研究提供一条有参考价值的线索。
(2)提出了用实测风速校正的短期风速仿真方法,其基本思路是:首先用基于风速Kaimal谱的仿真模型得到初步仿真风速,然后用实测风速通过谱模拟对初步仿真风速进行谱校正,校正后的仿真风速能反映特定场址的短期风速变动规律。通过本文的短期风速仿真研究,不仅加深了对短期风速波动规律的认识,而且这种仿真方法也可以用于其它风工程或信号分析领域的仿真研究。
(3)提出了小时风速和电力系统短期负荷的向量自回归模型及预测方法,其基本思想是:首先对周期性变化的小时风速或短期负荷时间序列按时间进行向量化,将单变量时间序列转化为向量时间序列,然后建立向量自回归模型,最后将模型用于预测。单变量时间序列向量化过程完全保留了事物周期性变化的信息,所建立的向量自回归模型能更深刻地揭示事物的变化规律。单变量时间序列向量化是一种具有一定普适性的方法,可广泛用于其它领域周期性时间序列的建模与预测。
(4)用线性规划法研究了水电与风电的联合运行,建立了水电-风电联合运行数学模型——目标函数和约束条件,通过模型求解结果,定量揭示了水电与风电互补性的本质,即:水电可以对风电提供容量支持,风电可以对水电提供电量支持。
(5)提出了用飞轮辅助的风力发电系统功率和频率综合控制方法。通过飞轮的充/放电控制来辅助风力发电,使风力发电-飞轮系统具有传统发电机组的功率和频率控制能力。
最后,对本文5个主要创新性研究成果进行了总结,对这些研究成果的应用和进一步深入研究进行了展望。
Wind energy is a kind of clean, practical, economic and environmentally friendly alternative energy. Together with other forms of renewable energy, wind energy can contribute to a sustainable energy foundation for the human developing. In the future energy system, wind power is of strategic importance.
Wind energy has been utilized for many thousand years. The history of modern wind power research and development is also more than 30 years. Many governments invested a lot of money for long-term wind power research activities. In recent years, the wind power installed capacity has gained dramatically high growing rates in China, almost doubled her total installed capacity every year.
Wind energy is characterized by its low energy density, variability, intermittence and can not be directly stored. These characteristics lead to lots and lots of problems remained unsolved in the domain of wind power research. The variation and intermission of wind has notable impact on the wind turbine operation, control and wind power integration into power grid. Obviously, the variability and intermittence of wind are the primary reasons of problems involved in wind power operation and control. Based on the above mentioned analysis, this dissertation researched on several problems related to wind power operation and control, including wind characteristics, short-term wind speed simulation, hourly wind speed forecasting, short-term power system load forecasting, combined operation of hydro power generation and wind power generation, as well as synthesized power and frequency control of wind power generation system assisted through flywheels. The main contributions of this dissertation were summarized as follows.
(1) A large amount of literate related to wind energy utilization has been studied. The domain of wind energy research has been cataloged into 5 main subdomains:①wind power meteorology, wind energy resource assessment, and wind power project construction;②wind power equipment and power grid integration;③wind power system operation and control;④wind farm management and wind power security issues;⑤new concept of wind power generation, experimental research and field measurement. Reviewing remarks have been made on every subdomain. The purpose of this literate reviewing is directed to provide a valuable clue for deep research on wind energy development.
(2) A short-term wind speed simulation method has been proposed. The basic idea of this method is as follows. Firstly, a primary wind speed series was obtained through a model based on Kaimal wind speed power spectral density. Then, a method called spectrum mimicry was applied to the primary simulated wind speed series to correct it. After correcting, the final resulting simulated wind speed series could be able to reflect the special site characteristic wind speed fluctuations. This simulation method should be useful in a wide area of studies, such as other wind engineering and signal analysis.
(3) A vector autogression model has been proposed for the hourly wind speed forecasting and short-term power system load forecasting. The main ideas of the proposed modelling and forecasting method are as follows. Firstly, the periodic hourly wind speed time series or short-term power system load time series was vectorized according to the different time of a day. This processing transferred a univariate time series to a vector time series. Secondly, a vector autogression (VAR) model was set up with vectorized time series. Finally, the resulting VAR model was applied to the forecasting of hourly wind speeds or short-term power system loads. The periodic variation information was preserved in the transformation of a univariate time series to a vector time series, so the resulting VAR model could reveal more foundational characteristics hided in the time series. The proposed vectorization of a univarate time series is a generalized method, and could be suitable for modeling and forecasting of other periodic time series.
(4) A linear programming model was proposed for combined operation of a hydro power station and a wind farm. The real value of the model is embedded in its objective function and constrains considered in the model. The solution obtained from the proposed revealed quatificationally the complement between hydro power and wind power. The complement advantages come from the fact that the hydro power station can provide capacity supporting to the wind farm and simultaneously the wind farm can provide energy supporting to the hydro power station.
(5) A synthesized power and frequency control method of wind power generation system assisted through flywheels has been proposed. A scheme of wind power generation system assisted through flywheels has been studied, in order to ensure that the flywheel-wind power generation system has justice power and frequency control capability as a traditional generation unit.
At the end of the dissertation, five main innovative results were summarized, the application of these results and a perspective on the further research opportunity were presented.
引文
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