时间指称的照应性研究
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摘要
本论文是在Carlota S. Smith等人的篇章模式等理论基础上对汉语中时间性照应的实证研究。本文具体的研究内容和方法是以语料为基础，系统地分析时间性照应在汉语中的表现形式；研究的目的是证明时间性照应作为时间信息的重要传递机制在汉语篇章时间信息构成中的重要作用。分析的语料采用真实语料和内省语料相结合，大部分来自基于24部现代汉语小说的真实语料，小部分来自研究者内省。文章介绍了时间性照应理论如何提出，及其发展过程，并重点介绍了篇章模式理论。文章的主要部分由两个语料分析案例构成，即复合结构中的时间性照应和篇章结构中的时间性照应。复合结构中的时间性照应分析以态度动词（verbs of attitude）的内嵌句为例，我们发现汉语内嵌结构中的时间性照应受到主句事件时间定位、内嵌句动词的情状类型、时间功能词的逻辑域以及语境信息等因素的影响。篇章结构中的时间性照应以叙述篇章为例，研究发现，时间性照应通过各种语言成分或者语言结构表现出来，例如时间状语的时间域、照应链、时间性连接语以及篇章起止点等。研究还发现，在不同的语言层面时间性成分的活跃度不尽相同，时间状语是最活跃的时间性成分，它在不同的语言层面都有表现；越是层级低，活跃的时间性成分越多，反之则越少。
This dissertation is about temporal anaphora, and more specifically temporal anaphora inMandarin Chinese. We conduct an empirical study on temporal anaphora in MandarinChinese, based on the Discourse Modes Theory proposed by Carlota S. Smith, and otherrelevant theories. In our study we use a fusion of native speaker intuition and evidencefrom the data of Mandarin Chinese. The dissertation systematically analyzes theexpressions of temporal anaphora in Mandarin Chinese so as to testify the importance oftemporal anaphora as a conveying mechanism of temporal information in Chinesediscourse. The analyses are based on the combination of natural language data and theintuition of the researcher. The majority of the linguistic data come from the natural writtenChinese, including24modern Chinese novels, and the rest are introspective data of theresearcher. In the first part of the dissertation, we introduced the Temporal AnaphoricTheory and its development, and we also spent a large space on Discourse Modes Theory.The main part of the dissertation consists of two cases of empirical studies on temporalanaphora in Chinese, that is, analyses on temporal anaphora in complex structure and indiscourse context. With regard to the former subject, we take the embedded clause of theverb of attitude in Chinese as example, reaching to a conclusion that in Chinese thetemporal interpretation of the embedded clause is determined by several factors such as thetemporal location of the matrix event, the situation types of the main verbs, the logicaldomains of the temporal functional words and the contextual temporal information. As forthe second subject, we examined the Narrative mode in Chinese specifically and found thattemporal anaphora in Chinese discourse is expressed in different linguistics componentsand structures, such as the temporal control domain of temporal adverbials, anaphoricchains, anaphoric conjunctions and discourse endpoints. Another finding is that ondifferent linguistic levels, the degree of activeness with different temporal factors varies:the lower the level is, the more active the temporal factors are; and vice versa.
This dissertation is about temporal anaphora, and more specifically temporal anaphora inMandarin Chinese. We conduct an empirical study on temporal anaphora in MandarinChinese, based on the Discourse Modes Theory proposed by Carlota S. Smith, and otherrelevant theories. In our study we use a fusion of native speaker intuition and evidencefrom the data of Mandarin Chinese. The dissertation systematically analyzes theexpressions of temporal anaphora in Mandarin Chinese so as to testify the importance oftemporal anaphora as a conveying mechanism of temporal information in Chinesediscourse. The analyses are based on the combination of natural language data and theintuition of the researcher. The majority of the linguistic data come from the natural writtenChinese, including24modern Chinese novels, and the rest are introspective data of theresearcher. In the first part of the dissertation, we introduced the Temporal AnaphoricTheory and its development, and we also spent a large space on Discourse Modes Theory.The main part of the dissertation consists of two cases of empirical studies on temporalanaphora in Chinese, that is, analyses on temporal anaphora in complex structure and indiscourse context. With regard to the former subject, we take the embedded clause of theverb of attitude in Chinese as example, reaching to a conclusion that in Chinese thetemporal interpretation of the embedded clause is determined by several factors such as thetemporal location of the matrix event, the situation types of the main verbs, the logicaldomains of the temporal functional words and the contextual temporal information. As forthe second subject, we examined the Narrative mode in Chinese specifically and found thattemporal anaphora in Chinese discourse is expressed in different linguistics componentsand structures, such as the temporal control domain of temporal adverbials, anaphoricchains, anaphoric conjunctions and discourse endpoints. Another finding is that ondifferent linguistic levels, the degree of activeness with different temporal factors varies:the lower the level is, the more active the temporal factors are; and vice versa.
引文
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Asher, N. Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse.[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers.1993
Asher and A. Lascarides. Logics of Conversation.[M]. Cambridge University Press2003
Comrie, B. Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1976
Comrie, B. Tense [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1985
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Freyd, Jennifer J. Dynamic Mental Representations [J]. Psychological ReviewVol.94.1987No.4,427-438
Galiotou, E. An SDRT Approach to the Temporal Structure of Modern Greek NarrativeTexts [J]. Literary and Linguistic Computing Vol.17, No.42002:457-474
Gennari Silvia P. Temporal References and Temporal Relations in SentenceComprehension [J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, andCognition. Vol.30No.3.000-0002004:1-15
Higginbotham J. The Anaphoric Theory of Tense [A]. in M. Gibson and J. Howell (eds.),Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory16. CLC Publications, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, NY:2006.59-76
Higginbotham J. Tense, Aspect and Indexicality [M]. New York: Oxford University Press2009
Hinrichs E. Temporal Anaphora in Discourse of English [J]. Linguistics and Philosophy91986:63-82
Jiun-Shiung Wu Tense as a Discourse Feature: Rethinking Temporal Location inMandarin Chinese [J]. East Asian Linguist2009.18:145-165
Lin, J. W. Temporal Reference in Mandarin Chinese [J]. Journal of East AsianLinguistics2003a (12):259-311
Lin, J. W. Aspectual Selection and Temporal Reference of the Chinese Aspectual Marker–Zhe [J]. Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies2003b32:257-295
Lin, J. W. Time in a Language without Tense: The Case of Chinese [J]. Journal ofSemantics2005.9/12:1-53
Partee, B H. Some Structural Analogies Between Tenses and Pronouns in English [J]. TheJournal of Philosophy1973.70,601-609
Partee, B H.. Nominal and Temporal Anaphora [J]. Linguistics and Philoseophy7D.Reidel Publishing Company:1984.243-286
Heim, I.. The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases.[D]. Ph.D. thesis,University of Massachusetts, Amherst.1982
Heim, I..“E-type pronouns and donkey anaphora”.[J]. Linguistics and Philosophy1990.13:137-178.
Kamp, H. A Ttheory of Truth and Semantic Representation,[A]. In J. Groenendijk, T.Janssen&M. Stokhof, eds., Truth, Interpretation and Information, Dordrecht: Foris.1981:189-222
Kamp, H.&A. Rossdeutscher.2005Elements of a DRT based Lexicon [M]. Institute forNatural Language Processing Stuttgart University
Kamp, H. and U. Reyle. From Discourse to the Lexicon: Introduction to ModeltheoreticSemantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory.[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers.1993
Lascarides, A.&Asher, N.1993Temporal Interpretation, Discourse Relations andCommon Sense Entailment [J]. Linguistics and Philosophy16:437-493
Lin, Jo-Wang. Selectional Resttictions of Tenses and Temporal Reference of Chinese BareSentences [J]. Lingua1132002:271-302
Lin, Jo-Wang. Temporal Reference in Mandarin Chinese [J] Journal of East AsianLinguistics (12).2003:259-311
Lin, Jo-Wang.2005Time in a Language Without Tense: The Case of Chinese [J]. Journalof Semantics23:1-53
Moens, M.. Temporal Ontology and Temporal Reference [J]. Computational LinguisticsVol.14, No.21988:15-28
Partee, Barbara H. Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English[J]. Journal of Philosophy, Vol.70, No.181973.601-609
Partee, Barbara H. Nominal and Temporal Anaphora [J] Linguistics and Philosophy7by D. Reidel Publishing Company (1984):243-286
Reichenbach, H.1947Elements of Symbolic Logic.[M]. London: Macmillan
Smith, C.1991The Parameter of Aspect [M]. Kluwer
Smith, C.1994Aspectual Viewpoint and Situation Type in Mandarin Chinese [J]. Journalof East Asian Linguistics3:107-46
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Smith, C. Discourse Modes: Aspectual Entities and Tense Interpretation [A]. Cathiers deGrammaire26,《Sémantique et Discours》,2001b.183-206
Smith, Carlota S.2003Modes of Discourse: The Local Structure of Texts [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Smith, Carlota S&Erbaugh, Mary S.2005Temporal Interpretation in MandarinChinese [J]. Linguistics43-4:713-756
Smith, C.2008Time With and Without Tense [A]. in J. Guéron and J. Lecarme (eds.) Timeand Modality,. Springer Science+Business Media B. V:227-249
Smith, C. Text, Time and Context: Selected Papers of Carlota S. Smith [M]. in R.P. Meieret al.(eds.), Text, Time, and Context, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy87,Springer Science+Business Media B. V.2009
Thompson, E.1999The Temporal Structure of Discourse: The Syntax and Semantics ofTemporal Then [J]. Natural Language and Linguistics Theory17:123-160
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Wu, Jiun-Shiung. The Semantics of The Perfective LE and its Context-Dependency: AnSDRT Approach [J]. Journal of East Asian Linguistics142005:299-336
Wu, Jiun-Shiung. Terminability, Wholeness and Semantics of Experiential GUO [J]. EastAsian Linguist172008:1-32
Wu, Jiun-Shiung. Tense as a Discourse Feature: Rethinking Temporal Location inMandarin Chinese [J]. East Asian Linguist182009:145-165
Xiao, R&T. McEnery Aspect in Mandarin Chinese: A corpus-based study [M]. JohnBenjamins Publishing Company2004
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Abusch, D. Sequence of Tense and Temporal De Re [J]. Linguistics and Philosophy1997.20:1-50
Andrea Bonomi. Tense, Reference and Temporal Anaphora [J]. Lingua3, September1995:483-500
Asher, N. Reference to Abstract Objects in Discourse.[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers.1993
Asher and A. Lascarides. Logics of Conversation.[M]. Cambridge University Press2003
Comrie, B. Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1976
Comrie, B. Tense [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press1985
Fernando, T. Representing Events and Discourse: Comments on Hamm, Kamp and vanLambalgen [J]. Theoretical Linguistics4vol.322006:57-64
Freyd, Jennifer J. Dynamic Mental Representations [J]. Psychological ReviewVol.94.1987No.4,427-438
Galiotou, E. An SDRT Approach to the Temporal Structure of Modern Greek NarrativeTexts [J]. Literary and Linguistic Computing Vol.17, No.42002:457-474
Gennari Silvia P. Temporal References and Temporal Relations in SentenceComprehension [J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, andCognition. Vol.30No.3.000-0002004:1-15
Higginbotham J. The Anaphoric Theory of Tense [A]. in M. Gibson and J. Howell (eds.),Proceedings from Semantics and Linguistic Theory16. CLC Publications, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, NY:2006.59-76
Higginbotham J. Tense, Aspect and Indexicality [M]. New York: Oxford University Press2009
Hinrichs E. Temporal Anaphora in Discourse of English [J]. Linguistics and Philosophy91986:63-82
Jiun-Shiung Wu Tense as a Discourse Feature: Rethinking Temporal Location inMandarin Chinese [J]. East Asian Linguist2009.18:145-165
Lin, J. W. Temporal Reference in Mandarin Chinese [J]. Journal of East AsianLinguistics2003a (12):259-311
Lin, J. W. Aspectual Selection and Temporal Reference of the Chinese Aspectual Marker–Zhe [J]. Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies2003b32:257-295
Lin, J. W. Time in a Language without Tense: The Case of Chinese [J]. Journal ofSemantics2005.9/12:1-53
Partee, B H. Some Structural Analogies Between Tenses and Pronouns in English [J]. TheJournal of Philosophy1973.70,601-609
Partee, B H.. Nominal and Temporal Anaphora [J]. Linguistics and Philoseophy7D.Reidel Publishing Company:1984.243-286
Heim, I.. The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases.[D]. Ph.D. thesis,University of Massachusetts, Amherst.1982
Heim, I..“E-type pronouns and donkey anaphora”.[J]. Linguistics and Philosophy1990.13:137-178.
Kamp, H. A Ttheory of Truth and Semantic Representation,[A]. In J. Groenendijk, T.Janssen&M. Stokhof, eds., Truth, Interpretation and Information, Dordrecht: Foris.1981:189-222
Kamp, H.&A. Rossdeutscher.2005Elements of a DRT based Lexicon [M]. Institute forNatural Language Processing Stuttgart University
Kamp, H. and U. Reyle. From Discourse to the Lexicon: Introduction to ModeltheoreticSemantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory.[M]. Kluwer Academic Publishers.1993
Lascarides, A.&Asher, N.1993Temporal Interpretation, Discourse Relations andCommon Sense Entailment [J]. Linguistics and Philosophy16:437-493
Lin, Jo-Wang. Selectional Resttictions of Tenses and Temporal Reference of Chinese BareSentences [J]. Lingua1132002:271-302
Lin, Jo-Wang. Temporal Reference in Mandarin Chinese [J] Journal of East AsianLinguistics (12).2003:259-311
Lin, Jo-Wang.2005Time in a Language Without Tense: The Case of Chinese [J]. Journalof Semantics23:1-53
Moens, M.. Temporal Ontology and Temporal Reference [J]. Computational LinguisticsVol.14, No.21988:15-28
Partee, Barbara H. Some Structural Analogies between Tenses and Pronouns in English[J]. Journal of Philosophy, Vol.70, No.181973.601-609
Partee, Barbara H. Nominal and Temporal Anaphora [J] Linguistics and Philosophy7by D. Reidel Publishing Company (1984):243-286
Reichenbach, H.1947Elements of Symbolic Logic.[M]. London: Macmillan
Smith, C.1991The Parameter of Aspect [M]. Kluwer
Smith, C.1994Aspectual Viewpoint and Situation Type in Mandarin Chinese [J]. Journalof East Asian Linguistics3:107-46
Smith, C.1997The Parameter of Aspect (2ndedition)[M]. Dordrecht: Kluwer
Smith, C. Temporal Information in Sentences of Mandarin.[A]. in Xu Liejiong and ShaoJingmin (eds.), New Views in Chinese Syntactic Research–InternationalSymposium on Chinese Grammar for the New Millennium Hangzhou: ZhejiangJiaoyu Press.2001a
Smith, C. Discourse Modes: Aspectual Entities and Tense Interpretation [A]. Cathiers deGrammaire26,《Sémantique et Discours》,2001b.183-206
Smith, Carlota S.2003Modes of Discourse: The Local Structure of Texts [M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press
Smith, Carlota S&Erbaugh, Mary S.2005Temporal Interpretation in MandarinChinese [J]. Linguistics43-4:713-756
Smith, C.2008Time With and Without Tense [A]. in J. Guéron and J. Lecarme (eds.) Timeand Modality,. Springer Science+Business Media B. V:227-249
Smith, C. Text, Time and Context: Selected Papers of Carlota S. Smith [M]. in R.P. Meieret al.(eds.), Text, Time, and Context, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy87,Springer Science+Business Media B. V.2009
Thompson, E.1999The Temporal Structure of Discourse: The Syntax and Semantics ofTemporal Then [J]. Natural Language and Linguistics Theory17:123-160
Vendler, Z.1967Verbs and Times [A]. ch.4of Linguistics in Philosophy Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press:97-121.(originally appeared in The Philosophical Review,LXVI (1957),143-160)
William C. Mann&Sandy A. Thompson. Rhetorical Structure Theory: Toward afunctional theory of text organization,[J]. Text, Vol.8, No.3,1988:243-281.
Wu, Jiun-Shiung. The Semantics of The Perfective LE and its Context-Dependency: AnSDRT Approach [J]. Journal of East Asian Linguistics142005:299-336
Wu, Jiun-Shiung. Terminability, Wholeness and Semantics of Experiential GUO [J]. EastAsian Linguist172008:1-32
Wu, Jiun-Shiung. Tense as a Discourse Feature: Rethinking Temporal Location inMandarin Chinese [J]. East Asian Linguist182009:145-165
Xiao, R&T. McEnery Aspect in Mandarin Chinese: A corpus-based study [M]. JohnBenjamins Publishing Company2004
蔡淑美.现代汉语“前、后”时间指向的认知视角、认知机制及句法语义限制[J].《当代语言学》Vol.14No.22012:129-144
陈前瑞.《汉语体貌研究的类型学视野》[M].北京：商务印书馆，2008
陈平.论现代汉语时间系统的三元结构[J].《中国语文》(6)1988:401一422
陈振宇.《现代汉语时间系统的认知模型与运算》[D].复旦大学中国语言文学系博士论文中国期刊网，2006
戴耀晶.《现代汉语时体系统研究》[M].杭州：浙江教育出版社，1997
龚千炎.现代汉语的时间系统[J].《世界汉语教学》1994第1期总第27期：147-152
龚千炎.《汉语的时相时制时态》[M].北京：商务印书馆，1995
顾阳.时态、时制理论与汉语时间参照[J].《语言科学》7第6卷第4期Vol.292007：22-38
胡建华，潘海华. NP显著性的计算与汉语反身代词“自己”的指称[J].《当代语言学》2002第1期
匡鹏飞.《时间词语前后分句共现状态之研究》[D].华中师范大学汉语语言文学专业博士论文中国期刊网，2006
金晓艳、马庆株.汉语时间连接成分的位置考察[J]《.语言科学》第9卷第3期（总第46期）2010：255-264
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