新疆医科大学、南湖小区既有建筑围护结构能耗分析及节能改造研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展,建筑能耗在国家能耗消耗中所占的比重逐渐增大。建筑节能成为减少建筑能耗的重要措施,更是社会关注的热点话题。地处严寒地区的乌鲁木齐市,采暖能耗是建筑能耗的主要部分。降低建筑能源需求成为建筑节能的首要问题。
本文对乌鲁木齐市新疆医科大学、南湖小区共59幢既有采暖住宅的建筑信息现状进行了调研统计,从朝向、外墙构造、屋顶保温材料、外窗形式、单元数、楼层数等参数的分布情况,得到本文研究的基础建筑模型。为了了解这些既有建筑围护结构的热工性能,文中采用热流计法测试了4栋建筑物外墙、屋顶的传热系数。
本文分别用稳态法与计算机模拟法计算了基础建筑的耗热量指标。在稳态法中,以基础建筑为模型,利用外墙、屋顶传热系数的测试值,计算出建筑物采暖耗热量指标,并分析各部分围护结构能耗权重。为了更接近建筑的实际使用情况及满足住户的热舒适性要求,本文将封闭阳台归类为采暖房间,重新计算基础建筑的耗热量指标。对比基础建筑的耗热量指标与乌鲁木齐市节能50%的耗热量指标值,判断基础建筑为非节能建筑。利用DeST-h做基础建筑采暖期热负荷模拟计算,并模拟各房间自然室温,发现建筑顶层西北向房间室内热环境最差。介绍了建筑各围护结构节能改造的各种措施,特别给出了新疆建筑外墙保温的几种做法。59幢建筑的构造是不同的,利用DeST-h模拟六种围护结构组合的建筑耗热量指标。对影响住宅热负荷的各因素作单因素分析,给出了外墙、屋顶苯板外保温厚度与建筑热负荷指标的对应关系。利用DeST-h模拟两种节能改造方案下的建筑的热负荷,计算出改造后建筑的节能潜力为66.55%。
通过实地调研、测试与软件模拟计算,以基础建筑为模型,详细分析了乌鲁木齐既有建筑能耗现状、节能潜力分析,给出两种节能改造方案,从而降低建筑冬季采暖能耗,为其他既有建筑的节能改造提供参考。
With the development of the economy, energy consumption in building is becoming more and more important in nowadays. Energy efficiency has become a popular issue. Energy efficiency is a main way to save energy. Energy consumed for heating is the leading parts of the building energy consumption in Urumqi. It is the key point of energy saving to reduce the heating loading in the buildings.
Based on the analysis into the buildings of Xinjiang Medical University and Nanhu Area, we put forward the percentage of different orientation, different wall structure, different insulating material in roof and different types of windows. According to the investigation, base building was defined. We tested the overall heat transfer coefficient of exterior wall and roof in four buildings.
Use two methods to calculate the building energy consumption, including Steady-state calculation and computer simulation. Based on the base building model and the heat transfer coefficient of building envelope, the index of heat loss of building was carried out. The proportion of the index of heat loss of every part of envelop was analyzed. To meat the requirement of the thermal comfort, the paper takes the closed balcony as heating room, and calculated the heat consumption indicator of the base building again. Compared the index of heat loss of base building and energy efficiency building in Urumqi, the base building was not an energy-saving building. The heating load of base building was simulated by DeST-h. We simulated the based temperature of the base building with DeST-h. According to the result of based temperature, the room on the top floor in the northwest has the worst thermal environment.
Introduce the efficiency reform ways of ceiling, exterior wall and window, especially the methods in Xinjiang. There are six types of different envelope combination in the 59 buildings. Six buildings’index of heat loss was calculated with DeST-h. The paper made single factor analysis about the influence of ceiling, exterior wall and window to the building heat load; we put out the relationship between the size of the EPS and the building heat load. We simulated the index of heat loss of the energy reformed buildings. According to result, we find there is a huge potential in energy saving, about 66.55%.
Through research, testing and simulation, the energy consumption in existing building in Urumqi was analyzed. The potential of the energy saving in base building was also discussed. Two energy-saving reform programs are given in the paper. It is useful to reduce the heating load by the program. The other existing buildings may reformed through the same way.
本文对乌鲁木齐市新疆医科大学、南湖小区共59幢既有采暖住宅的建筑信息现状进行了调研统计,从朝向、外墙构造、屋顶保温材料、外窗形式、单元数、楼层数等参数的分布情况,得到本文研究的基础建筑模型。为了了解这些既有建筑围护结构的热工性能,文中采用热流计法测试了4栋建筑物外墙、屋顶的传热系数。
本文分别用稳态法与计算机模拟法计算了基础建筑的耗热量指标。在稳态法中,以基础建筑为模型,利用外墙、屋顶传热系数的测试值,计算出建筑物采暖耗热量指标,并分析各部分围护结构能耗权重。为了更接近建筑的实际使用情况及满足住户的热舒适性要求,本文将封闭阳台归类为采暖房间,重新计算基础建筑的耗热量指标。对比基础建筑的耗热量指标与乌鲁木齐市节能50%的耗热量指标值,判断基础建筑为非节能建筑。利用DeST-h做基础建筑采暖期热负荷模拟计算,并模拟各房间自然室温,发现建筑顶层西北向房间室内热环境最差。介绍了建筑各围护结构节能改造的各种措施,特别给出了新疆建筑外墙保温的几种做法。59幢建筑的构造是不同的,利用DeST-h模拟六种围护结构组合的建筑耗热量指标。对影响住宅热负荷的各因素作单因素分析,给出了外墙、屋顶苯板外保温厚度与建筑热负荷指标的对应关系。利用DeST-h模拟两种节能改造方案下的建筑的热负荷,计算出改造后建筑的节能潜力为66.55%。
通过实地调研、测试与软件模拟计算,以基础建筑为模型,详细分析了乌鲁木齐既有建筑能耗现状、节能潜力分析,给出两种节能改造方案,从而降低建筑冬季采暖能耗,为其他既有建筑的节能改造提供参考。
With the development of the economy, energy consumption in building is becoming more and more important in nowadays. Energy efficiency has become a popular issue. Energy efficiency is a main way to save energy. Energy consumed for heating is the leading parts of the building energy consumption in Urumqi. It is the key point of energy saving to reduce the heating loading in the buildings.
Based on the analysis into the buildings of Xinjiang Medical University and Nanhu Area, we put forward the percentage of different orientation, different wall structure, different insulating material in roof and different types of windows. According to the investigation, base building was defined. We tested the overall heat transfer coefficient of exterior wall and roof in four buildings.
Use two methods to calculate the building energy consumption, including Steady-state calculation and computer simulation. Based on the base building model and the heat transfer coefficient of building envelope, the index of heat loss of building was carried out. The proportion of the index of heat loss of every part of envelop was analyzed. To meat the requirement of the thermal comfort, the paper takes the closed balcony as heating room, and calculated the heat consumption indicator of the base building again. Compared the index of heat loss of base building and energy efficiency building in Urumqi, the base building was not an energy-saving building. The heating load of base building was simulated by DeST-h. We simulated the based temperature of the base building with DeST-h. According to the result of based temperature, the room on the top floor in the northwest has the worst thermal environment.
Introduce the efficiency reform ways of ceiling, exterior wall and window, especially the methods in Xinjiang. There are six types of different envelope combination in the 59 buildings. Six buildings’index of heat loss was calculated with DeST-h. The paper made single factor analysis about the influence of ceiling, exterior wall and window to the building heat load; we put out the relationship between the size of the EPS and the building heat load. We simulated the index of heat loss of the energy reformed buildings. According to result, we find there is a huge potential in energy saving, about 66.55%.
Through research, testing and simulation, the energy consumption in existing building in Urumqi was analyzed. The potential of the energy saving in base building was also discussed. Two energy-saving reform programs are given in the paper. It is useful to reduce the heating load by the program. The other existing buildings may reformed through the same way.
引文
[1] 徐占发.建筑节能技术实用手册.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.8
[2] 陈果.乌鲁木齐市城市供热与建筑节能情况简介.中德合作乌鲁木齐—昌吉干旱区特大城市可持续发展与环境保护研究项目会议.乌鲁木齐,2007.1
[3] 根据乌鲁木齐市供热办提供的数据,详见《乌鲁木齐晚报》2006 年 4 月 14 日报道
[4] 王文中,王宝海.上海住宅建筑节能技术与管理.上海:同济大学出版社,2004.3
[5] 陈超,渡边俊行.日本的建筑节能概念与政策.暖通空调,2002,32(6):40～42
[6] M.Taheri, S.Shafie. A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings. Renewable Energy, 1995,6(7):673～678
[7] Ann McNicholl, J.Owen Lewis. Energy efficiency and solar energy in European office buildings: a mid-career education initiative. Energy and Buildings, 2001(33):213～217
[8] M. Bauer. A simplified correlation method accounting for heating and cooling loads in energy-efficient buildings. Energy and Buildings, 1998 (27):147～154
[9] Amulf Grubler: in the 21st century: Resource to Environmental and Lifestyle Constrains ILASA Report
[10] ASHARE HANDBOOK—Fundamentals, Atlanta, 1997
[11] ASHRAE HANDBOOK 1990 FUNDAMENTALS,ASHRAE,1990
[12] The Ove Partnership. Building Design for Energy Economy. By The Pitman Great Britain, 1980: 101～105P
[13] Oktay Ural. Energy Resources and Conservation Relate to Build Environment. Voluml. Miami beach, Florida, 1980: 365～369, 598～611P
[14] Dennis R. Landsberg. Ronald Steward. Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings. State University of New York Press. Albany.1980: 56～57P,290～321P
[15] 李英达.东莞市居住建筑围护结构节能及室内热环境实验测试研究[硕士学位论文]. 广州:广东工业大学,2006
[16] M. Santamouris, C.A.Balaras, E.Dascalaki, A.Gaglia. Energy Conservation and Retrofitting in Hellenic Hotels. Energy and Buildings, 1996: 24:65～75P
[17] P.C.Thomas, Bhaskar Natarajan, S.Anand. Energy Conservation Guidelines for Government Office Buildings in New Delhi. Energy and Buildings, 1990/1991: 15～16:617～623P
[18] 皱源.夏热冬暖地区居住建筑热工性能及能耗的模拟分析[硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2004
[19] 启明.美、英、加等国家建筑节能借鉴.建材工业信息,2005
[20] 隋艳娥.居住建筑节能研究[工程硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005
[21] 张志刚.能耗·建筑·节能.城市,2005.4
[22] 黄其励.节约能源与可持续发展.电力设备,2004,5(2)::5～7
[23] 左现广,唐鸣放.国内外建筑能耗调查与统计研究.重庆建筑,2003
[24] 杨骏等.新疆北部地区居住建筑的节能设计.低温建筑技术,2004(5):91～92
[25] 中国建筑科学研究院.JGJ132-2001.采暖居住建筑节能检验标准.北京:2001
[26] ISO9869, Thermal insulation—building elements—In-situ measurement of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance
[27] ASTMC1046-95(Reapproved 2001) Standard Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and Temperature on Building Envelope Components
[28] ISO6781, Thermal insulation—Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes—Infrared method
[29] 中华人民共和国建设部.GB50178-93.建筑气候区划标准.北京:1993
[30] 金鑫、李俊龙.浅谈冬季室内墙体结露、发霉及防治.林业科技情报,2001(2)
[31] 鄢涛.深圳市公共建筑能耗与节能分析[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2005
[32] 龙惟定.用 BIN 参数作建筑无能耗分析.暖通空调,1992,22(2):6～10
[33] 陆耀庆.实用供热空调设计手册(第一版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993
[34] 李涛.北京农村住宅采暖节能研究及太阳能—蓄热地板传热特性分析[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2007
[35] 新疆维吾尔自治区建设厅.XJJ001-1999.民用建筑节能设计标准(采暖居住建筑部分)新疆维吾尔自治区实施细则.乌鲁木齐:2000
[36] 高甫生,王砚玲.多层建筑渗风量计算方法与程序.哈尔滨建筑大学学报,2002(6)
[37] 董重成,李岩.住宅建筑封闭阳台温差修正系数的确定.2006 全国暖通年会会议论文
[38] Koray ulgen. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Effects of Wall’s Thermophysical Properties on Time Lag and Decrement Factor. Energy and Buildings, 2002,(34): 273～278
[39] 张雪松.上海地区住宅节能设计研究—外围护结构节能构造设计[硕士学位论文].上海:同济大学,2006
[40] 北京中建建筑设计院.JGJ129-2000.既有采暖居住建筑节能改造技术规程.北京:2001
[41] 王立雄.建筑节能.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.5
[42] 涂逢祥.节能窗技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.9.
[2] 陈果.乌鲁木齐市城市供热与建筑节能情况简介.中德合作乌鲁木齐—昌吉干旱区特大城市可持续发展与环境保护研究项目会议.乌鲁木齐,2007.1
[3] 根据乌鲁木齐市供热办提供的数据,详见《乌鲁木齐晚报》2006 年 4 月 14 日报道
[4] 王文中,王宝海.上海住宅建筑节能技术与管理.上海:同济大学出版社,2004.3
[5] 陈超,渡边俊行.日本的建筑节能概念与政策.暖通空调,2002,32(6):40～42
[6] M.Taheri, S.Shafie. A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings. Renewable Energy, 1995,6(7):673～678
[7] Ann McNicholl, J.Owen Lewis. Energy efficiency and solar energy in European office buildings: a mid-career education initiative. Energy and Buildings, 2001(33):213～217
[8] M. Bauer. A simplified correlation method accounting for heating and cooling loads in energy-efficient buildings. Energy and Buildings, 1998 (27):147～154
[9] Amulf Grubler: in the 21st century: Resource to Environmental and Lifestyle Constrains ILASA Report
[10] ASHARE HANDBOOK—Fundamentals, Atlanta, 1997
[11] ASHRAE HANDBOOK 1990 FUNDAMENTALS,ASHRAE,1990
[12] The Ove Partnership. Building Design for Energy Economy. By The Pitman Great Britain, 1980: 101～105P
[13] Oktay Ural. Energy Resources and Conservation Relate to Build Environment. Voluml. Miami beach, Florida, 1980: 365～369, 598～611P
[14] Dennis R. Landsberg. Ronald Steward. Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings. State University of New York Press. Albany.1980: 56～57P,290～321P
[15] 李英达.东莞市居住建筑围护结构节能及室内热环境实验测试研究[硕士学位论文]. 广州:广东工业大学,2006
[16] M. Santamouris, C.A.Balaras, E.Dascalaki, A.Gaglia. Energy Conservation and Retrofitting in Hellenic Hotels. Energy and Buildings, 1996: 24:65～75P
[17] P.C.Thomas, Bhaskar Natarajan, S.Anand. Energy Conservation Guidelines for Government Office Buildings in New Delhi. Energy and Buildings, 1990/1991: 15～16:617～623P
[18] 皱源.夏热冬暖地区居住建筑热工性能及能耗的模拟分析[硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2004
[19] 启明.美、英、加等国家建筑节能借鉴.建材工业信息,2005
[20] 隋艳娥.居住建筑节能研究[工程硕士学位论文].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005
[21] 张志刚.能耗·建筑·节能.城市,2005.4
[22] 黄其励.节约能源与可持续发展.电力设备,2004,5(2)::5～7
[23] 左现广,唐鸣放.国内外建筑能耗调查与统计研究.重庆建筑,2003
[24] 杨骏等.新疆北部地区居住建筑的节能设计.低温建筑技术,2004(5):91～92
[25] 中国建筑科学研究院.JGJ132-2001.采暖居住建筑节能检验标准.北京:2001
[26] ISO9869, Thermal insulation—building elements—In-situ measurement of thermal resistance and thermal transmittance
[27] ASTMC1046-95(Reapproved 2001) Standard Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and Temperature on Building Envelope Components
[28] ISO6781, Thermal insulation—Qualitative detection of thermal irregularities in building envelopes—Infrared method
[29] 中华人民共和国建设部.GB50178-93.建筑气候区划标准.北京:1993
[30] 金鑫、李俊龙.浅谈冬季室内墙体结露、发霉及防治.林业科技情报,2001(2)
[31] 鄢涛.深圳市公共建筑能耗与节能分析[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2005
[32] 龙惟定.用 BIN 参数作建筑无能耗分析.暖通空调,1992,22(2):6～10
[33] 陆耀庆.实用供热空调设计手册(第一版).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1993
[34] 李涛.北京农村住宅采暖节能研究及太阳能—蓄热地板传热特性分析[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2007
[35] 新疆维吾尔自治区建设厅.XJJ001-1999.民用建筑节能设计标准(采暖居住建筑部分)新疆维吾尔自治区实施细则.乌鲁木齐:2000
[36] 高甫生,王砚玲.多层建筑渗风量计算方法与程序.哈尔滨建筑大学学报,2002(6)
[37] 董重成,李岩.住宅建筑封闭阳台温差修正系数的确定.2006 全国暖通年会会议论文
[38] Koray ulgen. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Effects of Wall’s Thermophysical Properties on Time Lag and Decrement Factor. Energy and Buildings, 2002,(34): 273～278
[39] 张雪松.上海地区住宅节能设计研究—外围护结构节能构造设计[硕士学位论文].上海:同济大学,2006
[40] 北京中建建筑设计院.JGJ129-2000.既有采暖居住建筑节能改造技术规程.北京:2001
[41] 王立雄.建筑节能.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.5
[42] 涂逢祥.节能窗技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.9.