锅炉监控系统开发及热平衡控制研究
|
摘要
取暖锅炉是重要的民用设备。目前,我国北方地区取暖锅炉的使用非常广泛,但是其中大部分自动控制水平很低,且存在燃烧不彻底、排烟热损大等问题,导致锅炉热效率低下和能量的浪费,同时也造成了对环境的污染。
锅炉系统是一个典型的非线性时变多变量耦合系统,系统存在惯性滞后,难以建立精确的数学模型,用常规的控制手段如PID控制难以得到理想的控制效果。而目前智能控制理论及智能控制方法的发展为锅炉控制提供了更多解决方案,以实现锅炉有效控制。其中,模糊控制技术作为一种较成熟的方法已越来越多地被应用于锅炉控制系统中。同时,随着自动化技术和计算机技术的发展,出现了以PLC为代表、以程序控制取代人工控制的智能控制器。
本文在模糊智能控制技术理论研究的基础上,以丹东稳压给水设备厂供暖锅炉为对象,对供暖锅炉控制的关键技术进行了研究。通过对供暖锅炉实际运行工况的分析,对这种非线性大时滞系统的控制,提出了一种控制方案,主要包括三个控制回路：给粉量控制回路、燃烧最优控制回路和炉膛负压控制回路。根据不同的控制回路的特点,采用模糊PID复合控制方法控制给煤量,采用模糊自寻优方法控制最优风煤比,采用前馈-反馈方法控制炉膛负压。并通过对锅炉热平衡的分析,找出影响锅炉运行的主要因素,在线计算锅炉热效率,为锅炉有效控制提供了理论基础。
该项目的现场控制系统采用的是德国SIEMENS公司的S7-300系列PLC做主站,分布式I/O ET200M做从站,构成的PROFIBUS-DP二级总线控制系统。运用与之相配套的STEP7编程软件进行编程和组态。
上位机选用性能稳定、抗干扰性能好的工控机。同样采用了德国SIEMENS公司的工控组态软件WINCC对上位机的人机界面进行设计和组态,实现各种现场数据的实时监控、显示和记录。人机界面包括导航画面、锅炉运行画面、记录查询画面、报警画面、报表打印画面、参数设定画面、实时曲线显示画面等操作显示画面。
Heat boiler is very important for civil applications. Nowadays, it is widely used in the north region of China. But the automation technology of most of the boilers' control systems are undeveloped, and there are a lot of problems, such as burning incompleteness, big expense quantity of heat. The result is energy wasting, low thermal efficiency and environmental pollution.
The boiler system is a typical nonlinear, time varying, multivariable coupling system. The system has big inertia delay, and it is difficult to set up accurate mathematics model. So we could not get ideal control result by using PID controller. Fortunately, the development of the intellectual control theory and intellectual control method has offered more solutions for boiler systems, and make sure that the boiler is controlled effectively. As a proven technique the fuzzy control technology has already been applied in the control system of the boiler more and more widely. At the same time, with the development of Computer and Automation technology, PLC systems are introduced, which are intellectual systems and can be used to take place of human control.
In this thesis, based on the research about fuzzy control technology, a heat boiler of one factory region is considered. Some key control technology to control the heat boiler is researched. By analyzing the running status of the boiler a control program is presented for the nonlinear, long delay system. In the program control system is consisted by three loops that is the fuel quantity control loop, the optimal ratio of blast-coal control loop and the hearth pressure control loop. Different loop has different character, so we use different control strategy. We use a FUZZY-PID controller to control the fuel quantity and a fuzzy self-seeking optimal point strategy is used to obtain the optimal ratio of blast and fuel. Finally a feed forward and feed back strategy is applied to control the hearth's pressure. By analyzing the boiler's heat balance, we can find the major factor about boiler's running and compute the boiler's combustion efficiency on-line. And this theory can be used in boiler control system effectively.
The field control system is composed by the PROFIBUS-DP field-bus control system with the SIEMENS S7-300 PLC as the master station and the ET200M distributed I/O as the slave station. The system is programmed by the corresponding program software——STEP 7.
The industrial personal computer (IPC), with high stabilization and anti-jamming performance, has been selected as upper computer. The Human Machine Interface (HMI) has been designed by SIEMENS WINCC to supervise, log and control the real time data. The HMI includes guide, running of the boilers, records checking, alarming, reporting, parameters setting, real time trend curve, and so on.
锅炉系统是一个典型的非线性时变多变量耦合系统,系统存在惯性滞后,难以建立精确的数学模型,用常规的控制手段如PID控制难以得到理想的控制效果。而目前智能控制理论及智能控制方法的发展为锅炉控制提供了更多解决方案,以实现锅炉有效控制。其中,模糊控制技术作为一种较成熟的方法已越来越多地被应用于锅炉控制系统中。同时,随着自动化技术和计算机技术的发展,出现了以PLC为代表、以程序控制取代人工控制的智能控制器。
本文在模糊智能控制技术理论研究的基础上,以丹东稳压给水设备厂供暖锅炉为对象,对供暖锅炉控制的关键技术进行了研究。通过对供暖锅炉实际运行工况的分析,对这种非线性大时滞系统的控制,提出了一种控制方案,主要包括三个控制回路：给粉量控制回路、燃烧最优控制回路和炉膛负压控制回路。根据不同的控制回路的特点,采用模糊PID复合控制方法控制给煤量,采用模糊自寻优方法控制最优风煤比,采用前馈-反馈方法控制炉膛负压。并通过对锅炉热平衡的分析,找出影响锅炉运行的主要因素,在线计算锅炉热效率,为锅炉有效控制提供了理论基础。
该项目的现场控制系统采用的是德国SIEMENS公司的S7-300系列PLC做主站,分布式I/O ET200M做从站,构成的PROFIBUS-DP二级总线控制系统。运用与之相配套的STEP7编程软件进行编程和组态。
上位机选用性能稳定、抗干扰性能好的工控机。同样采用了德国SIEMENS公司的工控组态软件WINCC对上位机的人机界面进行设计和组态,实现各种现场数据的实时监控、显示和记录。人机界面包括导航画面、锅炉运行画面、记录查询画面、报警画面、报表打印画面、参数设定画面、实时曲线显示画面等操作显示画面。
Heat boiler is very important for civil applications. Nowadays, it is widely used in the north region of China. But the automation technology of most of the boilers' control systems are undeveloped, and there are a lot of problems, such as burning incompleteness, big expense quantity of heat. The result is energy wasting, low thermal efficiency and environmental pollution.
The boiler system is a typical nonlinear, time varying, multivariable coupling system. The system has big inertia delay, and it is difficult to set up accurate mathematics model. So we could not get ideal control result by using PID controller. Fortunately, the development of the intellectual control theory and intellectual control method has offered more solutions for boiler systems, and make sure that the boiler is controlled effectively. As a proven technique the fuzzy control technology has already been applied in the control system of the boiler more and more widely. At the same time, with the development of Computer and Automation technology, PLC systems are introduced, which are intellectual systems and can be used to take place of human control.
In this thesis, based on the research about fuzzy control technology, a heat boiler of one factory region is considered. Some key control technology to control the heat boiler is researched. By analyzing the running status of the boiler a control program is presented for the nonlinear, long delay system. In the program control system is consisted by three loops that is the fuel quantity control loop, the optimal ratio of blast-coal control loop and the hearth pressure control loop. Different loop has different character, so we use different control strategy. We use a FUZZY-PID controller to control the fuel quantity and a fuzzy self-seeking optimal point strategy is used to obtain the optimal ratio of blast and fuel. Finally a feed forward and feed back strategy is applied to control the hearth's pressure. By analyzing the boiler's heat balance, we can find the major factor about boiler's running and compute the boiler's combustion efficiency on-line. And this theory can be used in boiler control system effectively.
The field control system is composed by the PROFIBUS-DP field-bus control system with the SIEMENS S7-300 PLC as the master station and the ET200M distributed I/O as the slave station. The system is programmed by the corresponding program software——STEP 7.
The industrial personal computer (IPC), with high stabilization and anti-jamming performance, has been selected as upper computer. The Human Machine Interface (HMI) has been designed by SIEMENS WINCC to supervise, log and control the real time data. The HMI includes guide, running of the boilers, records checking, alarming, reporting, parameters setting, real time trend curve, and so on.
引文
[1]张福安.工业锅炉计算机控制技术[J].科技情报开发与经济,2004,14(4)：126-127
[2]王莉.燃煤采暖锅炉DCS监控系统设计[J].微计算机信息.2003,19(10)：16-17
[3]廖世恩,邬京生等.电厂锅炉系统数学仿真模型的建立[J].计算机仿真,1997,14(1)：39-42
[4]邓丽娟.锅炉微机智能控制系统在锅炉房设计中的应用[J].中国勘察设计,2002,4：56-57
[5]PellegrinettiG, BentsmanJ. Nonlinear control oriented boiler modeling a benchmark problem for controller design[J]. IEEE Trans Control Systems Technology,1996:4-34
[6]姜铁源,张来仁等.多台工业锅炉微机控制系统[J].自动化技术与应用,1999,18(4)：26-29
[7]王耀青,刘微.在线调节风／煤比实现经济燃烧控制[J].中国电力,1997：15-16
[8]张亮明,夏桂娟.工业锅炉自动控制[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1987：23-89
[9]奚士光等.锅炉与锅炉房设备[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[10]何志荣,田嘉良.燃煤工业锅炉节能讲座1[M].甘肃能源,2003,1：7-46
[11]李之光.常压热水锅炉及其供暖系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992.
[12]田瑞忠,李砚田,马广富,田春华.供暖锅炉的计算机模糊控制系统设计[J].基础自动化.2001,8(1)：32-35
[13]武国秋,杨俊伟,张凌雁.锅炉自动控制系统节能改造的实现[J].工业锅炉,2006,9：24-27
[14]温卫中,温淑芳.锅炉控制的关键及优化措施[J].山西科技,2005,2：112-113
[15]魏毅立,吴振奎等.采暖锅炉智能控制[J].工业锅炉,2003,4：44-47
[16]刘坚城,王广胜,王平.供热系统的供热调节[J].工业锅炉,2005,1：25-26
[17]张春光,姚晓峰,陈晓侠.锅炉燃烧系统模糊优化方案及实现[J].大连铁道学院学报,2005,26(4)：40-42
[18]吴君达.变频器在链条炉系统中的应用[J].变频器世界,2005,9：112-114
[19]魏毅立,吴振奎等.采暖锅炉智能控制[J].工业锅炉,2003,4：44-47
[20]孙建龙.提高锅炉热效率的途径[J].山西焦煤科技,2005,6：23-25
[21]范从振.锅炉原理[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1996
[22]田加良.工业锅炉热效率计算的另一种表达式[J].能源技术,2003,24(1)：35-36
[23]何志荣,田嘉良.燃煤工业锅炉节能讲座6[J].甘肃能源,2005,2：41-42
[24]何志荣,田嘉良.燃煤工业锅炉节能讲座7[J].甘肃能源,2005,3：23-24
[25]管显兰.工业锅炉热效率与节能潜力[J].应用能源技术,2006,4：23-25
[26]黄金丽,自组织.自组织Fuzzy控制器[J].模糊数学,1983,12：103-108
[27]孙庚山,兰西柱.工程模糊控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1995：4-10
[38]李友善,李军.模糊控制理论及其在过程控制中的应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1993：2-20
[29]章臣秘.锅炉动态特性及其数学模型[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1986：98-99
[30]余永全,曾碧.单片机模糊逻辑控制[M].北京：北京航空航天出版社,1995：6-10
[31]程一,庄诚,安熨南.通用的模糊逻辑控制算法及其应用[J].自动化学报,1992,18(6)：647-653
[32]张化光,柴天佑,陈来九,吕剑红.多变量模糊自校正控制器及其应用[J].控制理论与应用,1993,10(5)：316-319
[33]郭勇,徐伟勇,罗万金,罗雨锋.基于CO/O2协调控制的燃烧经济性模糊寻优控制[J].热力发电,1996,1：17-24
[34]刘建新,郭全立.浅谈铝电解生产采用计算机智能模糊控制系统的生产管理[J].铝镁通讯,2004,1：34-36
[35]Hao.Practial. Design of Nonlinear Fuzzy Controllers with stability analysis for regulating processes with unknown mathematical model [J]. Automatica,1994 30(7):1185-1195
[36]Shihuang Shao. Fuzzy self-organizing controller and its application for dynamic process [J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1997,26:151-164
[37]伍一,任洪斌.智能控制在工业锅炉燃烧系统中的应用[J].黑龙江大学学报,1996,13(3)：43-45
[38]龙升照,汪培庄.Fuzzy控制规则的自调整问题[J].模糊数学,1982,12：105-112
[39]韩秀丽.空气过剩系数对锅炉热效率的影响[J].陕西工学院学报,2002,18(4)：56-58
[40]王岩,强文义.最优风煤比控制技术的研究[J].控制与决策,2001,16(4)：494-496
[41]李瑞,李金仁等.发电厂燃煤锅炉热效率在线监测技术与应用[J].电力学报,2000,15(2)：141-142.
[42]赵阳,沈德雨.一种工业锅炉风煤比快速Fuzzy-PI自寻优模糊控制系统[J].装备指挥技术学院学报,2003,14(4)：86-89.
[43]李士勇.模糊控制和智能控制理论与应用[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1990：18
[44]窦振中.模糊逻辑控制技术[M].北京：北京航空航天出版社,1995：1-20
[45]艾红.锅炉效率动态模糊自寻优控制[J].自动化技术与应用,2002,4：5-8
[46]阮勇.一类模糊PID控制器的设计与分析[J].信息与电子工程,2007,5(3)：216-219
[47]吴坚,赵英凯,黄玉清.计算机控制系统[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2002,8.
[48]赵阳,沈德语.一种工业锅炉风／煤比快速FUZZY-PI自寻优控制系统[J].装备指挥技术学院学报,2003,14(4)：86-89
[49]张晋格,王卓军.计算机控制原理与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2000
[50]高天云.现场总线技术及标准化现状[J].中国仪表用户,2003,4：1-3
[51]SIEMENS SIMATIC NET网络解决方案(产品简介)[M].2000,10
[52]SIMATIC NET Industrial Communication--PROFIBUS Network components[M].2002
[53]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 Programmable Controller Module Specifications Reference Manual[M].2002,11.
[54]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 Automation Systems Hardware and Installation:CPU 312IFM--318-2DP Installation Manual[M].2003,6.
[55]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300和M7-300可编程控制器模板规范参考手册[M].2004,2.
[56]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 ET 200M Automation Systems I/O Modules with Intrinsically-safe signals Manual[M].2003,8.
[57]SIEMENS SIMATIC Distributed I/O Device ET200M Reference Manual[M].2004,5.
[58]SIEMENS SIMATIC ET200 Catalog[M].2004,5.
[59]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 Instruction List CPU Specifications CPUs 312 IFM to 318-2 DP[M].2001,10.
[60]SIMATIC PLC S7-300,CPU Specifications CPU 312 IFM to CPU 318-2 DP Reference Manual[M].2001,10.
[61]SIEMENS SIMATIC SM331; AI8×12 Bit Getting Started Guide[M].2003,9.
[62]SIEMENS SIMATIC NET S7-CPs for Industrial Ethernet[M].2003,2.
[63]SIEMENS SIMATIC CP343 Getting Started Guide[M].2003,6.
[64]SIEMENS SIMATIC IM153 Reference Manual[M].2001.
[65]SIEMENS SIMATIC Industrial Ethernet Wireless LAN CP1613[M].2001,11.
[66]SIEMENS SIMATIC Indutrial Ethernet Wireless LAN RLM Manager CP1613 Manager[M].2001,11.
[67]SIEMENS SIMATIC Industrial Communication for Automation [M].2004,2.
[68]崔坚.西门子工业网络通信指南(上、下册)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005,6.
[69]刘锴,周海.深入浅出西门子S7-300 PLC[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2005,2.
[70]SIEMENS SIMATIC STEP 7 V5.2编程使用手册[M].
[71]SIEMENS SIMATIC Configuring and Communication Connection STEP7 V5.2 Reference Manual[M].
[72]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7 STEP7 Getting Started Guide[M].
[73]SIEMENS SIMATIC Programming with STEP7 V5.2 Reference Manual[M].
[74]SIEMENS SIMATIC Statement List (STL) for S7-300 and S7-400 Programming Reference Manual[M].
[75]马国华.监控组态软件及其应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
[76]苏昆哲.深入浅出西门子WinCC V6[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2004,5.
[77]Overview of SIMATIC WinCC Process Visualization and Platform for IT & Business Integration[M].2003.
[78]WinCC Version 6—System Description Process Visualization and Platform for IT & Business Integration[M].2003.
[79]SIMATIC HMI WinCC V6 Getting Started Reference Manual[M].2003,7.
[80]SIEMENS SIMATIC WinCC使用手册[M].2002,11.
[81]SIEMENS SIMATIC WinCC组态手册[M].2002,11.
[82]SIEMENS SIMATIC WinCC Communication[M].2002,11.
[83]石红瑞,刘玺,刘勇等.二次开发WINCC嵌入模糊控制算法[J].石油化工自动化,2002,1：39-41
[84]李国勇.智能控制及MATLAB实现[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005,5
[85]闻新,周露,李东江,贝超.MATLAB模糊逻辑工具箱的分析与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[86]黄忠霖.控制系统MATLAB计算及仿真[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2001,11
[2]王莉.燃煤采暖锅炉DCS监控系统设计[J].微计算机信息.2003,19(10)：16-17
[3]廖世恩,邬京生等.电厂锅炉系统数学仿真模型的建立[J].计算机仿真,1997,14(1)：39-42
[4]邓丽娟.锅炉微机智能控制系统在锅炉房设计中的应用[J].中国勘察设计,2002,4：56-57
[5]PellegrinettiG, BentsmanJ. Nonlinear control oriented boiler modeling a benchmark problem for controller design[J]. IEEE Trans Control Systems Technology,1996:4-34
[6]姜铁源,张来仁等.多台工业锅炉微机控制系统[J].自动化技术与应用,1999,18(4)：26-29
[7]王耀青,刘微.在线调节风／煤比实现经济燃烧控制[J].中国电力,1997：15-16
[8]张亮明,夏桂娟.工业锅炉自动控制[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1987：23-89
[9]奚士光等.锅炉与锅炉房设备[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999.
[10]何志荣,田嘉良.燃煤工业锅炉节能讲座1[M].甘肃能源,2003,1：7-46
[11]李之光.常压热水锅炉及其供暖系统[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992.
[12]田瑞忠,李砚田,马广富,田春华.供暖锅炉的计算机模糊控制系统设计[J].基础自动化.2001,8(1)：32-35
[13]武国秋,杨俊伟,张凌雁.锅炉自动控制系统节能改造的实现[J].工业锅炉,2006,9：24-27
[14]温卫中,温淑芳.锅炉控制的关键及优化措施[J].山西科技,2005,2：112-113
[15]魏毅立,吴振奎等.采暖锅炉智能控制[J].工业锅炉,2003,4：44-47
[16]刘坚城,王广胜,王平.供热系统的供热调节[J].工业锅炉,2005,1：25-26
[17]张春光,姚晓峰,陈晓侠.锅炉燃烧系统模糊优化方案及实现[J].大连铁道学院学报,2005,26(4)：40-42
[18]吴君达.变频器在链条炉系统中的应用[J].变频器世界,2005,9：112-114
[19]魏毅立,吴振奎等.采暖锅炉智能控制[J].工业锅炉,2003,4：44-47
[20]孙建龙.提高锅炉热效率的途径[J].山西焦煤科技,2005,6：23-25
[21]范从振.锅炉原理[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1996
[22]田加良.工业锅炉热效率计算的另一种表达式[J].能源技术,2003,24(1)：35-36
[23]何志荣,田嘉良.燃煤工业锅炉节能讲座6[J].甘肃能源,2005,2：41-42
[24]何志荣,田嘉良.燃煤工业锅炉节能讲座7[J].甘肃能源,2005,3：23-24
[25]管显兰.工业锅炉热效率与节能潜力[J].应用能源技术,2006,4：23-25
[26]黄金丽,自组织.自组织Fuzzy控制器[J].模糊数学,1983,12：103-108
[27]孙庚山,兰西柱.工程模糊控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1995：4-10
[38]李友善,李军.模糊控制理论及其在过程控制中的应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1993：2-20
[29]章臣秘.锅炉动态特性及其数学模型[M].北京：水利电力出版社,1986：98-99
[30]余永全,曾碧.单片机模糊逻辑控制[M].北京：北京航空航天出版社,1995：6-10
[31]程一,庄诚,安熨南.通用的模糊逻辑控制算法及其应用[J].自动化学报,1992,18(6)：647-653
[32]张化光,柴天佑,陈来九,吕剑红.多变量模糊自校正控制器及其应用[J].控制理论与应用,1993,10(5)：316-319
[33]郭勇,徐伟勇,罗万金,罗雨锋.基于CO/O2协调控制的燃烧经济性模糊寻优控制[J].热力发电,1996,1：17-24
[34]刘建新,郭全立.浅谈铝电解生产采用计算机智能模糊控制系统的生产管理[J].铝镁通讯,2004,1：34-36
[35]Hao.Practial. Design of Nonlinear Fuzzy Controllers with stability analysis for regulating processes with unknown mathematical model [J]. Automatica,1994 30(7):1185-1195
[36]Shihuang Shao. Fuzzy self-organizing controller and its application for dynamic process [J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1997,26:151-164
[37]伍一,任洪斌.智能控制在工业锅炉燃烧系统中的应用[J].黑龙江大学学报,1996,13(3)：43-45
[38]龙升照,汪培庄.Fuzzy控制规则的自调整问题[J].模糊数学,1982,12：105-112
[39]韩秀丽.空气过剩系数对锅炉热效率的影响[J].陕西工学院学报,2002,18(4)：56-58
[40]王岩,强文义.最优风煤比控制技术的研究[J].控制与决策,2001,16(4)：494-496
[41]李瑞,李金仁等.发电厂燃煤锅炉热效率在线监测技术与应用[J].电力学报,2000,15(2)：141-142.
[42]赵阳,沈德雨.一种工业锅炉风煤比快速Fuzzy-PI自寻优模糊控制系统[J].装备指挥技术学院学报,2003,14(4)：86-89.
[43]李士勇.模糊控制和智能控制理论与应用[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1990：18
[44]窦振中.模糊逻辑控制技术[M].北京：北京航空航天出版社,1995：1-20
[45]艾红.锅炉效率动态模糊自寻优控制[J].自动化技术与应用,2002,4：5-8
[46]阮勇.一类模糊PID控制器的设计与分析[J].信息与电子工程,2007,5(3)：216-219
[47]吴坚,赵英凯,黄玉清.计算机控制系统[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社,2002,8.
[48]赵阳,沈德语.一种工业锅炉风／煤比快速FUZZY-PI自寻优控制系统[J].装备指挥技术学院学报,2003,14(4)：86-89
[49]张晋格,王卓军.计算机控制原理与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2000
[50]高天云.现场总线技术及标准化现状[J].中国仪表用户,2003,4：1-3
[51]SIEMENS SIMATIC NET网络解决方案(产品简介)[M].2000,10
[52]SIMATIC NET Industrial Communication--PROFIBUS Network components[M].2002
[53]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 Programmable Controller Module Specifications Reference Manual[M].2002,11.
[54]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 Automation Systems Hardware and Installation:CPU 312IFM--318-2DP Installation Manual[M].2003,6.
[55]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300和M7-300可编程控制器模板规范参考手册[M].2004,2.
[56]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 ET 200M Automation Systems I/O Modules with Intrinsically-safe signals Manual[M].2003,8.
[57]SIEMENS SIMATIC Distributed I/O Device ET200M Reference Manual[M].2004,5.
[58]SIEMENS SIMATIC ET200 Catalog[M].2004,5.
[59]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300 Instruction List CPU Specifications CPUs 312 IFM to 318-2 DP[M].2001,10.
[60]SIMATIC PLC S7-300,CPU Specifications CPU 312 IFM to CPU 318-2 DP Reference Manual[M].2001,10.
[61]SIEMENS SIMATIC SM331; AI8×12 Bit Getting Started Guide[M].2003,9.
[62]SIEMENS SIMATIC NET S7-CPs for Industrial Ethernet[M].2003,2.
[63]SIEMENS SIMATIC CP343 Getting Started Guide[M].2003,6.
[64]SIEMENS SIMATIC IM153 Reference Manual[M].2001.
[65]SIEMENS SIMATIC Industrial Ethernet Wireless LAN CP1613[M].2001,11.
[66]SIEMENS SIMATIC Indutrial Ethernet Wireless LAN RLM Manager CP1613 Manager[M].2001,11.
[67]SIEMENS SIMATIC Industrial Communication for Automation [M].2004,2.
[68]崔坚.西门子工业网络通信指南(上、下册)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005,6.
[69]刘锴,周海.深入浅出西门子S7-300 PLC[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2005,2.
[70]SIEMENS SIMATIC STEP 7 V5.2编程使用手册[M].
[71]SIEMENS SIMATIC Configuring and Communication Connection STEP7 V5.2 Reference Manual[M].
[72]SIEMENS SIMATIC S7 STEP7 Getting Started Guide[M].
[73]SIEMENS SIMATIC Programming with STEP7 V5.2 Reference Manual[M].
[74]SIEMENS SIMATIC Statement List (STL) for S7-300 and S7-400 Programming Reference Manual[M].
[75]马国华.监控组态软件及其应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2001.
[76]苏昆哲.深入浅出西门子WinCC V6[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2004,5.
[77]Overview of SIMATIC WinCC Process Visualization and Platform for IT & Business Integration[M].2003.
[78]WinCC Version 6—System Description Process Visualization and Platform for IT & Business Integration[M].2003.
[79]SIMATIC HMI WinCC V6 Getting Started Reference Manual[M].2003,7.
[80]SIEMENS SIMATIC WinCC使用手册[M].2002,11.
[81]SIEMENS SIMATIC WinCC组态手册[M].2002,11.
[82]SIEMENS SIMATIC WinCC Communication[M].2002,11.
[83]石红瑞,刘玺,刘勇等.二次开发WINCC嵌入模糊控制算法[J].石油化工自动化,2002,1：39-41
[84]李国勇.智能控制及MATLAB实现[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005,5
[85]闻新,周露,李东江,贝超.MATLAB模糊逻辑工具箱的分析与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2002
[86]黄忠霖.控制系统MATLAB计算及仿真[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2001,11