进水口漩涡形成机理及缩尺效应
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摘要
进水口漩涡现象很普遍,如水电站、水泵站、通航船闸、调节流量水位的建筑物及核电站的中央应急冷却系统的集水井等建筑的进水口处容易产生。漩涡的运动形态极为复杂,有大尺度的准稳定性漩涡和小尺度的随机出现的漩涡,两种漩涡中又分别存在表面凹陷漩涡、间歇吸气和贯通吸气漩涡等运动形态。
当漩涡转变为贯通性吸气漩涡时,对工程结构会产生危害。如减少进流量、降低流量系数;引起机组或结构物的振动;降低机组效率;卷吸漂浮物、堵塞或损坏拦污栅等。目前针对具体工程项目的试验研究多,但规律性的研究和探讨漩涡的形成机理的基础理论研究较为欠缺;关于进水口漩涡试验的缩尺效应尚未有统一的观点;三维数值模拟的研究也很少。因此,本文通过理论分析、模型试验以及数值模拟对水电站进水口漩涡的形成机理和缩尺效应进行了研究。
(1)进水口准稳定性漩涡形成机理的理论分析。讨论了涡管的扭曲变形对涡量的影响,并对实际流体中侧式和底部孔口的漩涡的拉伸原因作了解释,依据紊流复合涡模型和能量级联结构,分析水面漩涡的能量平衡过程以及准稳定性漩涡的形成演变过程。
(2)进水口随机出现的吸气漩涡的试验研究。通过水槽试验,考虑来流边界的时均流速分布、紊动强度、水面波动强度以及进水口周边脉动压力等,对进水口随机出现的吸气漩涡的特征和影响因素进行研究。结果表明:进水口附近水面随机出现的吸气漩涡数量的历时过程具有和紊流相似的“拟序结构”特性。
(3)以随机出现的吸气漩涡的试验研究为基础,采用现代紊流理论中的紊流拟序结构的概念,对进水口漩涡的形成机理进行分析。结果表明:来流边界的水流紊动显现的水面微波是进水口附近随机出现的漩涡的诱因。
(4)通过系列模型试验研究了侧式进水口漩涡的缩尺效应。得到不同缩尺下漩涡类型与佛汝德数Fr及雷诺数Re关系,分析了可能引起缩尺效应的原因。在一定几何边界条件下,建立了为消除缩尺效应而增加的流量倍数与淹没水深和模型缩尺的定量关系,对现有进水口漩涡的模型设计与试验方法进行了改进。
(5)结合VOF法的标准k -ε模型、RNG k -ε模型和Relizable k -ε模型分别对底部进水口漩涡进行数值模拟,并分析比较三种模型结果。结果表明:RNG k-ε模型考虑了紊流中涡流因素的影响,计算精度良好,模拟漩涡流场具有优越性,是三种模型中较适于进水口漩涡流场数值仿真计算的紊流模型。将优选后的RNG k -ε模型应用于实际工程,对进水口低水位运行时漩涡的变化和进水口周围的流场进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果和试验吻合较好。
The vortex have been observed frequently at hydraulic intakes such as hydroelectric power station, pumps, navigation locks, flow and level regulation and withdrawal from sumps in Emergency Core Cooling Systems (ECCS) of nuclear power stations. Movement forms of vortex are complicated including large-scale quasi-stability vortex and small-scale stochastic vortex. These two kinds of vortex could be generally classified as surface dimple, vortex pulling air bubbles to intake and full air-core to intake.
The presence of air-core vortex at an intake can cause discharge reduction, increase the fluctuation of hydraulic structure, reduce pumping efficiency, and in extreme cases, completely disable the intake. Despite the universal familiarity of the problem, existing literature provides little on the detailed mechanics of vortex formation and mathematical simulation. No agreement has been reached referring to the scale effects on modeling vortex. An analytical, computational, and experimental study was conducted to describe formation mechanisms and scale effects of vortex at hydraulic intakes. The principal contents and achievements of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The theoretical analysis of quasi-stability vortex at intakes was completed. The reason for vortex stretching at the bottom and the side intakes was explained. According to Rankine’s combined vortex model and Cascade structure of energy, free surface vortex energy-balance process and the quasi-stability vortex forming, developing and varying were probed.
(2) An experiment was conducted with turbulent strength distribution, wave height and fluctuating pressure at inflow section to study mechanics of stochastic vortex formation. Experimental study of flume shows that the variation of the number of stochastic vortex with time in the intake has the characteristics of turbulent coherent structures.
(3) Based on the experimental study, formation mechanizes of stochastic vortex was completed. It is indicated that stochastic vortex near the intake are caused by short-period wave induced by turbulent strength on the water surface.
(4) Experiments were conducted using serial models of scale1:1, 1:2, 1:4 to determine whether scale effects distort the predictive ability of hydraulic models. The relational expression between the formed type of vertical vortex and the intake Froude number and Reynolds number is founded. On the certain geometric boundary conditions, the quantitative relationship between flow increasing to overcome scale effects and submergence and model scales was provided.
(5) The calculated results of standard k -ε, RNG k -εand Relizable k -εturbulent models with VOF model are compared. The results show that RNG k -εmodel is more suitable than standard k -εand Relizable k -εmodel for the vortex as the rapidly strained and the great curving streamline flows. The RNG k -εare applied in an actual project to simulate the change of free surface with the reservoir level under the pumping condition and flow characteristics. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results.
当漩涡转变为贯通性吸气漩涡时,对工程结构会产生危害。如减少进流量、降低流量系数;引起机组或结构物的振动;降低机组效率;卷吸漂浮物、堵塞或损坏拦污栅等。目前针对具体工程项目的试验研究多,但规律性的研究和探讨漩涡的形成机理的基础理论研究较为欠缺;关于进水口漩涡试验的缩尺效应尚未有统一的观点;三维数值模拟的研究也很少。因此,本文通过理论分析、模型试验以及数值模拟对水电站进水口漩涡的形成机理和缩尺效应进行了研究。
(1)进水口准稳定性漩涡形成机理的理论分析。讨论了涡管的扭曲变形对涡量的影响,并对实际流体中侧式和底部孔口的漩涡的拉伸原因作了解释,依据紊流复合涡模型和能量级联结构,分析水面漩涡的能量平衡过程以及准稳定性漩涡的形成演变过程。
(2)进水口随机出现的吸气漩涡的试验研究。通过水槽试验,考虑来流边界的时均流速分布、紊动强度、水面波动强度以及进水口周边脉动压力等,对进水口随机出现的吸气漩涡的特征和影响因素进行研究。结果表明:进水口附近水面随机出现的吸气漩涡数量的历时过程具有和紊流相似的“拟序结构”特性。
(3)以随机出现的吸气漩涡的试验研究为基础,采用现代紊流理论中的紊流拟序结构的概念,对进水口漩涡的形成机理进行分析。结果表明:来流边界的水流紊动显现的水面微波是进水口附近随机出现的漩涡的诱因。
(4)通过系列模型试验研究了侧式进水口漩涡的缩尺效应。得到不同缩尺下漩涡类型与佛汝德数Fr及雷诺数Re关系,分析了可能引起缩尺效应的原因。在一定几何边界条件下,建立了为消除缩尺效应而增加的流量倍数与淹没水深和模型缩尺的定量关系,对现有进水口漩涡的模型设计与试验方法进行了改进。
(5)结合VOF法的标准k -ε模型、RNG k -ε模型和Relizable k -ε模型分别对底部进水口漩涡进行数值模拟,并分析比较三种模型结果。结果表明:RNG k-ε模型考虑了紊流中涡流因素的影响,计算精度良好,模拟漩涡流场具有优越性,是三种模型中较适于进水口漩涡流场数值仿真计算的紊流模型。将优选后的RNG k -ε模型应用于实际工程,对进水口低水位运行时漩涡的变化和进水口周围的流场进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果和试验吻合较好。
The vortex have been observed frequently at hydraulic intakes such as hydroelectric power station, pumps, navigation locks, flow and level regulation and withdrawal from sumps in Emergency Core Cooling Systems (ECCS) of nuclear power stations. Movement forms of vortex are complicated including large-scale quasi-stability vortex and small-scale stochastic vortex. These two kinds of vortex could be generally classified as surface dimple, vortex pulling air bubbles to intake and full air-core to intake.
The presence of air-core vortex at an intake can cause discharge reduction, increase the fluctuation of hydraulic structure, reduce pumping efficiency, and in extreme cases, completely disable the intake. Despite the universal familiarity of the problem, existing literature provides little on the detailed mechanics of vortex formation and mathematical simulation. No agreement has been reached referring to the scale effects on modeling vortex. An analytical, computational, and experimental study was conducted to describe formation mechanisms and scale effects of vortex at hydraulic intakes. The principal contents and achievements of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The theoretical analysis of quasi-stability vortex at intakes was completed. The reason for vortex stretching at the bottom and the side intakes was explained. According to Rankine’s combined vortex model and Cascade structure of energy, free surface vortex energy-balance process and the quasi-stability vortex forming, developing and varying were probed.
(2) An experiment was conducted with turbulent strength distribution, wave height and fluctuating pressure at inflow section to study mechanics of stochastic vortex formation. Experimental study of flume shows that the variation of the number of stochastic vortex with time in the intake has the characteristics of turbulent coherent structures.
(3) Based on the experimental study, formation mechanizes of stochastic vortex was completed. It is indicated that stochastic vortex near the intake are caused by short-period wave induced by turbulent strength on the water surface.
(4) Experiments were conducted using serial models of scale1:1, 1:2, 1:4 to determine whether scale effects distort the predictive ability of hydraulic models. The relational expression between the formed type of vertical vortex and the intake Froude number and Reynolds number is founded. On the certain geometric boundary conditions, the quantitative relationship between flow increasing to overcome scale effects and submergence and model scales was provided.
(5) The calculated results of standard k -ε, RNG k -εand Relizable k -εturbulent models with VOF model are compared. The results show that RNG k -εmodel is more suitable than standard k -εand Relizable k -εmodel for the vortex as the rapidly strained and the great curving streamline flows. The RNG k -εare applied in an actual project to simulate the change of free surface with the reservoir level under the pumping condition and flow characteristics. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results.
引文
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