非传统商标国际注册问题研究
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摘要
本文旨在研究《巴黎公约》和TRIPS协定下非传统商标国际注册存在的特殊问题。绪论提出本文研究的问题及其重要意义,并界定了研究对象。正文各章主要内容如下：
第一章对非传统商标国际注册所涉理论问题做了一定探讨。第一节首先对非传统商标的内涵和外延进行界定,为全文探讨非传统商标国际注册问题奠定初步理论基础,并讨论了非传统商标的词源及其国际法上的意义。非传统商标是相对于传统商标而言的,传统商标限于平面标志,包括文字、图形、记号等,非传统商标则包括多种型态；然后依据世界知识产权组织的分类,按照非传统标志是否能为视觉所感知将其分为可视标志和非可视标志两类,可视性标志包括立体、颜色、动态、全息图等标志,非可视标志包括声音、气味、味觉、触觉等标志。第二节对非传统商标国际注册的必要性和可能性进行了分析,其中包括国际贸易日益发展与非传统商标国际注册之间的内在联系、非传统商标国际注册面临的商标独立性原则限制、非传统商标按原属国原样予以注册的国际法义务及其理论依据,以及非传统商标国际注册的特殊问题及其根源。
第二章着重对有关非传统商标国际注册的重要条约进行梳理,以明确相关国际义务。第一节分析《巴黎公约》下的商标国际注册原则,特别是商标独立性原则以及各成员国按原属国原样予以注册义务,同样适用于非传统商标国际注册；第二节分析TRIPS协定在条约法上首次对商标所作的宽泛定义及非穷尽性列表为非传统商标的国际注册创造了有利的法律条件；第三节进一步分析商标国际注册马德里体系为非传统商标国际注册提供了程序上的便利；第四节分别评析《商标法条约》首次承认可视性非传统商标保护,与《商标法新加坡条约》突破《商标法条约》的限制,全面承认非传统商标的保护。
第三章对非传统商标国际注册的国内法问题进行比较法分析,以了解在相关国际义务下有关国家的具体法律制度及其实践。第一、二、三节介绍和评析具有代表性的国家和地区非传统商标相关立法和实践,包括美国、欧盟及其主要成员国、澳大利亚、新西兰和新加坡,总结在上述国家的进行的非传统商标国际注册所遇到的主要障碍。比较分析的基础上,可见各国对于非传统商标保护采取了不同的方式,这种差异主要体现为四个方面：非传统商标国际注册的种类和范围、非传统商标的显著性认定、非传统商标的功能性限制以及非传统商标注册的程序要件。为此,本章第四节对上述差异作了归纳比较。
第四章从理论与实践角度分析各国对非传统商标国际注册时产生的特殊法律问题,包括非传统商标的显著性和功能性认定问题,以及非传统商标申请的程序问题。第一、二、三节均先概述相关特殊问题,后具体分析实践问题。分析表明,非传统商标在传统观念上一般并不被视为指示和区别商品或服务来源的标志,大多数非传统商标因此不具备内在的显著性,只有在申请人证明该标志通过大量使用已经获得第二含义的情况下才能获得注册。由于非传统商标的特殊性往往具有实用或美学功能性,根据商标的功能性原则而被禁止注册。大多数国家要求采用图形方式来表达申请标志,而非传统商标尤其是非可视性商标,申请人通常难以满足各国有关商标申请的程序要件规定。
第五章基于国际条约义务约束与非传统商标国际注册已成趋势,对在我国的非传统商标国际注册问题进行研究。第一节论及在《巴黎公约》和TRIPS协定下我国负有的非传统商标国际注册义务,我国商标法含有的非传统商标,我国非传统商标注册审查实践及存在的问题。第二节讨论我国商标法已公布的第三次修订草案与非传统商标注册保护的完善,在对修订有关非传统商标注册制度的必要性和可能性的分析基础上,提出了有关完善非传统商标注册保护的具体建议。
This dissertation aims to study on special problems involving the international registration of non-traditional trademarks under Paris Convention and TRIPS Agreement. After briefly introducing the issues which will be explored later, pointing out their significance, and defining the object of study, this dissertation will discuss this topic in the following chapters.
Chapter one discusses the theoretical issues about the international registration of non-traditional trademarks. Firstly, Section one defines intention and extension of non-traditional trademarks which lay the preliminary theoretical foundation for the whole dissertation, and discusses the derivation of the term non-traditional trademarks as well as its significance in aspect of international law. Comparatively speaking, traditional trademarks limit to two-dimensional signs which includes word, design, and symbol etc, while non-traditional trademarks include multiple forms. WIPO divides non-traditional trademarks into two main sections according to its visual perceptibility. Visual signs embody three-dimensional, color(s), motion and hologram signs etc; while non-visual signs contain sound, smell, taste and touch marks etc. Section two explores the necessity and feasibility of the international registration of non-traditional trademarks, which consists of the following aspects:the intrinsic connection between increasingly growth of international trade and international registration of non-traditional trademarks; Restrictions confronted by the international registration of non-traditional trademarks resulting from independency principle of trademark; The international law obligation that non-traditional trademarks trademark duly registered in the country of origin shall be accepted for filing and protected as is in the other countries and its corresponding theoretical basis; The special problems involving the international registration for non-traditional trademarks and its roots.
Chapter two lay emphases upon important international treaties related with the international registration of non-traditional trademarks, in order to determine relevant international law obligation clearly and precisely. Section one maintains that independence principle of trademark and the obligation for member states to register trademarks duly registered in the country of origin as is in the other countries established in Paris Convention equally apply to the international registration of non-traditional trademarks; Section Two concludes that TRIPS agreement which defines the trademark in the broadest way with non-exhaustive list afford immense legal space for the recognition and registration of non-traditional trademarks; Section Three explains that international trademark registration Madrid system facilitates the international registration of non-traditional trademarks procedurally; Section Four comments respectively on Trademark Law Treaty which recognize the visual non-traditional trademark for the first time, and Singapore Treaty on Trademark Law which breaks though the limitation of visual perceptibility and recognizes all types of non-traditional trademarks.
Chapter three analyzes the domestic law issues of the international registration of non-traditional trademarks from comparative law perspective, in order to find out the legislation and legal practice of relevant countries or regions under the international law obligation. The first three sections introduce and comment relevant legislation and practice concerning the registration of non-traditional trademarks in selected representative countries or regions including United States, European Union and its member states, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, and summarize main obstacles involving the international registration in above-mentioned countries.Based on comparative analysis, it turns out that many countries adopt different attitudes and approaches towards the protection of non-traditional trademarks. Such differences are mainly manifested in the following four aspects:the variety and the scope of non-traditional trademarks; determination of the distinctiveness of non-traditional trademarks; criterion of the functionality of non-traditional trademarks; procedural requirement during application of non-traditional trademarks. Therefore, Section four generalizes and compares such afore-mentioned divergence.
Chapter four discusses unique legal issues from both theoretical and practical perspective, including determination of distinctiveness and functionality of non-traditional trademarks and procedural requirements involving the application of non-traditional trademarks. The first three sections all outline the theoretical problem first, and then analyze detailed practical issues. It can be concluded that non-traditional trademarks are not deemed as indications to distinguish different product and service in the traditional conception, so most non-traditional trademarks are not inherently distinctive and applicant has to prove such marks have acquired distinctiveness after long time use. Due to the special character of non-traditional trademarks, such marks usually be considered as utilitarian or aesthetic functional and be banned from registration based on functionality principle of trademark. Many countries require marks to be represented graphically; therefore it is always hard for applicants to satisfy the procedural requirement for application of non-traditional trademarks, especially non-visual signs.
Based on the aforementioned analysis of the binding international treaties and conclusion that international registration of non-traditional trademarks will be inevitable trend, Chapter five focuses on the international registration of non-traditional trademarks in China. Section one analyzes China's international law obligation concerning registration of non-traditional trademarks under Paris Convention and TRIPS Agreement, protected non-traditional trademarks in China Trademark Law, relevant non-traditional trademark registration examination practice and its current problems. Section two discusses the Third Revision of Trademark Law and the perfection of protection of non-traditional trademarks. In this section detailed suggestion about the improvements of registration of non-traditional trademarks will be raised, on the basis of analysis on the necessity and practicability of the registration system of non-traditional trademarks in China.
第一章对非传统商标国际注册所涉理论问题做了一定探讨。第一节首先对非传统商标的内涵和外延进行界定,为全文探讨非传统商标国际注册问题奠定初步理论基础,并讨论了非传统商标的词源及其国际法上的意义。非传统商标是相对于传统商标而言的,传统商标限于平面标志,包括文字、图形、记号等,非传统商标则包括多种型态；然后依据世界知识产权组织的分类,按照非传统标志是否能为视觉所感知将其分为可视标志和非可视标志两类,可视性标志包括立体、颜色、动态、全息图等标志,非可视标志包括声音、气味、味觉、触觉等标志。第二节对非传统商标国际注册的必要性和可能性进行了分析,其中包括国际贸易日益发展与非传统商标国际注册之间的内在联系、非传统商标国际注册面临的商标独立性原则限制、非传统商标按原属国原样予以注册的国际法义务及其理论依据,以及非传统商标国际注册的特殊问题及其根源。
第二章着重对有关非传统商标国际注册的重要条约进行梳理,以明确相关国际义务。第一节分析《巴黎公约》下的商标国际注册原则,特别是商标独立性原则以及各成员国按原属国原样予以注册义务,同样适用于非传统商标国际注册；第二节分析TRIPS协定在条约法上首次对商标所作的宽泛定义及非穷尽性列表为非传统商标的国际注册创造了有利的法律条件；第三节进一步分析商标国际注册马德里体系为非传统商标国际注册提供了程序上的便利；第四节分别评析《商标法条约》首次承认可视性非传统商标保护,与《商标法新加坡条约》突破《商标法条约》的限制,全面承认非传统商标的保护。
第三章对非传统商标国际注册的国内法问题进行比较法分析,以了解在相关国际义务下有关国家的具体法律制度及其实践。第一、二、三节介绍和评析具有代表性的国家和地区非传统商标相关立法和实践,包括美国、欧盟及其主要成员国、澳大利亚、新西兰和新加坡,总结在上述国家的进行的非传统商标国际注册所遇到的主要障碍。比较分析的基础上,可见各国对于非传统商标保护采取了不同的方式,这种差异主要体现为四个方面：非传统商标国际注册的种类和范围、非传统商标的显著性认定、非传统商标的功能性限制以及非传统商标注册的程序要件。为此,本章第四节对上述差异作了归纳比较。
第四章从理论与实践角度分析各国对非传统商标国际注册时产生的特殊法律问题,包括非传统商标的显著性和功能性认定问题,以及非传统商标申请的程序问题。第一、二、三节均先概述相关特殊问题,后具体分析实践问题。分析表明,非传统商标在传统观念上一般并不被视为指示和区别商品或服务来源的标志,大多数非传统商标因此不具备内在的显著性,只有在申请人证明该标志通过大量使用已经获得第二含义的情况下才能获得注册。由于非传统商标的特殊性往往具有实用或美学功能性,根据商标的功能性原则而被禁止注册。大多数国家要求采用图形方式来表达申请标志,而非传统商标尤其是非可视性商标,申请人通常难以满足各国有关商标申请的程序要件规定。
第五章基于国际条约义务约束与非传统商标国际注册已成趋势,对在我国的非传统商标国际注册问题进行研究。第一节论及在《巴黎公约》和TRIPS协定下我国负有的非传统商标国际注册义务,我国商标法含有的非传统商标,我国非传统商标注册审查实践及存在的问题。第二节讨论我国商标法已公布的第三次修订草案与非传统商标注册保护的完善,在对修订有关非传统商标注册制度的必要性和可能性的分析基础上,提出了有关完善非传统商标注册保护的具体建议。
This dissertation aims to study on special problems involving the international registration of non-traditional trademarks under Paris Convention and TRIPS Agreement. After briefly introducing the issues which will be explored later, pointing out their significance, and defining the object of study, this dissertation will discuss this topic in the following chapters.
Chapter one discusses the theoretical issues about the international registration of non-traditional trademarks. Firstly, Section one defines intention and extension of non-traditional trademarks which lay the preliminary theoretical foundation for the whole dissertation, and discusses the derivation of the term non-traditional trademarks as well as its significance in aspect of international law. Comparatively speaking, traditional trademarks limit to two-dimensional signs which includes word, design, and symbol etc, while non-traditional trademarks include multiple forms. WIPO divides non-traditional trademarks into two main sections according to its visual perceptibility. Visual signs embody three-dimensional, color(s), motion and hologram signs etc; while non-visual signs contain sound, smell, taste and touch marks etc. Section two explores the necessity and feasibility of the international registration of non-traditional trademarks, which consists of the following aspects:the intrinsic connection between increasingly growth of international trade and international registration of non-traditional trademarks; Restrictions confronted by the international registration of non-traditional trademarks resulting from independency principle of trademark; The international law obligation that non-traditional trademarks trademark duly registered in the country of origin shall be accepted for filing and protected as is in the other countries and its corresponding theoretical basis; The special problems involving the international registration for non-traditional trademarks and its roots.
Chapter two lay emphases upon important international treaties related with the international registration of non-traditional trademarks, in order to determine relevant international law obligation clearly and precisely. Section one maintains that independence principle of trademark and the obligation for member states to register trademarks duly registered in the country of origin as is in the other countries established in Paris Convention equally apply to the international registration of non-traditional trademarks; Section Two concludes that TRIPS agreement which defines the trademark in the broadest way with non-exhaustive list afford immense legal space for the recognition and registration of non-traditional trademarks; Section Three explains that international trademark registration Madrid system facilitates the international registration of non-traditional trademarks procedurally; Section Four comments respectively on Trademark Law Treaty which recognize the visual non-traditional trademark for the first time, and Singapore Treaty on Trademark Law which breaks though the limitation of visual perceptibility and recognizes all types of non-traditional trademarks.
Chapter three analyzes the domestic law issues of the international registration of non-traditional trademarks from comparative law perspective, in order to find out the legislation and legal practice of relevant countries or regions under the international law obligation. The first three sections introduce and comment relevant legislation and practice concerning the registration of non-traditional trademarks in selected representative countries or regions including United States, European Union and its member states, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, and summarize main obstacles involving the international registration in above-mentioned countries.Based on comparative analysis, it turns out that many countries adopt different attitudes and approaches towards the protection of non-traditional trademarks. Such differences are mainly manifested in the following four aspects:the variety and the scope of non-traditional trademarks; determination of the distinctiveness of non-traditional trademarks; criterion of the functionality of non-traditional trademarks; procedural requirement during application of non-traditional trademarks. Therefore, Section four generalizes and compares such afore-mentioned divergence.
Chapter four discusses unique legal issues from both theoretical and practical perspective, including determination of distinctiveness and functionality of non-traditional trademarks and procedural requirements involving the application of non-traditional trademarks. The first three sections all outline the theoretical problem first, and then analyze detailed practical issues. It can be concluded that non-traditional trademarks are not deemed as indications to distinguish different product and service in the traditional conception, so most non-traditional trademarks are not inherently distinctive and applicant has to prove such marks have acquired distinctiveness after long time use. Due to the special character of non-traditional trademarks, such marks usually be considered as utilitarian or aesthetic functional and be banned from registration based on functionality principle of trademark. Many countries require marks to be represented graphically; therefore it is always hard for applicants to satisfy the procedural requirement for application of non-traditional trademarks, especially non-visual signs.
Based on the aforementioned analysis of the binding international treaties and conclusion that international registration of non-traditional trademarks will be inevitable trend, Chapter five focuses on the international registration of non-traditional trademarks in China. Section one analyzes China's international law obligation concerning registration of non-traditional trademarks under Paris Convention and TRIPS Agreement, protected non-traditional trademarks in China Trademark Law, relevant non-traditional trademark registration examination practice and its current problems. Section two discusses the Third Revision of Trademark Law and the perfection of protection of non-traditional trademarks. In this section detailed suggestion about the improvements of registration of non-traditional trademarks will be raised, on the basis of analysis on the necessity and practicability of the registration system of non-traditional trademarks in China.
引文
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[32]Bodoni,Stephaniel.ECJ ruling threatens color marks [J]. Managing Intellectual Property,2004, vol.144:6
[33]Charlotte Schulze. Registering Color Trade Marks in the European Union [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,2003:55-65
1341 Pierre-Andre Dubois. Color trademarks-the US and European approaches converge [J]. IAM magazine supplement--rands in the Boardroom 2005:30-32
1351 Camargo, Alonso. Single color marks in Mexico [J]. Managing Intellectual Property,2003, vol. 134:72.
[36]Burgunder, Lee B. Trademark protection of smells:sense or nonsense [J]. American Business Law Journal,1991, vol.19:459-480.
[37]Burton Helen. The UK trade marks act 1994:An invitation to an olfactory occasion? [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,1995:378-379.
[38]Turner-Kerr, Peter. The smell of fresh cut grass [J]. European Intellectual Property Review, 2001, vol.2:20.
[39]Elias, Bettina. Do scents signify source? An argument against trademarks for fragrances, [J]. Trademark Reporter,1992, vol.82:475-530.
1401 Clarke, Nancy L. Issues in the federal registration of flavors as trademarks for pharmaceutical products [J]. Intellectual Property Law Review1994:466-467.
[41]David S. Fleming. US Patent and Trademark Office refuses registration of flavour trade mark [J]. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice,2007, vol.2:279-281.
[42]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J]. Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol.96:1102-1121.
[43]Lyons, Deberett. Sounds, smell and signs [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,1994, vol. 12:540.
[44]M M S Karki. Nontraditional Areas of Intellectual Protection:Color, Sound, Taste, Smell, Shape, Slogan and Trade Dress [J]. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights,2005, vol.10:499-506.
[45]Mark V.B. Partridge. Trade Dress Protection and the Problem of Distinctiveness [J]. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law,2005:255
[46]Travis L. Bachman.Inherent Distinctiveness, Product Configuration, and Product Groups:The Developing Law of Trade Dress [J]. Journal of Corporation Law,1998, vol.3:501-520.
[47]Barwinski, Jennifer L.Trade Dress:Should Only the Secondary Meaning Trade Dress Standard Apply to Product Packaging-Or Should Courts Continue to Use the Inherently Distintive Standard [J].Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review,2004, vol 8:119-142.
[48]Palladino, Vincent N.Surveying Secondary Meaning [J]. The Trademark Reporter,1994, vol. 84:155-185.
[49]John M. Cone. Evaluating Trade Dress Functionality after the Supreme Court's TrafFix Devices Ruling [J]. Law Journal Newspaper,2003, vol.1:10.
[50]Mitchell M. Wong. The Aesthetic Functionality Doctrine and the Law of Trade-dress Protection [J]. Cornell Law Review,1998, vol.83:111.
[51]Duft, Bradford J.Aesthetic Functionality [J].The Trademark Reporter,1983, vol.73:151-203
[52]Zelnick, Allan. Doctrine of Functionality [J]. The Trademark Reporter,1983, vol.73:128-150.
[53]Harriman, Erin M. Aesthetic Functionality:The Disarray among Modern Courts [J]. The Trademark Reporter,1996, vol.86:276-303.
[54]Arka Majumdar, Subhojit Sadhu and Sunandan Majumdar. The Requirement of Graphical Representability for Non-traditional Trademarks [J]. Journal of Intellectual Property Right,2005, vol.11:313-317.
[1]Daniel Gervais. The TRIPS Agreement Drafting History and Analysis [M]. London:Sweet & Maxwell,1998:103-107.
[2]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154.
[3]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectula Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[4]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A] in Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,93-116.
[5]《商标法条约》(Trademark Law Treaty)(1994年10月27日于日内瓦签订)。英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/tlt/;官方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/tre aties/zh/ip/trademark-law/index.html.
[6]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：100.
[7]《商标法新加坡条约》(Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks)(2006年3月27日经外交会议通过)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/singapore/;官方中文本见WIPO网htp://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/ip/singapore/index.html.
[8]《商标法新加坡条约》第二十九条.
[9]《商标法新加坡条约》第二十七条.
[10]AIPPI Congress Geneva. Question Q181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks[R]. Geneva:AIPPI, Apr 2004.
[11]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.130.
[12]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.133.
[13]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.134.
[14]《商标国际注册马德里协定》(Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订；1900年11月14日修订于布鲁塞尔；1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿；1925年11月6口修订于海牙；1934年6月2日修订于伦敦；1957年6月15日修订于尼斯；1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩修订；1979年10月2日修订于斯德哥尔摩。)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/madrid/;自方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration/madrid/index.html.
[15]《商标国际注册马德里议定书》(Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concern ing the International Registration of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订1900年12月14日修订于布鲁塞尔,1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿,1925年11月6日修订于海牙,1934年6月2日订于伦敦,1957年6月15日修订于尼斯,1967年7月14日修订于斯德哥尔摩并于1979年9月28日修订。)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/madrid_p rotocol/;中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration/madrid_protocol/madri d_protocol.html.
[16]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.133.
[1]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[2]WIPO/STrad/INF/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Representation of Non-Traditional Marks-Areas of Convergence [R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[3]WIPO SCT/17/8 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Report [R].Geneva:WIPO,2007. The Chair suggested using the terms "non-traditional marks" instead of "new types of marks". He noted that many of these signs were already known and used in several jurisdictions. Thus it would not be appropriate to refer to them as "new".
[4]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[5]AIPPI Congress Geneva. Question Q181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks[R]. Geneva:AIPPI, Apr 2004.
[6]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[7]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[8]《法国知识产权法典》第711条1款的规定：图形标志,例如外形,尤其是商品或其包装的外形或者表示服务特征的外形,尤其可以组成商标。中文本参见黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[9]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.62-3-Dimensional trademarks can be grouped into three categories:-Shapes unrelated to the goods themselves:-Shapes that consists of the shape of the goods themselves;-The shape of packaging or containers.
[10]《法国知识产权法典》(France Intellectual Property Code)英文文本见WIPO网站：http: //www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5563;中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[11]青木博通.日本的立体商标与外观设计[J].中华商标,2003(11)：46-50.
[12]Philips v. Remington, Case C-299/99,18 June 2002.
[13]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[14]Philips v. Remington, Case C-299/99,18 June 2002.
[15]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[16]姚小磊.单一颜色商标的可注册性[J].中华商标,2007(11)：52-55.
[17]董葆霖,常艳丽.单一颜色商标在欧洲[J].中华商标,2006(2)：28-29.
[18]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Subcommittee Issues and Policy Committee Trademark Affairs and Policies Group. Protection of Color Trademarks[R]. New York:INTA, Nov 1996.
[19]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure §1202.05.
[20]《法国知识产权法典》第711条1款对商标的定义,颜色商标包括颜色排列、颜色组合以及色差。颜色的排列是指以特定的形状或位置表现颜色,即使颜色很简单或孤立。颜色的组合是指通过特定的意图或顺序,将一个或多个颜色联系到一起。中文本参见黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[21]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.64.
[22]流云.立体、颜色商标欧洲考察实录(四)[J].中华商标,2003(4)：51-57.
[23]魏森.颜色商标及其审查标准研究[J].河北法学,2008(2)：103-106.
[24]Zendal Prahl. Making sense of trademarks:An international Survey of Non-visual Marks [J]. IP World,1996, vol.18:250.
[25]§ L711-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code.
[26]UK Trademark Manual, Chapter 3-Unconventional Trademarks § 3.2.
[27]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 4.
[28]Section 5 of the Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand.
[29]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks.
[30]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R]. Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[31]张乃根,符望.全球电子商务的知识产权法[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2004：29.
[32]Article 2(1) (i) of the Trade Mark Act of the Republic of Korea.
[33]郑成思.应有超前意识—21世纪中国知识产权研究展望[J].国际贸易,1999(10)：4-8.
[34]Erik W. Kahn, George Stephanopoulos. Starting to Register:Moving-Image Marks [J]. National Law Journal,1996:25.
[35]何炼红.论动态商标的法律保护[J].政治与法律,2009(4)：76-80.
[36]CTM Registration Number:3429909.
[37]USPTO Registration Number:1946170.
[38]USPTO Registration Number:2710415.
[39]Lesley Matty. Rock, Paper, Scissors, Trademark? A Comparative Analysis of Motion as A Future of Trademarks in The United States and Europe [J]. Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law,2006, vol.14:557-591.
[40]Benelux Registration Number:520574.
[41]CTM Registration Number:002818334.
[42]Ralf Sieckmann.holograms-the next generation of trademarks? IP Review [EB/OL] htt p://www.cpaglobal.com/sites/default/files/ip_review_13.pdf 2010-04-18.
[43]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[44]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J]. Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol.96:1102-1121.
[45]Erik W. Kahn. Net Unusual Marks Gain in Importance [J]. National Law Journal,1998, vol 19:13.
[46]向玉兰.论声音商标的可注册性[J].暨南学报,2007(4)：22-26.
[47]谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[48]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure § 1202.15 Sound Marks.
[49]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Part (2) Section 6 Definition.
[50]Section 5 of the Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand Trade mark.
[51]《香港商标条例》第3条(1)款.
[52]Australian Trademark Reg. No.827728; CTM Reg. No.1772086; New Zealand Trademark Reg. No.610421, USPTO Trademark Reg. No.2442140/
[53]Australian Trademark Reg. No.844282, CTM Reg. No.3481744, U.K. Trademark Reg. No. 2147828, New Zealand Trademark Reg. No.283397, U.S. Trademark Reg. No.2315261.
[54]Australian Trademark Reg. No.1019361, CTM Reg. No.3903101, New Zealand Trademark Reg. No.714400, U.S. Trademark Reg. No.3034331.
[55]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Taskforce Issues and Policy Group. A Report on the Protection of Sound Trademarks[R].New York:INTA Feb 1997.
[56]《德国商标法》要求标志必须用于商品、包装、商品容器或与商品附带的说明书上.
[57]《澳大利亚商标法》规定标志的使用仅仅指标志在与商品或服务上的有形的使用.
[58]《英国商标法》仅仅要求标志的使用与商品或服务相关即可.
[59]《意大利商标法》认为标志在广告中的使用也是标志的使用方式.
[60]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Taskforce Issues and Policy Group. A Report on the Protection of Sound Trademarks[R].New York:INTA Feb 1997.
[61]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Taskforce Issues and Policy Group. A Report on the Protection of Sound Trademarks[R].New York:INTA Feb 1997.
[62]陈小慧.气味商标法律制度的模式选择和应对措施[J].中华商标,2008(1)：74-76.
[63]AIPPI Congress Geneva. Question Q181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks[R]. Geneva:AIPPI, Apr 2004.
[64]In re N.V. Organon,79 USPQ2d (T.T.A.B.2006).
[65]USPTO Serial No.76/467,774, Orange Flavor Trademark, filed November 18,2002 based on an intent-to-use basis.
[66]In re N.V. Organon,79 USPQ2d (TTAB 2006), para.15.
[67]该商标于2006年10月17日被批准注册于第33类葡萄酒上
[68]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.133.
[69]熊英、别智.企业商标国际注册的策略[J]中华商标,2009(2)：59-62.
[70]张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：50-51.
[71]张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：50-51.
[72]张乃根,符望.全球电子商务的知识产权法[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2004：12.
[73]叶京生,董巧新.知识产权与世界贸易[M].上海：立信会计出版社,2002：18.
[74]WIPO网站[EB/OL]http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/statistics/marks/xls/wip o_tmk_regs_total_back_to_1985.xls,2011-12-22.
[75]世界知识产权网站[EB/OL]http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/statistics/annual_stats.jsp?type=E N,2011-12-22.
[76]数据来源：澳大利亚知识产权局网站http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/atmoss/falcon.applica tion start,2011-12-22.
[77]数据来源：新西兰知识产权局http://www.iponz.govt.nz/cms/trade-marks/trade-marks-home page/banner_Template/IPTM,2011-12-22.
[78]数据来源：美国专利商标局网站http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/index.jsp,2011-12-22.
[79]数据来源：欧盟内部市场协调局网http://oami.europa.eu/CTMOnline/RequestManager/en_SearchAdvanced,2011-12-22
[80]International Registration Number:783985,986273,987293.
[81]International Registration Number:355076,407360A,835871B,909829,919123A,919123B.
[82]International Registration Number:643560.
[83]International Registration Number:684941,663326.
[84]International Registration Number:808978.
[85]International Registration Number:811634,800700,769557,765333.
1861 International Registration Number:852047.
[87]International Registration Number:685410.
[88]International Registration Number:799291.
[89]International Registration Number:862270.
[90]International Registration Number:894208,895090,895094.
[91]International Registration Number:820269.
[92]International Registration Number:1000265.
[93]International Registration Number:726077.
[94]International Registration Number:890375.
[95]International Registration Number:611312.
[96]International Registration Number:622338.
[97]International Registration Number:665511.
[98]International Registration Number:791826.
[991 International Registration Number:912143.
[100]International Registration Number:0943240.
[101]International Registration Number:0947714.
[102]International Registration Number:881231,881230,881229.
[103]International Registration Number:1044642.
[104]USPTO Registration Number:79026686.
[105]USPTO Registration Number:3243205.
[106]Singapore Registration Number:T0410590A.
11071 New Zealand Registration Number:775926
[108]冯晓青.企业知识产权战略[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008：239.
[109]熊英,别智.企业商标国际注册的策略[J]中华商标,2009(2)：59-62.
[110]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Subcommittee Issues and Policy Committee Trademark Affairs and Policies Group. Protection of Color Trademarks[R].New York:INTA, Nov 1996.
[111]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154.
[112]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.154-157.
[113]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectula Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law,2009:1-25.
[114]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/R, para8.80.
[115]杨建峰.论TRIPS协定下的商标注册制度[D].上海：复旦大学,2009：136.
[116]张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：63
[117]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/R, para8.80
[118]Beth Fulkerson. Theft by Terrorism:A Case for Revising TRIPS to Protect Trademark from National Market Foreclosure [J]. Michigan Journal of International Law,1995-1996, vol 17:803.
[119]郑成思.工业产权国际公约概论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985：27.
[120]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009, para.6.
[121]WIPO SCT/16/4 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Trademark opposition procedure [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006, para.20.
[122]WIPO SCT/16/4 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Trademark opposition procedure [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006, para.21.
[23]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009, para.9
[124]WIPO SCT/16/4 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Trademark opposition procedure [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006, para.11.
[125]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[126]AIPPI Questions 181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks, Yearbook 2004/1, pp.579-580. Congress Geneva, June 19-23 2004.
[127]Barton Beebe.The Semiotic Analysis of Trademark Law [J]. UCLA Law Review,2004, vol.51:621.
[128]邓宏光.商标法的理论基础—以商标显著性为中心[M].北京：法律出版社,2008：9.
[129]F. Schechter. The Rational Basis of Trade Mark Protection [J]. Harvard Law Review,1927, vol.40:813.
[1301 United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994 PART I,1.1. In this Act a "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging.
[131]《法国知识产权法典》(Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)法文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179120;英文文本(France Intellectual Property Code)见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180336;中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[132]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen)(Law on the Protection of Trademarks and other Signs)德文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9994;中文文本见：谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[133]黄晖.商标显著性对商标注册和保护的影响[J].中国专利与商标,1999(2)：45-49.
[134]向玉兰.论声音商标的可注册性[J].暨南学报,2007(4)：22-26.
[135]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4,9,189 USPQ 759,764 (2rd Cir. 1976).
[136]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995, § 11:16.
[137]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 769 (1992)
[138]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995, § 11:2.
[139]Judgment of 8 April 2003, Joined Cases C-53/01, C-54/04, and C-55/01, Linde, para.48
[140]Judgment of 9 October 2002, Case T-173/00, KWS Saat AG/OHIM, para.29.
[141]Judgment of 6 May 2003, Case C-104/01, Libertal, para.40.
[142]Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co.,514 U.S.159,131 L. Ed.2d 248,115 S. Ct.1300,1304, 34U.S.P.Q.2d 1161,1163(1995).
[143]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995).
[144]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,121 S. Ct.1255,1260,149 L. Ed.2d 164, 58 U.S.P.Q.2d 1001 (U.S.2001), on remand to,2001 WL 630049 (6th Cir.2001).
[145]Brunswick Corp. v. Spinit Reel Co.,832 F.2d 513,4 U.S.P.Q.2d 1497,1501 (10th Cir.1987).
[146]Restatement Third, Unfair Competition § 17, comment a (1995).
[147]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[148]Fisher Stoves, Inc. v. All Nighter Stove Works, Inc.,626 F.2d 193,206 USPQ 961 (1st Cir. 1980).
[149]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[150]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[151]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 § 4
[152]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[1]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A]. Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[2]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：38.
[3]Bodenhausen. Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[4]Bodenhausen. Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[5]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.132.
[6]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.133.
[7]郑成思.工业产权国际公约概论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985：27.
[8]Bodenhausen. Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M.]Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:110.
[9]郑成思.工业产权国际公约概论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985：27.
[10]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A]. Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[11]See Article 6 quinquies of Paris Convention:Every trademark duly registered in the country of origin shall be accepted for filing and protected as is in the other countries of the Union, subject to the reservations indicated in this Article.
[12]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, paras.135-136.
[13]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/R, para.8.80.
[14]杨建峰.论TRIPS协定下的商标注册制度[D].上海：复旦大学,2009：135.
[15]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967 [M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[16]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967 [M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[17]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.145.
[18]Article 6quinquies of Paris Convention:Marks:protection of marks registered in one country of the union in the other countries of the union.
[19]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967 [M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[20]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.135.
[21]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A]. Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[22]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.137-139
[23]《巴黎公约》第六条之五C节规定(1)决定一个商标是否符合受保护的条件,必须考虑一切实际情况,特别是商标已经使用时间的长短。(2)商标中有些要素与在原属国受保护的商标有所不同,但并未改变其显著特征,亦不影响其与原属国注册的商标形式上的同一性的,本联盟其他国家不得仅仅以此为理由而予以拒绝.
[24]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.8.
[25]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.130.
[26]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.133.
[27]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.134.
[28]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.139.
[29]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.139.
[30]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.140.
[31]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.141.
[32]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[33]Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Trademarks and Territory:Detaching the Trademark Law from the Nation-state [J].Houston Law Review,2004-2005, vol 41:885-974.
[34]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R]. Geneva.WIPO,2009, para.6.
[35]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009, para.9
[36]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.127.
[37]张乃根TRIPS协定：理论与实践[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2005：2.
[38]截至2011年5月,未参加《巴黎公约》的WTO成员仅有：文莱、所罗门群岛、欧共体、布隆迪、柬埔寨、芬兰、几内亚比绍、洪都拉斯、意大利、菲律宾、佛得角.
[39]Daniel Gervais. The TRIPS Agreement Drafting History and Analysis [M]. London:Sweet & Maxwell,1998:103-107.
[40]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.154.
[41]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[42]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154-157.
[43]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[44]See Article 15.1.1 of TRIPS Agreement:Any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs, in particular words including personal names, letters, numerals, figurative elements and combinations of colors as well as any combination of such signs, shall be eligible for registration as trademarks.
[45]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[46]Daniel Gervais. The TRIPS Agreement Drafting History and Analysis [M]. Londen:Sweet & Maxwell,1998:103-107.
[47]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[48]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A].Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[49]Melissa E. Roth. Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue:A New Tradition in Nontraditional Trademark Registrations [J]. Cardozo Law Review,2005, vol.1:496.
[50]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.155.
[51]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.4.20.
[52]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.4.26-4.29.
[53]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.8.49-8.60.
[54]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.155.
[55]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154-157
[56]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[57]Michael Blakeney. The Impact of the TRIPS Agreement in the Asia Pacific Region [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,1996, vol 10:548.
[58]See Article 15.1.3 of TRIPS Agreement:Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services, Members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use.
[59]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[60]See Article 15.1.3 of TRIPS Agreeement:Members may require, as a condition of registration, that signs be visually perceptible.
[61]See Article 122 of Brazil Law No.9.279 of 14 May 1996 (Industrial Property). Any distinctive visually perceivable signs that are not included in legal prohibitions shall be eligible for registration as a mark.
[621 See Article 63 of Eygpt Law on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Law No.82, 2002. A trademark is any sign distinguishing goods......In all cases a trademark shall be a sign that is recognizable by sight.
[63]Michael Blakeney.The Impact of the TRIPS Agreement in the Asia Pacific Region [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,1996, vol 10:548.
[64]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.155.
[65]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.4.26-4.29
[66]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[67]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M]. Kluwer Law International,2006:236.
[68]杨建峰.论TRIPS协定下的商标注册制度[D].上海：复旦大学,2009：136.
[69]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M.]Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[70]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[71]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[72]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.154-157.
[73]See Article 15.1 and 15.2 of TRIPS Agreement.
[74]See Article 2 of Madrid Agreement.
[75]See Article 6.3 of Madrid Agreement.
[76]See Article 5 of Madrid Agreement:Any such refusal can be based only on the grounds which would apply, under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, in the case of a mark filed for national registration.
[77]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.37.
[78]Rachelle Thompson. International trademark protection strategy [J]. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues,2010, vol 19:479.
[79]马德里体系成员中除阿尔及利亚外,其他国家和地区均参加了马德里议定书.
[80]See Article 3.1 of Madrid protocol.
[81]Ellen P. Winner, Aaron W. Denburg International Trademark Treaties with Commentary [M]. USA:Oxford University Press,2005:25.
[82]See Article 5 of Madrid protocol:Any such refusal can be based only on the grounds which would apply, under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, in the case of a mark filed for national registration.
[83]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009 B.II.37..
[84]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.38.
[85]See Article 3 of Madrid Agreement and Article 3.3 of Madrid protocol.
[86]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.14.
[87]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.14.
[88]International registration number:355076、407360A、835871B、909829、919123A、919123B.
[89]International registration number:783985,986273,987293.
[90]International registration number:643560.
[91]International registration number:734731.
[92]International registration number:367804,711539,676748.
[93]International registration number:928996.
[94]International registration number:815200.
[95]International registration number:684941,663326.
[96]International registration number:788366.
[97]International registration number:726077.
[98]International registration number:834541,749909,829751,829770.
[99]International registration number:808978.
[100]International registration number:811634,800700,769557,765333.
[101]International registration number:890375.
[102]International registration number:852047.
[103]International registration number:685410.
[104]International registration number:791826.
[105]International registration number:799291.
[106]International registration number:862270.
[107]International registration number:894208,895090,895094.
[108]International registration number:912143.
[109]International registration number:829607,857704.
[110]International registration number:881231,881230,881229.
[111]International registration number:838231.
[112]International registration number:1042209.
[113]International registration number:892759.
[114]International registration number:939509,939508.
[115]International registration number:1044642.
[116]International registration number:820269.
[117]International registration number:1000265.
[118]International registration number:695878.
[1191 International registration number:812689.
[120]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：199.
[121]See Article 2.1 of Trademark Law Treaty.
[122]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：100.
[123]See Article 2 of Trademark Law Treaty.
[124]目前《新加坡商标法条约》的25个成员分别为澳大利亚、保加利亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、法国、意大利、吉尔吉斯斯坦、列支敦士顿、蒙古、波兰、摩尔多瓦、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、塞尔比亚、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、马其顿、乌克兰、美国.
[125]See Article 27 of Singapore Trademark Law Treaty.
[126]See Article 2.1 of Singapore Trademark Law Treaty.
[127]尹锋林.商标法新加坡条约述评[J].电子知识产权,2006(12)：35-38.
11281 See Article 29 of Singapore Trademark Law Treaty.
[129]原琪.《商标法新加坡条约》与《商标法条约》(1994)之比较[J].中华商标,2006(11)：30-32.
[130]《商标法新加坡条约实施规则》(Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks,2011年11月1日生效)英文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/ en/ip/singapore/regulations.html.
[131]Rule 3(7) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Color Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a color per se mark or a combination of colors without delineated contours, the reproduction of the mark shall consist of a sample of the color or colors. The Office may require a designation of the color or colors by using their common names. The Office may also require a description on how the color is or the colors are applied to the goods or used in relation to the services. The Office may require an indication of the color or colors by a recognized color code chosen by the applicant and accepted by the Office.
[132]Rule 3(5) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Hologram Mark] where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a hologram mark, the representation of the mark shall consist of one or several views of the mark capturing the holographic effect in its entirety. Where the Office considers that the view or views submitted do not capture the holographic effect in its entirety, it may require the furnishing of additional views. The Office may also require the applicant to furnish a description of the hologram mark.
[133]Rule 3(6) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Motion Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a motion mark, the representation of the mark shall, at the option of the Office, consist of one image or a series of still or moving images depicting movement. Where the Office considers that the image or images submitted do not depict movement, it may require the furnishing of additional images. The Office may also require that the applicant furnish a description explaining the movement.
[134]Rule 3(8) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Position Mark] where the application contains a statement to the effect that mark is a position mark, the reproduction of the mark shall consist of a single view of the mark showing its position on the product. The Office may require that matter for which protection is not claimed shall be indicated. The Office may require a description explaining the position of the mark in relation to the product.
[135]Rule 3(9) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Sound Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a sound mark, the representation of the mark shall, consist of a musical notation on a stave, or a description of the sound constituting the mark, or ananalog or digital recording of that sound, or any combination.
[136]Rule 3(10) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Mark Consisting of a Non-Visible Sign Other Than a Sound Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark consists of a non-visible sign, other than a sound mark, a Contracting Party may require one or more representations of the mark, an indication of the type of mark and details concerning the mark, as prescribed by the law of that Contracting Party.
[1]《兰哈姆法》(Lanham Act of United States),英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[2]《美国商标审查程序指南》(Trademark Manual of Examination and Procedure of United States)英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/.
[3]《美国联邦政府行政法规汇编有关商标法案例的操作规则》(U. S. Trademark Law Title 37 CFR-Rules of Practice and Federal Statutes),2D12年1月6日修订,英文文本参见美国专利商标局网站www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[4]15 U.S.C. § 1127 The term "trademark" includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof-(1) used by a person, or (2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on the principal register established by this chapter, to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown.
[5]Walter Julius Derenberg, Trademark Protection and Unfair Trading [M]. Albany:M. Bender, 1936:16-18,23.
161 Ex parte Haig & Haig, Ltd.,118 USPQ 229; In re Mrnton-Numberrwich Products, Inc,671 F.2d 1332,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[7]In re Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co.,335 F.2d 836,142 USPQ 366 (CCPA 1964).
[8]Registration Number:916,522 issued to NBC, (the numbertes GEC on chimes).
[9]USPTO Registration Number:1639128.
[10]USPTO Registration Number:3155702.
[11]Davis v. Davis,27 F.490,492 (D.Mass.1886); Moorman v. Hoge,17 F.cas.715,718-719 (C.C.D.Cal.1871).
[12]Diamond Match Co. v. Saginaw Match Co.,142 F.727,729-30 (6th Cir.1906).
[13]Alan Wood Steel Co. v. Watson,150 F.Supp.861,863,113 USPQ 311,312 (D.D.C.1957).
[14]In re Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.,51 CCPA 1546,1547-48,335 F.2d 836,837, 142 USPQ 366,367(1964).
[15]Rudolf.Callmann, Callmann on Unfair Competition Trademarks and Monumberpolies [M].Thomson/West,1967, §71.4,77.4 (e) and 98.4 (d) (1967).
[16]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001); Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 U.S.763,775,23 USPQ 2d 1081,1086 (1992).
[17]Pub. L.No.105-330, §201,112 Stat.3064,3069.
[18]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[19]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[20]Walmart Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[21]Yamaha Int'l Corp. v. Hoshinumber Gakki Co. Ltd.,840 F.2d 1572 (Fed Cir.1988).
[22]Roux Lab., Inc. v. Clairol Inc.,427 F.2d 823 (CCPA.1970).
[23]A Leschen & Sons Rope Co. v. Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.,201 U.S.166,171,26 S.Ct. 425,426,50 L.Ed.710 (1906.)
[24]In Clifton Mfg. Co. v. Crawford-Austin Mfg.Co.,12 S.W.2d 1098 (Tex.Civ.App.1929).
[25]Yellow Cab Transit Co. v. Louisville Taxicab & Transfer Co.,147 F.2d 407,64 USPQ 348 (6th Cir.1945).
[26]例如Nutrasweet案中法院绝对禁止单独颜色的保护；Owens-Coring案中法院认定允许使玻璃纤维绝缘的粉色作为颜色注册；Master Distributions案中法院则倾向于在本质上确定禁止保护单独颜色用作商标。
[27]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05
[28]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995).In Re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,227 USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[29]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(b).
[30]Ferris Corporation,59 USPQ2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[31]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.24,58 USPQ 1007 (2001).
[32]Brunswick Corp. v. British Seagull Ltd.,35 F.3d 1527,32 USPQ2d 1120 (Fed. Cir.1994), cert. denied,514 U.S.1050(1995).
[33]Pollak Steel Co.,31 F.2d 566,136 USPQ 651 (CCPA 1963).
[34]R. L. Winson Rod Co.v. Sage Mfg. Co.,838 F.Supp.1396,29 USPQ 1779 (D.Mont.1993).
[35]Russell Harrington Cutery Inc. v. Zivi Hercules Inc.,25 USPQ 2d 1965 (D.Mass.1992).
[36]Owens-Corning,227 USPQ at 422,774 F.2d at 1124; Hudson News Co.,39 USPQ2d 1915, 1923 (TTAB 1996).
[37]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000). Thrifty, Inc.,274 F.3d 1349,61 USPQ 2d 1121,1124 (Fed. Cir2001).
[38]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ.2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[39]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.15
[40]In re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 560 (TTAB 1978).
[41]USPTO Registration Number:0916552.
[42]USPTO Registration Number:1395550.
[43]USPTO Registration Number:2607415.
[44]USPTO Registration Number:2743248,76051811.
[45]USPTO Registration Number:2210506,75326989.
[46]USPTO Registration Number:2459406.
[47]USPTO Registration Number:74219263.
[48]USPTO Registration Number:75143671,4639776.
[49]USPTO Registration Number:3288274.
[50]USPTO Registration Number:2308503.
[51]USPTO Registration Number:2422140.
1521 In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 560 (TTAB 1978).
[53]USPTO Registration Number:1872866 (THX logo theme); USPTO Registration Number: 2607415 (the sound of a duck quacking the word "AFLAC").
[54]USPTO Registration Number:2463044.
[55]USPTO Registration Number:2463044.
[56]USPTO Serial Number:75404020.
[57]USPTO Registration Number:2560618,2568512.
[58]USPTO Registration Number:3143735.
[59]USPTO Registration Number:1639128.
[60]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.13.
[61]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.11; 37 C.F.R. §2.52(e). An applicant is not required to submit a drawing if the mark consists only of a sound, a scent, or other completely non-visual matter.
1621 Northwestern Bank of Commerce Corp., USPTO Registration Number:0641872.
[63]37 C.F.R § 2.52(b)(3) If the mark has motion, the drawing may depict a single point in the movement, or the drawing may depict up to five freeze frames showing various points in the movement, whichever best depicts the commercial impression of the mark. The applicant must also describe the mark.
[64]Upper Deck Co.,59 USPQ 2d 1688 (TTAB 2001)
[65]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.14.
[66]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.03.
[67]USPTO Registration Number:3072417.
[68]USPTO Registration Number:3257283.
[69]USPTO Registration Number:3987352.
[70]USPTO Registration Number:2981375.
[71]USPTO Serial Number:85006843.
[72]USPTO Registration Numbe:3266731.
[73]USPTO Registration Number:4027173.
[74]USPTO Serial Number:77394414.
[75]USPTO Serial Number:77461287,77249556,77035805.
[76]USPTO Serial Number:76066237.
[77]USPTO Serial Number:75086162.
[78]USPTO Serial Number:85415592.
[79]USPTO Serial Number:77126793,77126782.
[80]USPTO Serial Number:78462749,78436980,78363388.
[81]USPTO Serial Number:77126731.
[82]USPTO Serial Number:75096274.
[83]USPTO Registration Number:3643632.
[84]USPTO Serial Number:79000458.
[85]USPTO Serial Number:79040266.
[86]USPTO Serial Number:79003849.
[87]USPTO Registration Number:4008364.
[88]USPTO Registration Number:2459405.
[89]USPTO Registration Number:3243205.
[90]USPTO Registration Number:2937242.
[91]USPTO Registration Number:3305241,3305240.
[92]USPTO Registration Number:3745706.
[93]USPTO Registration Number:3852129.
[94]USPTO Serial Number:78182342,75164899,75159055.
[95]USPTO Registration Number:79022451,79022450.
[96]USPTO Registration Number:79026686.
[97]USPTO Registration Number:79077942.
[98]USPTO Registration Number:79013781.
[99]USPTO Registration Number:79080838.
[100]USPTO Serial Number:77966038,77966023,77965941,77965878,77968855,77965826.
[101]USPTO Registration Number:79086759,79086645.
[102]USPTO Registration Numbe:2910381.
[103]USPTO Registration Numbe:2934710.
[104]USPTO Serial Number:73823783.
[105]USPTO Serial Number:76671001.
[106]USPTO Registration Number:3015771,3023854.
[107]USPTO Serial Number:79097730.
[108]USPTO Serial Number:79018732.
[109]Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co.,514 U.S.159,162-63,34 USPQ2d 1161,1165-68(1995).
[110]In re Rogers,53 USPD2d 1741 (TTAB 1999); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §§1010 and 1212.08.
[111]In re Packaging Specialist, Inc.,221 USPQ 917(TTAB 1984); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1212; 37 C.F.R. §2.41.
[112]International Registration Number:79062764.
[113]International Registration Number:7902260.
[114]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(a).
[115]International Registration Number:7739441.
[116]International Registration Number:79003849.
[117]In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d 1116,227 USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[118]In re Remington Products Inc.,3 USPQ2d 1714(TTAB 1987); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1202.
[119]International Registration Number:79002249.
[120]Trafix Devices, Inc v. Mktg. Displays, Inc.,532 US 23,33,58 USPQ2d 1001,1006(2001).
[121]International Registration Number:79087924.
[122]美国有关商标申请图样的规则于2003年11月2日修正,该日期之前提出的申请,申请人必须以折线或虚线表示商标在商品或容器上使用的位置；该日期之后,申请人仍需递交说明该标志在商品或容器上使用位置的图案,但是不再要求必须以折线或虚线表示.
[123]37 C.F.R. §2.61(b).
[124]International Registration Number:79087924.
[125]International Registration Number:78462749.
[126]International Registration Number:79004509.
[127]International Registration Number:79022660.
[128]International Registration Number:79082286.
[129]International Registration Number:79022449.
[130]International Registration Number:79097730.
[131]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §§808.02,808.03(d).
[132]15U.S.C. §1052(d).
[133]In re E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,476 F.2d 1357,1361,177 USPQ 563,567 (C.C.P.A. 1973); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures1207.01(b).
[134]In re Majestic Distilling Co.,315 F.3d 1311,1315,65 USPQ2d 1201,1204 (Fed. Cir.2003)
[135]International Registration Number:77126731.
[136]《欧共体商标条例》(Council Regulation (EC) No.40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark),2009年2月26日修订为Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark,英文文本见OHIM网：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:078:0001:0042:EN:PDF
[137]Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 on the Community trade mark Article 4:A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[138]《欧盟商标审查指南》(The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the Office for Harmonization in Internal Market OHIM),2008年4月修订,英文本见OHIM网站,http://oami.europa.eu/ows/rw/resource/documents/CTM/guidelines/examination_en.pdf.
[1391 The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2 Three Dimensional trade marks can be grouped into three categories:-Shapes unrelated to the goods themselves:-Shapes that consists of the shape of the goods themselves;-The shape of packaging or containers.
[140]德特勒夫·森能OHIM对立体商标及颜色商标的注册和保护[J].中华商标,2004(9).
[141]Libertel Group BV v Benelux Markenbureau [2003] ETMR 63.
[142]Joint statements by the Council and the Commission of the European Communities entered in the minutes of the Council meetings, at which the Regulation on the Community trade mark is adopted on 20 December, OHIM OJ 5/96, p.613.
[143]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.1.
[144]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.1 sound marks must be filed either in the form of a graphical representation or, if filed electronically, in the form of a graphic representation plus a sound file representing the sound itself. Presently the Office accepts as a graphic representation which is sufficient in particular to comply with the criterion of the ECJ judgment "Shield mark", only traditional musical notations, not frequency oscilograms or sonograms. However, the Office accepts non traditional (non musical) sounds if the graphic representation by means of an oscilogram or sonogram is accompanied by the sound file, through electronic filing.
[145]Article 4.2 of Decision of the President EX-05-3 of 10 October 2005 concerning electronic filing of sound marks. Where registration of a sound mark is applied for, one sound file containing the sound may be filed as an attachment to the electronic application form. The sound file shall be in the.mp3 format. Its file size shall not exceed one Megabyte.
[146]UK Registration Number:2000234.
[147]UK Registration Number:2001416.
[148]Kinter Earl W and Lahr, Jack; An Intellectual Property Law Primer:a survey of the law of patents, trade secrets, trademarks, franchises, copyrights and personality and entertainment rights [M]. New York:Macmillan 1982:257.
[149]CTM application Number:521914.
[150]Case R 156/1998-2, Vennootschap Onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application.
[151]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[152]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM,2.3.1 (iv) For smells, there is presently no means of representing them graphically.
[153]《法国知识产权法典》(Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)法文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id= 179120;英文文本(France Intellectual Property Code)见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180336;中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[154]Article L711-1 A trademark or service mark is a sign capable of graphic representation which serves to distinguish the goods or services of a natural or legal person. The following, in particular, may constitute such a sign:a) Denominations in all forms, such as:words, combinations of words, surnames and geographical names,pseudonyms, letters, numerals, abbreviations; b) Audible signs such as:sounds, musical phrases;c) Figurative signs such as:devices, labels, seals, selvedges, reliefs, holograms, logos, synthesized images;shapes, particularly those of a product or its packaging, or those that identify a service; arrangements, combinations or shades of color.
[155]卡特琳娜.吉约曼冈.立体商标、颜色商标及法国的实践[J].中华商标,2002(4)：6-8.
[156]District Court of Creteil 25/03/03, PIBD 771 III 452.
[157]黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[158]卡特琳娜.吉约曼冈.立体商标、颜色商标及法国的实践[J].中华商标,2002(4)：6-8.
[159]流云.立体、颜色商标欧洲考察实录(三)[J].中华商标,2003(3).
[160]卡特琳娜.吉约曼冈.立体商标、颜色商标及法国的实践[J].中华商标,2002(4)
[161]流云.立体、颜色商标欧洲考察实录(三)[J].中华商标,2003(3)：40-44.
[162]Paris Court of Appeal, November 25,1998-PIBD 1999672 III 114; Colmar Court of Appeal, April 5,2000-PIBD 2000,708 III 561; Paris Court of Appeal, Burburry, June 10,1998, PIBD 661 III 468; [Paris Court of Appeal, June 9,2004-PIBD 2004,796 III 621.
[163]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen)(Law on the Protection of Trademarks and other Signs)德文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9994;中文文本见：谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[164]谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
11651 Federal Supreme Court, I ZB 6/99, WRP 2002 p.452-Processor Cases Coloured in Green; Federal Supreme Court, I ZB 57/98, GRUR 2001,1154-Colour Violet per se.
[166]谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法).郑成思主编.知识产权文丛(第三卷)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[167]Shinichi Irie, Study on International Harmonization for Objects of Protection or the like of Trademarks, IIP Bulletin [EB/OL]http://www.iip.or.jp/e/e_summary/pdf/Detail.2001/e13_01.pdf, 2011-02-08.
[168]《英国1994商标法》(United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994)英文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=127271或英国知识产权局网站http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmact94.pdf
[169]United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994 PART I,1.1. In this Act a "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging.
[170]《英国商标审查指南》(UK Manual of trademarks practice)英文文本见英国知识产权局网 站：http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmmanual-chap3-exam.pdf
UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.1.1.
[172]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks 4.1.2 graphic representation requirements are met by representation of the sign by a musical stave divided into measures and showing, in particular, a clef, musical notes and rests, indicating relative value, and sharps, flats and naturals (accidentals). This will render the timing and pitch intelligible.
[173]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks 3.2 A smell may be distinctive as a trade mark if it is not an inherent or natural characteristic of the goods/services but is added by the applicant to identify their goods and is recognized by the public as indicating trade origin.
[174]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 5.1.
[175]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 5.3
[176]英国、法国和德国分别于1884年7月7日和1903年5月1日加入《巴黎公约》
[177]英国、法国和德国分别于1995年12月1日、1997年11月7日、1996年3月20日加入马德里议定书；法国和德国分别于1922年12月1日和1892年7月15日加入马德里协定.
[178]英国、法国和德国分别于1996年8月1日、2004年10月16日、2006年12月15日加入《商标法条约》
[1791 OHIM Trade mark Number:0943432.
[1801 OHIM Trade mark Number:1042209.
[181]OHIM Trade mark Number:1036748.
[182]OHIM Trade mark Number:1026524.
[183]OHIM Trade mark Number:002559144.
[184]OHIM Trade mark Number:002117034.
[185]OHIM Trade mark Number:001787456.
[186]International Registration Number:0852047.
[187]Case T-348/02 Quick restaurants SA/OHIM, Judgment of 27 November 2003, para.29.
[188]International Registration Number:881847.
[189]International Registration Number:942069.
[190]International Registration Number:943432.
[191]International Registration Number:1052670.
[192]Case T-337/99, Henken KGAA/OHIM, Judgment of 19 September 2001, para.49.
[193]International Registration Number:734731.
[194]International Registration Number:908136.
[195]Helen Dawson. Non-traditional Trademarks in Australia [EB/OL] [2009-10-25] http://w ww.china.embassy.-gov.au/bjngchinese/Dawson.html.
[196]《澳大利亚商标法》(Australia Trade Marks Act 1995)英文文本见WIPO网站：http:// www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=8232或澳大利亚官方网站http://www.comlaw.gov.au/S eries/C2004A04969.
[197]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Section 17 A trade marks is a sign used, or intended to be used, to distinguish goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.
[198]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Section 6 sign includes the following or any combination of the following, namely, any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, aspect of packaging, shape, colour, sound or scent.
[199]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Section 40 An application for the registration of a trade mark must be rejected if the trade mark cannot be represented graphically.
[200]Australia Application Number:886763, International Registration Number:761999;
[201]Australia Application Number:895183, International Registration Number:767786.
[202]Australia Application Number:918497, International Registration Number:781769.
[203]Australia Application Number:912371, International Registration Number:783985.
[204]Australia Application Number:948345, International Registration Number:798096H.
[205]Australia Application Number:1075157, International Registration Number:858330.
[206]Australia Application Number:1025638, International Registration Number:833274.
[207]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273.
[208]《澳大利亚商标审查实践和程序指南》(Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practi ce and Procedure),英文文本见澳大利亚知识产权网站http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/trad emarkmanual/trade marks examiners manual.htm.
[209]F.H. Faulding & Son Ltd v Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia and New Zealand Ltd, (the Barrier Cream case (1965) 112 CLR 537 at 555).
[210]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.3
[211]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273.
[212]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.7.
[213]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.4.
[214]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.4.
[215]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.5.
[216]Australia Application Number:946660.
[217]Australia Application Number:903215, International Registration Number:773058; Australia Application Number:919279, International Registration Number:782268; Australia Application Number:919286, International Registration Number:782329; Australia Application Number: 925791, International Registration Number:785383; Australia Application Number:925827, International Registration Number:785438;
[218]Australia Application Number:920821, International Registration Number:783108.
[219]Australia Application Number:930840, International Registration Number:788018.
[220]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.
[221]Philmac Pty Ltd v the Registrar of Trade Marks (2002) 56 IPR 452.
[222]Barraclough Emmal. Singapore's trade mark overhaul explained [J].142 Managing Intellectual Property,2004, vol.142:36-43.
[223]Re Application by Cadbury Ltd 55 IPR 561.
[224]BP Plc v Woolworths Limited (2004) 62 IPR 545.
[225]Australia Application Number:1016245, International Registration Number:829607.
[226]Australia Application Number:1112780, International Registration Number:881230.
[227]Australia Application Number:1133962, International Registration Number:892759.
[228]Helen Dawson. Non-traditional Trademarks in Australia, [EB/OL] http://www.china.emb assy.gov.au/bjngchinese/Dawson.html,2009-10-25.
[229]李淑美等.澳大利亚商标审查实务[M].台北：经济部智慧财产局,2007：138.
[230]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 5.
[231]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.
[232]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.
[233]W & G Du Cros Application (1913) 30 RPC 660 ST 672.
[234]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.1.
[235]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.2.
[236]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.3.
[237]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.4.
[238]Australia Application Number:700019.
[2391 Australia Application Number:727820.
[240]Australia Application Number:762280.
[241]Australia Application Number:821444.
[242]Australia Application Number:823865.
[243]Australia Application Number:823865.
[244]Australia Application Number:1386906.
[245]Australia Application Number:1386906.
[246]Australia Application Number:1446529.
[247]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 7.
[248]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 7.2.
[249]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 2.1.
[250]International Registration Number:881847.
[251]International Registration Number:982273.
[252]International Registration Number:881229.
[253]International Registration Number:982273.
[254]International Registration Number:909829.
[255]International Registration Number:892759.
[256]《新西兰商标法》(Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand)英文文本见WIPO网站：ht tp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=129230或新西兰官方网站http://www.legislation. govt.nz/act/public/2002/0049/10.0/DLM164240.html.
Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand Trade mark Section 5 trade mark--(a) means any sign capable of--(i) being represented graphically; and (ii) distinguishing the goods or services of one person from those of another person; and sign includes--(a) a brand, colour, device, heading, label, letter, name, numeral, shape, signature, smell, sound, taste, ticket, or word; and (b) any combination of signs.
[258]New Zealand Registration Number:211575,211576,211577,293730.
[259]New Zealand Registration Number:285611,285612.
[260]New Zealand Registration Number:291668.
[261]New Zealand Registration Number:294930.
[262]New Zealand Registration Number:611312.
[263]New Zealand Registration Number:615104.
[264]New Zealand Registration Number:622338.
[265]New Zealand Registration Number:651134.
[266]New Zealand Registration Number:665511.
[267]New Zealand Registration Number:257793,257797,188266,188267.
[268]New Zealand Registration Number:292515.
[269]New Zealand Registration Number:602096.
[270]New Zealand Registration Number:606090.
[271]New Zealand Registration Number:607441.
[272]New Zealand Registration Number:639476.
[273]New Zealand Registration Number:644331.
[274]New Zealand Registration Number:666094.
[275]New Zealand Registration Number:253719.
[276]New Zealand Registration Number:280511.
[277]New Zealand Registration Number:283740.
[278]New Zealand Registration Number:626245.
[279]New Zealand Registration Number:643781.
[280]New Zealand Registration Number:717351.
[281]New Zealand Registration Number:835819.
[282]New Zealand Registration Number:247094.
[283]New Zealand Registration Number:283397,736300,804170.
[284]New Zealand Registration Number:610421,747840,772140.
[285]New Zealand Registration Number:651944.
[286]New Zealand Registration Number:714400.
[287]New Zealand Registration Number:717999.
[2881 New Zealand Registration Number:770203.
[289]New Zealand Registration Number:610421.
[290]New Zealand Registration Number:739484,739486,739487.
[291]New Zealand Registration Number:949080.
[292]APEC Intellectual Property Experts Group. Report for APEC Survey on Non-Traditional Trade Marks[R]. Singapore:APEC Committee on Trade and Investment. April 2008.
[293]New Zealand Registration Number:248231.
[294]New Zealand Registration Number:646935.
[295]New Zealand Registration Number:727012.
[296]New Zealand Registration Number:781035.
[297]New Zealand Registration Number:775926.
[298]New Zealand Registration Number:829467.
[299]《新加坡商标法》(Trade Marks Act of Singapore)英文文本见WIPO网站：http://ww w.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5299或新加坡知识产权局网站http://www.ipos.gov.sg/top Nav/leg/.
[300]Trade Marks Act of Singapore Section 2(1) the "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.
[301]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §3 Definitions The definition of "trade mark" is a closed and exhaustive definition in that a "sign" must satisfy certain requisite conditions before it will qualify as a trade mark. The requisite conditions are:(i) the sign must be capable of being represented graphically; and (ii) the sign must be capable of distinguishing the goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from those provided by another person.
[302]Trade Marks Act of Singapore Section 2(1) "sign" includes any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, shape, colour, and aspect of packaging or any combination thereof.
[303]《新加坡商标工作指南》(Singapore Trademark Work Manual)英文文本见新加坡知识产权局网站：http://www.ipos.gov.sg/leftNav/tra/IP+Resources.htm.
[3041 Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §3 Definitions The definition of "sign" is an open or inclusive definition, in that the definition merely lists some examples of what may constitute a sign. Based on the above, no type of sign is automatically excluded from registration unless it is clear that the sign does not constitute a trade mark based on the definition of a trade mark.
[305]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 10.
[306]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 10 (b).
[307]Singapore Registration Number:T0005455E.
[308]Singapore Registration Number:T0110716D.
[309]Singapore Registration Number:T0113078F.
[310]Singapore Registration Number:T0119426A.
[311]Singapore Registration Number:T0010088C.
[312]Singapore Registration Number:T9914946D.
[313]Singapore Registration Number:T0502402F.
[314]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark §6.
[315]Section 7(3) of the Trade Marks Act of Singapore.
[316]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 7(a).
[317]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 7(b).
[318]Yakult Honsha KK's Trade Mark Application [2001] RPC 39.
[319]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 7(b).
[320]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 8.
[321]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks.
[322]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0020665G, T0020667C, T0020668A, T0020662B.
[323]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0308694F, T0308690C, T0308693H.
[324]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0100939A, T0100940E
[325]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0415201B.
[326]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0900128D.
[327]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0517895C.
[328]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0722661.
[329]Singapore Registration Number:T9900636, T9900634E, T9900635C.
[330]Singapore Registration Number:T0000465E.
[331]Singapore Registration Number:T0300192D.
[332]Singapore Registration Number:T9900525Z.
[333]Singapore Registration Number:T0408412B.
[334]Singapore Registration Number:T9906795F.
[335]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4 k.
[336]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b).
[337]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(d).
[338]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(c) (i).
[339]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (i).
[340]截至2010年11月13日,新加坡知识产权局已批准注册33例声音商标.
[341]Singapore Registration Number:T 0609135E.
[342]Singapore Registration Number:T0500413J, T0500415G, T0500416E, T0414167C。
[343]Singapore Registration Number:T0422860D, T0422861B.
[344]Singapore Registration Number:T0624648J, T0624647B, T0624649I.
[345]Singapore Registration Number:T0410590A.
[346]Singapore Registration Number:T0414739F, T0414741H, T0414740Z, T0518936Z.
[347]Singapore Registration Number:T0618654B.
[348]Singapore Registration Number:T0803773J.
[349]Singapore Registration Number:T0721401I.
[350]Singapore Registration Number:T0721401I.
[351]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4.
[352]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4.
[353]Singapore Registration Number:T1000854H.
[354]Singapore Registration Number:T0501368G, T0501369E.
[355]Singapore Registration Number:T0618749B.
[356]Singapore Application Number:T0318748C, T0808826B, T0811147G.
[357]Singapore Registration Number:T0108194G, T0108196C, T0108195E.
[358]International Registration Number:874083.
[359]International Registration Number:982273.
[360]International Registration Number:909829.
[361]International Registration Number:1042209.
[362]International Registration Number:838231.
[363]International Registration Number:892759.
[364]International Registration Number:939509.
[365]Zendal Prahl. Making sense of trademarks:An international Survey of Non-visual Marks [J].IP World,1996, vol.18:250.
[366]§ L711-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code.
[367]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Chapter 3 Examination, Unconventional Trademarks.
[368]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.
[369]Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand Trade mark Section 5.
[370]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks.
[371]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure- Part 21 § 7.2.
[372]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990).
[373]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21. § 4.5.1.
[374]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (i).
[375]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273.
[376]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J].Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol 96:1102-1121.
[1]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4,9,189 USPQ 759,764 (2rd Cir. 1976).
[2]William M. Landes, Richard A. Posner. The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property [M].Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2003:166-209.
[3]彭学龙.商标显著性新探[J].法律科学,2006(2)：63.
[4]杜颖.商标显著性与商标权的保护[J].科技与法律,2006(3)：46-49.
[5]Qualitex Cov. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995)
[6]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 763,768, S. ct 2753(1992)
[7]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 763,768, S. ct 2760(1992)
[8]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[9]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[10]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(b)(i).
[11]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: §8:12.50.
[12]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4,9,189 USPQ 759,764 (2rd Cir. 1976).
[13]Chevron Chemical Co. v. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc.,659 F.2d 695,212 USPQ 904 (5th Cir.1981), cert denied,457 US 1126(1982).
[14]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 8.13.
[15]Palladino, Vincent N.Trade Dress after Two Pesos [J].The Trademark Reporter,1994, vol. 84:408-417. (The spectrum of distinctiveness has so far not proved to be very useful in reaching a reasoned decision regarding trade dress.).
[16]I.P. Lund Trading ApS v. Kohler Co.,163 F.3d 27,49 U.S.P.Q.2d 1225 (1st Cir.1998) (using Seabrook test to find design of faucet is not inherently distinctive).
[17]L.& J.G. Stickley, Inc. v. Canal Dover Furniture Co.,79 F.3d 258,38 U.S.P.Q.2d 1202 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting treatise with approval; reproduction of a classic furniture design cannot be inherently distinctive); Nabisco, Inc. v. PF Brands, Inc.,50 F. Supp.2d 188, (S.D.N.Y.1999), affd, 191 F.3d 208,51 U.S.P.Q.2d 1882 (2d Cir.1999) (fish-shaped crackers are inherently distinctive, citing Seabrook test).
[18]Devan Designs, Inc. v. Palliser Furniture Corp.,25 U.S.P.Q.2d 1991,1992 WL 511694 (M.D.N.C.1992), affd,998 F.2d 1008,27 U.S.P.Q.2d 1399 (4th Cir.1993) (the test for inherent distinctiveness is to ask if it is a common basic design, unique or unusual and merely a refinement of a well-known form; furniture design held not inherently distinctive and no secondary meaning proven).
[19]Turtle Wax Inc. v. First Brands Corp.,781 F. Supp.1314,22 U.S.P.Q.2d 1013,1019 (N.D.111. 1991) (trade dress for auto polish held not inherently distinctive under the Seabrook test because it "is merely a combination and refinement of elements already prevalent in the automotive appearance chemicals market");
[20]Swisher Mower & Mach. Co. v. Haban Mfg., Inc.,931 F. Supp.645,42 U.S.P.Q.2d 1596 (W.D. Mo.1996) (design of tow-behind mower held not inherently distinctive under Seabrook test:"The design of the Swisher T-40 [mower] does not make such an impression that one would assume Swisher to be the source of the mower upon seeing a similar design on other mowers.").
[21]DCNL Inc. v. Almar Sales Co.,47 U.S.P.Q.2d 1406,1997 WL 913949 (N.D. Cal.1997), affd without opinion,178 F.3d 1308 (9th Cir.1998) (design of hair brush held not inherently distinctive under the Seabrook test).
[22]Brooks Shoe Mfg. Co. v. Suave Shoe Corp.,716 F.2d 854,857,221 USPQ 536,538 (11th Cir. 1983) ("V"-shaped design on sports shoe held not inherently distinctive under the Seabrook test).
[23]Seabrook Foods, Inc. v. Barwell Foods Ltd.,568 F.2d 1342,196 USPQ 289 (CCPA 1977) 292.
[24]I.P. Lund Trading ApS v. Kohler Co.,163 F.3d 27,49 U.S.P.Q.2d 1225,1234 (1st Cir.1998)
[25]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008, §17:2
[26]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[27]Judgment of 18 June 2002, Case C-299/99, Philips, para.48
[28]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[29]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[30]Colgate-Palmolive Co./Vanilla Yellow Sphere, R880/2002-3 (28 May 2003).
[31]Koninklijke KPN Nederland NV v. Benelux-Merkenbureau, Case C-363/00 (12 Feb.2004).
[32]Koninklijke KPN Nederland NV v. Benelux-Merkenbureau, Case C-363/00 (12 Feb.2004).
[33]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[341 Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273
[35]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark §7(b).
[36]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 8.13.
[37]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 8.12.50.
[38]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 763,768, S. ct 2760(1992).
[39]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.7.
[40]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(a). Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000). Thrifty, Inc.,274 F.3d 1349,61 USPQ 2d 1121,1124 (Fed. Cir 2001).
[41]Edward Weck Inc. v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990).
[42]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ 2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[43]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995).
[44]Liberal Group BV v. Benelux Merkenbureau, C-104/01 [2003] E.C.R.1-3793.
[45]Charlotte Schulze. Registering Color Trade Marks in the European Union [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,2003:55-65.
[46]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (ii)
[47]In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 563 (TTAB 1978).
[48]In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 560 (TTAB 1978).
[49]In re Vertex Group LLC, serial nos.76601697; 78940163 (TTAB 2009).
1501 In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,774 F.2d 1116,227 USPQ 417,424 n.11 (Fed. Cir.1985); Levi Strauss & Co. v. Genesco, Inc.,742 F.2d 1401,222 USPQ 939 (Fed/Cir.1984).
[51]In re Steelbuilding.com,415 F.3d 1293,75 USPQ2d 1420,1422 (Fed. Cir.2005); In re Ennco Display Systems Inc.,56 USPQ2d 1279 (TTAB 2000).
[52]Nextel Communications, Inc.v. Motorola, Inc. Opposition No.91164353 to application Serial No.78235365 (TTAB 2009).
[53]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.4.
[54]UK Trademark Manual Chapter 1 § 4.44 Sound Marks:The following are examples of sound marks that would not be accepted without evidence of factual distinctiveness:a) very simple pieces of music consisting of only 1 or 2 notes; b) songs (such as "Greensleeves") commonly used as chimes by ice cream vans (for ice cream etc);c) jingles commonly associated with amusement arcade machines (for such machines and entertainment services);d) well known popular music in respect of entertainment services, including amusement park services) children's nursery rhymes, for goods or services aimed at children; f) music strongly associated with particular regions or countries for the type of goods/services originating from or provided in that area.
[55]USPTO Registration Number:75120036 (abandoned).
[56]USPTO Registration Number:2463044.
[571 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[58]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990)
[59]Kinter Earl W and Lahr, Jack; An Intellectual Property Law Primer:a survey of the law of patents, trade secrets, trademarks, franchises, copyrights and personality and entertainment rights [M]. New York:Macmillan,1982:257.
[60]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21 § 7.2.
[61]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21 § 7.2.
[62]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 5.2.
[63]Case R-772/2001-1, Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application,43 E.T.M.R. at 544. German Registration No.39942129, applied for on July 17,1999 (has since been abandoned).
[64]Case R-772/2001-1, Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application,43 E.T.M.R. at 543.
[65]Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc.,54 USPQ2d at 1068, ["The burden of proving that a color mark has acquired distinctiveness is substantial."]; and Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.13 (4 the ed.2005) ["The amount of evidence required to establish that a scent or fragrance functions as a mark is substantial."].
[66]Fisher-Price Inc v. Well-Made Toy Mfg Corp.,27 USPQ 2d 1237,1238 (WDNY 1993)
[67]Chevron Chemical Co. v. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc.,30659 F.2d 695 (5th Cir.1981).
[68]Herman Miller Inc v Palazzetti Imports and Exports, Inc., F3d 298,60 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1663 (6th Cir 2001).
[69]Art Attacks Ink, LLC v. MGA Entertainment Inc.,581 F3d 92 USPQ2d 1026 (9th Cir 2009).
[70]Kramer Mfg. Co. v. Andrews,783 F2d 421,449,228 USPQ 705 (4th Cir 1986). Topps Co. v. Gerrit J Verburg Co.,41 USPQ 2d 1412,1416 (SDNY 1996).
[71]Knitwaves, Inc v Lolly togs ltd.,71 F3d 996,1008,36 USPQ 2d 1737 (2d Cir 1995).
[72]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks:Trademark Rights in Sound, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S. [M]. USA:International Trademark Association, 2000:137.
[73]University Book Store v. University of Wisconsin Bd of Regents,33 USPQ 2D 1385,1406 (TTAB 1994).
[74]Coca-Cola Co. v. Koke Co.,254 US 143,146,41 S.Ct.113,114,65 L.Ed.189 (1920)
[75]Teresa Rupp. Guidance for Non-traditional Trademarks [M]. USA:International Trademark Association,1998:343.
[76]Roux Lab., Inc. v. Clairol Inc.,427 F.2d 823 (C.C.P.A.1970). In re Hehr Mfg Co.,279 F2d 526, 126USPQ381 (CCPA 1960)
[77]Versa Products Co. v. Bifold Co. Ltd.,50 F 3d 189,33 USPQ2d 1801 (3rd Cir 1995)
[781 In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F2d 1116,227 USPQ 417 (CAFC 1985); In re Clark, 17 USPQ 2d 1238 (TTAB 1990)
[79]Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition (1985) Section 13, Comment (e).
[801 Caser Chair Co. v. Infanti Chair Mfg Corp.,155 F3d 565 USPQ2d 1208,1210 (Fed Cir 1998)
[81]Harlequin Enters. Ltd. V. Gulf & W. Corp.,644 F.2d 946,950 (2nd Cir.1981); Thompson Med. Co. v. Pfizer, Inc.,753 F.2d 208,217 (2d Cir.1985); Sugar Busters LLC v. Brennan,177 F.3d 258, 269 (5th Cir.1999), for evidenced used to establish proof of secondary meaning.
[82]UK Practice Amendment Notice PAN 6/06 Issued 12 April 2006.
[83]UK Practice Amendment Notice PAN 6/06 Issued 12 April 2006.
[84]LeSportsac v. K Mart Corporation,754 F2d 71,78,225 USPQ 654,659 (2d Cir.1985); Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Dorney Park Coaster Company,698 F.supp.1274,1280,9 UPSQ 2d 1161,1163 (ED Pa.1988)
[85]Edward Weck Inc v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990).
[86]15 U.S.C. § 1052 (f). The Director may accept as prima facie evidence that the mark has become distinctive, as used on or in connection with the applicant's goods in commerce, proof of substantially exclusive and continuous use thereof as a mark by the applicant in commerce for the five years before the date on which the claim of distinctiveness is made.
[87]Singapore Trademark Manual §14.11.05 Evidence of distinctiveness acquired through use.
[88]LA Gear Inc v. Thom McAn Shoe CO.,988 F2d 1117,25 USPQ 1913,1923 (Fed Cir 1993)
[89]The Isaly Co v. Kraft Inc.,619 F.supp.983,992.226 USPQ 801,805 (MD Fla.1985); In Re Motorola,3 USPQ 2d 1142,1143 (TTAB 1986).
[90]Edward Weck Inc v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990)
[91]Thee Nestle Company Inc v. Joyva Corporation,227 USPQ 477,479 (TTAB 1985)
[92]Giant Food Inc v. Malone & Hyde Inc.,522 F2d 1386,187 USPQ 374 (CCPA 1975)
[93]Racine Industries Inc v. Bane-Clene Corp.,35 USPQ 2d 1832,1839 (TTAB 1994)
[94]In re Owen-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F2d 1116,1125,227 USPQ 417,423 (CAFC.1985).
[95]R H Donnelley Inc v. USA Northland Directories Inc.,2004 WL 2713248 (D. Minn 2004).
[96]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997).
[97]L A Gear Inc v. Thom McAn Shoe CO.,988 F2d 1117,25 USPQ 1913,1923 (Fed Cir 1993).
[981 Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 181 Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1065,1073 (5th Cir.1998).
[99]Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 181 Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1065,1073 (5th Cir.1998).
[100]Yamaha Intern Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd.,231 USPQ 926,929 (TTAB 1986), add'd, 840 F2d 1572,1582 (CAFC 1988).
[101]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997).
[102]In re Pingel Enterprises, Inc.,46 USPQ 2d 1811 (TTAB 1993).
[103]British Seagull Ltd v. Brunswick Corp.,28 USPQ 2d 1197,1203 (TTAB.1993), aff'd,35 F3d 1527,32 USPQ 2d 1120 (CAFC.1994).
11041 LeSportsac v. K Mart Corporation,754 F2d 71,78,225 USPQ 654,659 (2d Cir.1985)(对于运动包形状的报道)；Dogloo Inc v. Doskocil Mfg. Co.,893 F.sup.911,35 USPQ 2d 1405,1407 (CDCAL.1995)(对狗舍形状的报道)；Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 18 I Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1065,1073 (5th Cir.1998)(对高尔夫球洞形状的报道).
[105]Braun Inc. v. Dynamics Corporation of American,975 F2d 815,82724 USPQ 2d 1121,1130 (CAFC.1992).
[106]Henri Bendel Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,25 F.supp 2d 198,200,48 USPQ 2d 1948,1948 (SDNY.1998)
[107]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008: §13.15.
[108]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks:Trademark Rights in Sound, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S. [M]. USA:International Trademark Association, 2000:137.
[109]Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition (1985) Section 13, Comment (e).
[110]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990)
[111]In re Denticator International Inc.,38 USPQ 2d 1218 (TTAB 1995).
[112]Master Distribution Inc v. Pako Corp.,986 F2d 219,220,25 USPQ 2d 1794 (8th Cir.1993).
[113]Thomas & Betts Cprporation v. Panduit Corp.,48 F.supp 2d 1088,34 USPQ 1545 (ND Ill. 1994).
[114]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.9
[115]Stuart Hall Co v. Ampad Corp.,51 F3d 780,34 USPQ 2d 1429 (8th Cir 1995).
[116]Sunbeam Products Inc. v. West Bend Co.,123 F3d 246,254,44 USPQ 2d 1161,1167 (5th Cir. 1997).
[117]Adjustable Fixture Co v. Schumaker Lighting Inc.,47 USPQ 2d 1856,1859 (ED Wis 1998).
[118]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 15.9.
[119]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks:Trademark Rights in Sound, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S. [M]. USA:International Trademark Association, 2000:138.
[120]Yamaha Intern Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd.,231 USPQ 926,929 (TTAB 1986), add'd, 840 F2d 1572,1582 (CAFC 1988)
[121]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,121 S. Ct.1255,1260,149 L. Ed.2d 164, 58 U.S.P.Q.2d 1001 (U.S.2001), on remand to,2001 WL 630049 (6th Cir.2001).
[122]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[123]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[124]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008, §17:6.
[125]Fisher-Price Inc v. Well-Made Toy Mfg Corp.,27 USPQ2d 1237,1238 (WDNY 1993)
[126]Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co.,514 U.S.159,131 L. Ed.2d 248,115 S. Ct.1300,1304, 34 U.S.P.Q.2d 1161,1163-64 (1995) ("'In general terms, a product feature is functional'and cannot serve as a trademark,'if it is essential to the use of purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article,'that is, if exclusive use of the feature would put competitors at a significant non reputation-related disadvantage."
[127]In re EBSCO Industries, Inc.,41 USPQ 2d 1917,1920 (TTAB 1997).
[128]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[129]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997).
[130]In re Virshup,42 USPQ 2d 1403,1405 (TTAB 1997).
[131]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.24,58 USPQ 1007 (2001).
[132]In re Zippo Mfg Co.,50 USPQ 2d 1852 (TTAB 1999).
[133]Gibson Guitar Corp.,61 USPQ 2d 1948 (TTAB 2001); M-5 Steel Mfg., Inc. v. O'Hagin Inc., 61 USPQ 1086 (TTAB 2001).Visual Communications Co., Inc.,51 USPQ 2d 1141 (TTAB 1999); Edward Ski Products, Inc.,49 USPQ 2d 2001 (TTAB 1999); Caterpiller Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335 (TTAB 1997); Bio-Medicus Inc.,31 USPQ 2d 1254 (TTAB 1993); Witco Corp.,14 USPQ 2d 1557 (TTAB 1989).
[134]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(a)(v)(A).
[135]Gibson Guitar Corp.,61 USPQ 2d 1948 (TTAB 2001); Bio-Medicus Inc.,31 USPQ 2d 1254 (TTAB 1993); Witco Corp.,14 USPQ 2d 1557 (TTAB 1989).
[136]In re Bose Corp.,772 F.2d 866,227 USPQ 1 (Fed Cir 1985).
[137]In re Gibson Guitar Corp.,61 USPQ2d 1948 (TTAB 2001).
[138]American Greetings Corp v. Dan-Dee Imports Inc.,807 F2d 1136,1142-43 (3d Cir.1986).
[139]Restatement Third, Unfair Competition § 17, comment b (1995) ("The [functional] benefit may lie, for example, in greater economy in manufacturing, shipping, or handling, in increased utility or durability, or in enhanced effectiveness or ease of use.").
[140]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(a)(v)(B).
[141]Valu Engineering, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp.,278 F.3d 1268,61 USPQ 2d 1429 (Fed.Cir.2002).
[142]Maharishi Hardy Blechman Ltd. v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co.,292 F. Supp.2d 535,546,69 U.S.P.Q.2d 1493 (S.D. N.Y.2003).
[143]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: §7:75.
[144]Valu Engineering, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp.,278 F.3d 1268,61 U.S.P.Q.2d 1422 (Fed. Cir.2002).
[145]In re North American Phillips Corporation,217 USPQ 926 (TTAB 1983).
[146]Meadowcraft In v. Compex International Co.,47 USPQ 2d 1665,1670 (N.D.Ga.1998).
[147]In re American National Can.,41 USPQ 2d 1842,1845-46 (TTAB 1997).
[148]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008, §17:2.例如M-5Steel案同时涉及实用功能性和美学功能性的认定,一方面申请人的专利申请书存在有关功能性的证据,商品促销材料中也宣传了标志的实用特征,另一方面申请人的设计与四周屋瓦相匹配,在各种方向都看不到通风口的瓦片,使得房屋外表更加美观
[149]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 7.79.
[150]Restatement of Torts § 742, comment a (1938). When goods are bought largely for their aesthetic value, their features may be functional because they definitely contribute to that value, and thus aid the performance of the object for which the goods are intended.
[151]Paligero v. Wallace China Co.,198 F.2d 339,343 (CA 9,1952).
[152]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 7.79.
[153]The Restatement of the Law of Unfair Competition §17, comment c at 175-176.
[154]Wallace Int'l Silversmiths Inc v. Godinger Silver Art Co.,916 F2d 76,80,16 USPQ 2d 1555 (2d Cir 1990), cetr denied,499 US 976 (1991).
[155]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.24,58 USPQ 1007 (2001).
[156]Krieger. The Broad Sweep of Aesthetic Functionality:A Threat to Trademark Protection of Aesthetic Product Features [J]. Fordham L. Rev,1982, vol.51:345-380.
[157]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 7.79.
[158]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 7.81.
[159]A. Donell. Trade dress protection of products designs:Stifling the progress of science and the useful arts for an unlimited time [J]. Notre Dame Law Review,1994:188.
[160]魏森.颜色商标及其审查标准研究[J].河北法学,2008(2)：103-106.
[161]杜颖.单一颜色商标注册问题研究—以美国法为中心的比较分析[J].法学评论,2009(1)：136-142.
[162]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[163]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 3.4 Shapes and Fucntionality.
[164]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.62-3-Dimensional trademarks.
[165]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.62-3-Dimensional trademarks.
[166]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[167]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 §4.5.1
[168]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (i)
[1691 Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(b).
[170]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[171]In Re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,227 USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[172]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.5.1; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks §4(b) (i)
[173]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.5.1; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks §4(b) (i)
[174]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ 2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[175]Orange Communications, Inc.,41 USPQ 1036 (TTAB 1996).
[176]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[177]InNor-Am Chemical v. GM Scott & Sons Co.,4 USPQ 2d 1316,1320 (E.D Pa 1987)
[178]California Crushed Fruit Corp. v. Taylor Beverage & Candy Co.,38 F.2d 885 (D. Wis 1930).
[179]Smith, Kline & French Laboratories v. Clark & Clark,157 F.2d 725,730 (3rd Cir), cert denied, 329 US 796 (1946).
[180]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[181]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.1.
[182]In re Vertex Group LLC, serial nos.76601697; 78940163 (TTAB 2009).
[183]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001). Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164USPQ2d 1161 (1995).
[184]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990).
[185]Case R-772/2001-1, Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application, at 543
[186]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[187]Linda Annika.The future of Scents as Trademarks in the European Community-Based comparison to the American Experience [D].Lund:Lund University,2002:45.
[188]Publications Int'l, Ltd. v. Landoll, Inc.,164 F.3d 337,49 U.S.P.Q.2d 1139 (7th Cir.1998)
[189]Moy. Lanham Act Registration of Container or Product Shape as Trademark [J]. U.S.F. L. Rev, 1969,vol.3:327-335.
[190]Crescent Tool Co. v. Kilborn & Bishop Co.,247 F.299 (2d Cir.1917)
[191]In re North American Phillips Corp.,217 USPQ 926 (TTAB.1983) (any evidence of secondary meaning, including a consumer survey showing high consumer association, cannot transform a utilitarian shape into a registrable trademark).
[192]Dorr-Oliver, Inc. v. Fluid-Quip, Inc.,94 F.3d 376,39 U.S.P.Q.2d 1990 (7th Cir.1996).
[193]In re Deister Concentrator Co.,289 F.2d 496,129 USPQ 314 (C.C.P.A.1961). Accord:In re Water Gremlin Co.,635 F.2d 841,208 USPQ 89 (CCPA.1980) ("To the extent [that permitted imitation of functional features] causes a modicum of confusion of the public, it will be tolerated.").
[194]WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007, para.3.
[195]Singapore Trademark Rules § 15(2).
[196]WO/GA/38/7 WIPO General Assembly. Report of the Work of The Standing Committee on The Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications on the Areas of Convergence Concerning the Representations of Non-traditional Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[197]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §4; Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.1.
[198]37 C.F.R. §§2.37,2.52(a) (2) (ⅲ) 2.52(a)(2)(ⅵ); Water Gremlin Co.,635 F.2d 841,208 USPQ 89(CCPA1980).
[199]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(d).37 C.F.R. §2.52(a)(2)(ⅲ).
[200]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21.Article 3.1
[201]《台湾立体、颜色及声音商标审查基准》§2.21.
[202]See Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 3.1; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 3(a); 37 C.F.R. §2.52(a) (2) (ⅲ).
[203]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 3(a).
[204]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 3.1.
[205]37 C.F.R. § 2.52(a) (2) (ⅲ).
[206]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.
[207]37 C.F.R. §2.21 (a)(3).
[208]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(d)(ⅰ).
Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21 § 4.1.
[210]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, § 7.6.4.1.
[211]37 C.F.R.§2.52(a)(2)(ⅴ); Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(c); Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.1.
[212]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.1.
[213]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1202.05(e).
[214]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(c).
[215]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1202.05(f).
[216]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, § 7.6.4; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(c); Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.1.
[217]TyNant Spring Water Ltd's Trade Mark Application [2000] RPC55.
[218]Communication No 6/03,OJ OHIM 2004,88.
[219]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks §1.1.
[220]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4.
[221]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM § 4.4.1.
[222]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J].Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol 96:1102-1121.
[223]五线谱是一种为人熟悉的音乐标记方式,利用五条平行横线,在其上面记入标示不同音高及拍子的音符。这些线,可称为“五线谱”或简称“谱表”(Staff or Stave)。并依据拍子记号将五线谱上音符依拍分成小节,用小节线标示。简谱(Numbered musical notation)为记谱法之一,主要以数字作表达,故亦称为数字谱.
[224]Case C-283/01 Shield Mark BV v. Joost Kist [2004] RPC 17.
[225]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks §4.44; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(d).
[226]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.1.
[227]欧洲法院认为,此类声谱图与声音波形图、声音频谱图不同,声音波形图是对声音音量的二维平面描述；声音频谱图示对声音频率变化的二维平面描述；声谱图应包含对声音持续时间、音高、相对音量的描述.
[228]Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Lion Corp's Application, Case R-781/1999-4,2003.
[229]CTM application 4928371,28 February 2006. A sonogram of this sort must not be confused with an oscillogram, which is a two-dimensional depiction of the volume of a sound; a spectrum, which is a two-dimensional depiction of the frequency changes in a sound; or a sound spectrogram, also known as a sonogram, which does not contain an analysis of the pitch, relative volume, and progression over time of the sound.
[230]See CTM application Nos.4987178,4983128,4928371,4901658,3886471,369920, 3661329 and 2919967.
[231]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM §7.61.
[232]37 C.F.R.§2.52(a)(3); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.11
[233]向玉兰.论声音商标的可注册性[J].暨南学报,2007(4)：22-26.
[234]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(d); Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.1.
Advocate General Colomer conducted research on the various onomatopoeia of a cockcrow in the various official languages of the European Union (at that time 15 Member States) and mentioned as follows "The onomatopoeia of a cockcrow in the various official languages of the European Union is as follows:kikiriki, in German; kikeli-ki in Danish; quiquiriqui, in Spanish; kukkokiekuu, in Finnish; cocorico, in French; kokoriko, in Greek; cock-a-doodle-doo, in English; chichirichi, in Italian; kukeleku, in Dutch; cocorococo, in Portuguese; and kukeliku, in Swedish." With the recent and upcoming enlargements of the European Union, we would appreciate to learn the additional versions of the cockcrow.
[236]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.44.
[237]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 807.11; 37 C.F.R. §2.56(d)(3). In the absence of non-bulky alternatives, the Office may accept an audio or video cassette tape recording, CD-ROM, or other appropriate medium.
[238]Commission Regulation (EC) No 1041/2005 of 29 June 2005amending Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 on the Community trade mark.
[239]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.1
[240]WO/GA/38/7 WIPO General Assembly. Report of the Work of The Standing Committee on The Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications on the Areas of Convergence Concerning the Representations of Non-traditional Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[241]WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007.para.37.
[242]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure § 807.11.
[243]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 7.1.
[244]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[245]WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007 para.37.
[246]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 7.1.
[247]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM,2.3.1 (iv) For smells, there is presently no means of representing them graphically. Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(3) It appears that at present stage of technology, there has not been found an acceptable graphical representation for "scent marks".
[248]WO/GA/38/7 WIPO General Assembly. Report of the Work of The Standing Committee on The Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications on the Areas of Convergence Concerning the Representations of Non-traditional Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[[249]] UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.4.5; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(d) Movement(moving) marks can be graphically represented by a series of still images and each case may have its own individual requirements, but the representation of the mark should include:that the mark is a moving image; what the image depicts, that is, what the change in appearance is; how many images are involved in the complete sequence of movement; what the sequential order is of the images; and that there is a single sequence of movement (not variable).
12501 WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007 para.23.
[251]Ralf Sieckmann.Hologramsthe next generation of trademarks? [EB/OL]. http://www.cp aglobal.com/sites/default/files/ip_review_13.pdf,2010-04-18.
[252]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.4.6; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(g).
[1]我国分别于1985年3月19日加入《巴黎公约》；2001年12月11日加入TRIPS协定；1989年10月4日加入马德里协定；1995年12月1日加入马德里议定书.
[2]我国分别于1994年10月28日签署《商标法条约》,于2007年1月29日签署《新加坡商标法条约》,但目前仍未批准加入这两个条约.
[3]See Article 6 quinquies of Paris Convention:Every trademark duly registered in the country of origin shall be accepted for filing and protected as is in the other countries of the Union, subject to the reservations indicated in this Article.
See Article 3.1 of Madrid protocol.
[5]Ellen P. Winner, Aaron W. Denburg International Trademark Treaties with Commentary [M]. USA:Oxford University Press,2005:25.
[6]董炳和、谭筱清.商标法体系化判解研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：7.
[7]王莲峰.商标法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008：7.
[8]杜颖.商标法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2010：49.
[9]曹新伟.单一颜色商标的申请与审查[J].中华商标,2007(3)：57-60.
[10]董炳和、谭筱清.商标法体系化判解研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：8.
[11]黄晖.商标法[M].法律出版社,2004：96.
[12]杜颖.商标法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2010：55.
[13]王莲峰.商标法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008：7；陈耀东.商标保护范围研究[M].天津：天津人民出版社,2003：18.
[14]王迁.知识产权法教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007：421.
[15]国际注册第8358429号瑞士卡夫食品公司立体商标申请案.
[16]国际注册第3033413号意大利费列罗公司图形商标申请案.
[17]国际注册第3031816号美国之宝制造公司立体商标申请案.
[18]《商标审查标准》第四部分立体商标的审查.
[19]《商标审查标准》第四部分立体商标的审查.
[20]国际注册第5145795号美国可口可乐公司立体商标申请案.
[21]国际注册第3033413号意大利费列罗公司图形商标申请案.
[22]国际注册第G763835号法国通用饼干公司"LU及图”立体商标申请案.
[23]汪泽.立体商标的审查--《商标审查标准》解读之二[J].中华专利与商标,2008(2)：73-77.
[24]国际注册第3200243号美国俄勒冈州草坪草料种子公司立体商标申请案.
[25]李顺德.立体商标和颜色组合商标的注册保护[J].中华商标,2002(4)：10-12.
[26]佟姝.关于立体商标注册和保护标准的探讨——从费列罗案谈起[J].中国专利与商标,2008(3)：88-90.
[27]国际注册第647842号立体商标申请案.
[28]国际注册第G790272号德国Wilfer立体商标申请案.
[29]国际注册第G778306号德国geobra brandstatter公司立体商标申请案.
[30]《商标审查标准》第五部分颜色组合商标的审查.
[31]国际注册第3063748、3063749、3063750、3692933、3692934号瑞典凯普曼公司颜色组合商标申请案.
[32]董炳和、谭筱清.商标法体系化判解研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：6.
[33]国际注册第3037973号美国吉列公司立体商标申请案.
[34]曹新伟.单一颜色商标的申请与审查[J].中华商标,2007(3)：57-60.
[35]《商标审查标准》上篇第二部分第五项之六.
[36]曹新伟.单一颜色商标：现实与法律的冲突[J].中国工商管理研究,2007(7)：71-73
[37]国际注册第G852047号德国凯莱公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[38]国际注册第G827669号澳大利亚布兰博公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[39]国际注册第3636258号英国吉百利公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[40]参见2006年8月21日出版的第1036期《商标公告》.对该商标的初步审定,美国玛氏公司和瑞士雀巢公司于2006年11月17日同一天向商标局提出异议,理由为该商标缺乏显著性。商标局审查之后于2006年11月21正式注册公告.
[41]国际注册第4265815号美国玛氏公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[42]王迁.知识产权法教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007：445.
[43]曹新伟.单一颜色商标的申请与审查[J].中华商标,2007(3)：57-60.
[44]国际注册第G836242号德国西门子公司声音商标申请案.
[45]国际注册第G659177号德国Bausparkasse Schwabisch Hall公司声音商标申请案.
[46]国际注册第G881229、G881230、G881231、G836242号德国安联公司声音商标申请案.
[47]国际注册第G889242号法国Bechtola Rachid公司声音商标申请案.
[48]国际注册第G1026524号德国超捷物流公司声音商标申请案.
[49]我国商标局拒绝注册的理由原文为：Sound mark is not acceptable in China at present.参见我国商标局拒绝国际注册号659177、836242、881229、889242、1026524的商标国际注册的理由。参见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/romarin/.
[50]王吉法.企业知识产权保护研究[M].济南：山东大学出版社,1997：131
[51]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Subcommittee Issues and Policy Committee Trademark Affairs and Policies Group. Protection of Color Trademarks[R]. New York:INTA, Nov 1996.
[52]曹世华.后TRIPS时代的知识产权前沿问题研究[M].合肥：中国科技大学出版社,2006：304-330.
[53]姚小磊.单一颜色商标的可注册性[J].中华商标,2007(11)：52-55.
[54]沈国兵.与贸易有关知识产权协定下强化中国知识产权保护的经济分析[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,2011：86.
[55]Helen Dawson非传统标[EB/OL]http://www.china.embassy.gov.au/bjngchinese/Dawson.ht m1,2012-2-22.
[56]United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement(《美国澳大利亚自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/austr alian-fta.
[57]United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement(《美国新加坡自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/singap ore-fta.
[58]United States-Peru Free Trade Agreement(《美国秘鲁自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa.
[59]United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement(《美国摩洛哥自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/morocc o-fta.
[60]United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement(《美国智利自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta.
[61]Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement《澳大利亚智利自由贸易协定》英文文本见澳大利亚商务部网站http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/aclfta/index.html.
[62]《中华人民共和国商标法(修订草案征求意见稿)》,文本见中央政府门户网站：http://ww w.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-09/02/content_1939013.htm.
[63]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154.
[64]Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 on the Community trade mark Article 4:A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[65]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》第三条规定：任何能够将其使用的商品或服务与使用其他标志的商品或服务相区别的标志,可以作为商标获得保护,尤其是文字(包括人名)、图样、字母、数字、声音标志、三维形状,包括商品本身的形状或其包装物,颜色和颜色组合,能够将一个企业的商品和服务与其他企业的商品和服务区别开的,可以作为商标保护。
[66]United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994 PART Ⅰ,1.1. In this Act a "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging.
[67]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.
[68]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §3 Definitions The definition of "sign" is an open or inclusive definition, in that the definition merely lists some examples of what may constitute a sign. Based on the above, no type of sign is automatically excluded from registration unless it is clear that the sign does not constitute a trade mark based on the definition of a trade mark.
[69]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks.
[70]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 Shapes, Sounds, Colors, Scents, and Aspects of Packaging.
[71]参见《美国商标审查程序指南》、《欧盟商标审查指南》、《英国商标审查指南》、《澳大利亚商标审查实践和程序指南》及《新加坡商标工作指南》等.
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[1]《保护工业产权巴黎公约》(Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property)(1883年3月20日在巴黎签订,1900年12月14口在布鲁塞尔修订；1911年6月2日在华盛顿修订；1925年11月6日在海牙修订；1934年6月2日在伦敦修订；1958年10月31日在里斯本修订；1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩修订；1979年10月2日修正),英文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html;官方中文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/ip/paris/index.html.
[2]《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Pr operty Rights)(Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, signed in Marrakesh, Morocco on 15 Apr.1994)。英文原文见WTO网站：http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e.htm;参考的中文译本为：对外贸易 经济合作部国际经贸关系司译.世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果法律文本：中英文对照[M].北京：法律出版社,2000：321-353；张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M]第二版.上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：364-388.
[3]《商标国际注册马德里协定》(Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registra tion of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订；1900年11月14日修订于布鲁塞尔；1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿；1925年11月6日修订于海牙；1934年6月2口修订于伦敦；1957年6月15日修订于尼斯；1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩修订；1979年10月2日修订于斯德哥尔摩)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/m adrid/;中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration/madrid/index.htmll.
[4]《商标国际注册马德里议定书》(Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerni ng the International Registration of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订1900年12月14日修订于布鲁塞尔,1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿,1925年11月6日修订于海牙,1934年6月2日订于伦敦,1957年6月15日修订于尼斯,1967年7月14日修订于斯德哥尔摩并于1979年9月28日修订。)英文本见WIPO网站ttp://www.wipo.int/treaties/ en/registration/madrid_protocol/;官方中文本见http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration /madrid_protocol/madrid_protocol.html.
[5]《商标法条约》(Trademark Law Treaty)(1994年10月27日于口内瓦签订)。英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/tlt/;官方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wip o.int/treaties/zh/ip/trademark-law/index.html.
[6]《商标法新加坡条约》(Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks)(2006年3月27日经外交会议通过)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/singapore/;官方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/ip/singapore/index.html.
[7]《商标法新加坡条约实施规则》)(Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks)(2011年11月1日生效)英文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/tr eaties/en/ip/singapore/regulations.html.
[1]《商标法》
[2]《商标法实施条例》
[3]《商标审查及审理标准》
[4]《商标法(修订草案征求意见稿)》
[1]《兰哈姆法》(Lanham Act of United States)载于《美国法典》第十五编,英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[2]《美国商标审查程序之南》(Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures of United States)英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/.
[3]《美国联邦政府行政法规汇编有关商标法案例的操作规则》(U.S. Trademark Law Title 37 CFR--Rules of Practice and Federal Statutes),2012年1月6日修订,英文文本参见美国专利商标局网站www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[4]《协调成员国商标立法欧盟理事会第2008/95号指令》(Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade mark),英文本见欧共体内部市场协调局网站http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:299:0025:0033:EN:PDF,该指令取代《协调成员国商标立法欧盟理事会第一号指令》(First Council Directive 89 /104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relati ng to trademark)英文本见http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUri Serv/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELE X:31989L0104:en:HTML.
[5]《欧盟理事会第207/2009号共同体商标条例》(Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark),参见OHIM网：http://eur-lex.eu ropa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:078:0001:0042:EN:PDF),该条例取代之前的《欧盟理事会第40/94号共同体商标条例》(Council Regulation (EC) No.40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark)
[6]《欧盟商标审查指南》(The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the Office for Harmonization in Internal Market OHIM),2008年4月修订,英文本见欧盟内部市场协调局网站http://oami.europa.eu/ows/rw/resource/documents/CTM/guidelines/examination_en.pdf.
[7]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》(Gesetz tiber den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen) (Law on the Protection of Trademarks and other Signs)德文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9994;中文文本见：谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[8]《法国知识产权法典》(Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)法文文本见WIPO网站htt p://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id= 179120;英文文本(France Intellectual Prop erty Code)见世界知识产权组织网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180336；中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[9]《英国商标法》(United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994)英文文本见WIPO网站：ht tp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=127271或英国知识产权局网站http://www.i po.gov.uk/tmact94.pdf
[10]《英国商标审查指南》(Manual of trademarks practice)英文文本见英国知识产权局网站ittp://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmmanual-chap3-exam.pdf
[11]《澳大利亚商标法》(Australia Trade Marks Act 1995)英文文本见WIPO网站：http: //www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=8232或澳大利亚知识产权局官方网站http://ww w.comlaw.gov.au/Series/C2004A04969
[12]《澳大利亚商标审查实践和程序指南》(Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Prac tice and Procedure),英文文本见澳大利亚知识产权局官方网站http://www.ipaustralia.g ov.au/pdfs/trademarkmanual/trade_marks_examiners_manual.htm.
[13]《新西兰商标法》(Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand)英文文本见世界知识产权组织网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=129230
[14]《新加坡商标法》(Trade Marks Act of Singapore)英文文本见世界知识产权组织网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5299或新加坡知识产权局网站http：//www.ipos.gov.sg/topNav/leg/.
[15]《新加坡商标条例》(Singapore Trade Marks Rules),英文文本见新加坡知识产权局网站http://www.ipos.gov.sg/topNav/leg/.
[16]《新加坡商标工作指南》(Singapore Trademark Work Manual),英文文本见新加坡知识产权局网站http://www.ipos.gov.sg/leftNav/tra/IP+Resources.htm.
[1]《美国澳大利亚自由贸易协定》(United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/ australian-fta.
[2]《美国新加坡自由贸易协定》(United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/si ngapore-fta
[3]《美国秘鲁自由贸易协定》(United States-Peru Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa.
[4]《美国摩洛哥自由贸易协定》(United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/m orocco-fta.
[5]《美国智利自由贸易协定》(United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美 国贸易代表办公室网http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta.
[6]《澳大利亚智利自由贸易协定》(Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见澳大利亚商务部网站http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/aclfta/index.html.
[1]A Leschen & Sons Rope Co. v. Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.,201 U.S.166,171,26 S.Ct. 425,426,50 L.Ed.710(1906.)
[2]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4 (2d. Cir.1976)
[3]Adjustable Fixture Co v. Schumaker Lighting Inc.,47 USPQ 2d 1856,1859 (ED Wis 1998)
[4]Alan Wood Steel Co. v. Watson,150 F.Supp.861,863,113 USPQ 311,312 (D.D.C.1957).
[5]American Greetings Corp v. Dan-Dee Imports Inc.,807 F2d 1136,1142-43 (3d Cir.1986)
[6]Art Attacks Ink, LLC v. MGA Entertainment Inc.,581 F3d 1138,1145,92 USPQ2d 1026 (9th Cir 2009)
[7]Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application,43 E.T.M.R Case R-772/2001-1,
[8]Black & Decker Inc v. Hoover Service Center,886 F2d 1285,1291,12 USPQ 2d 1250, (CAFC 1989)
[9]Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.,489 U.S.141,160 (1989)
[10]BP Plc v Woolworths Limited (2004) 62 IPR 545
[11]Braun Inc. v. Dynamics Corporation of American,975 F2d 815,82724 USPQ 2d 1121,1130 (CAFC.1992).
[12]British Seagull Ltd v. Brunswick Corp.,28 USPQ 2d 1197,1203 (TTAB.1993), aff'd,35 F3d 1527,32 USPQ 2d 1120 (CAFC.1994)
[13]British Sugar Plc v James Robertson & Sons Ltd [1996] R.P.C.281
[14]Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. Suave Shoe Corporation,513 F.supp 75,221 USPQ 536(SDFla.1981)
[15]Brunswick Corp. v. British Seagull Ltd.,35 F.3d 1527,32 USPQ 1120 (Fed.Cir 1994)
[16]California Crushed Fruit Corp. v. Taylor Beverage & Candy Co.,38 F.2d 885 (D. Wis 1930).
[17]Campbell Soup Co. v Armour & Co.,81 F supp 114 (1948).
[18]Cartier Inc v. Sardell Jewelry Inc.,294 Fed. Appx 615 (2d Cir 2008).
[19]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[20]Case C-283/01 Shield Mark, BV v. Joost Kist.
[21]Case R 156/1998-2, Vennootschap Onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application.
[22]Case C-299/99 Koninklijke Philips Elec. NV v. Remington Consumer Prods. Ltd.
[23]Caser Chair Co. v. Infanti Chair Mfg Corp.,155 F3d 565 USPQ2d 1208,1210 (Fed Cir 1998)
[24]Chevron Chemical Co. v. untary Purchasing Groups, Inc.,30659 F.2d 695 (5th Cir.1981).
[25]Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, Inc v. Pussycat Cinema, Ltd.,604 F2d 200,203 USPQ 161, [63] (2d Cir 1979)
[26]Diamond Match Co. v. Saginaw Match Co.,142 F.727,729-30 (6th Cir.1906).
[27]Disc Golf Association, Inc. v. Champion Discs, Inc.,158 F.3d 1002,1005 n.3,48 USPQ 2d 1132,1134n.3(9th Cir.1998)
[28]District Court of Creteil 25/03/03, PIBD 771 III 452.
[29]Dogloo Inc v. Doskocil Mfg. Co.,893 F.supp.911,35 USPQ 2d 1405,1407 (CD CAL.1995)
[30]Duraco products, Inc. v. Joy Plastic Enterprises, Ltd.,40 F.3d 1431,32 USPQ 2D 1724 (3rd Cir.1994)
[31]Edward Weck Inc. v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990).
[32]First Brands Corp v. Fred Meyer Inc.,809 F2d 1378 n.3,1 USPQ2d 1779 (9th Cir 1987)
[33]Fisher-Price Inc v. Well-Made Toy Mfg Corp.,27 USPQ2d 1237,1238 (WDNY 1993)
[34]Fre-Mar Industries, Inc.,158 USPQ 364,367 (TTAB 1968)
[35]Gasser Chair Co v. Infanti Chair Mfg. Corp.,47 USPQ 2d 1208,1211 (CAFC 1998)
[36]Geneso v. Levi Strauss,742 F2d 1401,1403,222 USPQ 939,940 (CAFC 1983)
[37]Giant Food Inc v. Malone & Hyde Inc.,522 F2d 1386,187 USPQ 374 (CCPA 1975)
[38]Gibson Guitar Corp. v. Paul Reed Smith Guitars, LP,311 F. Supp.2d 690, (M.D.Tenn.2004).
[39]Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co v. Interco Tire Corp.,49 USPQ 2d 1705,1717 (TTAB 1998)
[40]Haig & Haig Ltd.,118 USPQ 229,230 (Comm'r Pats.1958)
[41]Henkel KGaA v. German Patent and Trademark. Trademark Office; case no. C-218/01.
[42]Henri Bendel Inc v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,25 F.supp 2d 198,202,48 USPQ 2d 1948,1951 (SDNY 1998)
[43]Herman Miller Inc v Palazzetti Imports and Exports, Inc., F3d 298,60 USPQ 2d 1663 (6th Cir 2001)
[44]In re American National Can Co.,41 USPQ 2d 1841,1843 (TTAB 1997)
[45]In re Bongrain Sa's Appn (21 Mar.2003)
[46]In re Bose Corp.,772 F.2d 866,227 USPQ 1 (Fed Cir 1985).
[47]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997)
[48]In Re Clarke,17 U.S.P.Q.2d 1238 (TTAB 1990).
[49]In re Corning Glass Works,6 USPQ 2D 1032,1034 (TTAB 1988)
[50]In re Dennison Mfg. Co.,17 CCPA 987,988,39 F.2d 720,721,5 USPQ 316,317 (1930).
[51]In re Denticator International Inc.,38 USPQ 2d 1218 (TTAB 1995)
[52]In re E.I DuPont De Nemours & Co.,476 F.2d 1357,1360,177 USPQ 563,566 (CCPA 1973).
[53]In re EBSCO Industries, Inc.,41 USPQ 2d 1917,1920 (TTAB 1997)
[54]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ.2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[55]In re Gammon Reel, Inc.,227 USPQ 729,730 (TTAB 1985)
[56]In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ.560 (TTAB 1978).
[57]In re General Petroleum Corp. of California,49 F.2d 966,9 USPQ 511 (CCPA 1931)
[58]In re Hehr Mfg Co.,279 F2d 526,126 USPQ 381 (CCPA 1960)
[59]In re Honeywell Inc.,532 F.2d 180,182,189 USPQ 343,344 (CCPA 1976).
[60]In re Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co.,335 F.2d 836,142 USPQ 366 (CCPA 1964)
[61]In re Mogen David Wine Corp.,328 F.2d 925,14 USPQ 575 (CCPA 1964).
[62]In re Morganroth,208 USPQ 284 (TTAB 1980).
[63]In re N.V. Organon,79 USPQ2d (T.T.A.B.2006).
[64]In Re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,227 U.S.P.Q.417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[65]In re Pingel Enterprise Inc.,46 USPQ2d 1811 (TTAB 1998).
[66]In re Remington Products Inc.,3 USPQ2d 1714,1715 (TTAB 1987).
[67]In re Shaw,184 USPQ 253 (TTAB 1974).
[68]In re Vertex Group LLC, serial nos.76601697; 78940163 (TTAB 2009).
[69]In re Villeroy & Bosch SARL 5 USPQ 2d 1451 n.3 (TTAB 1987)
[70]In re Virshup,42 USPQ 2d 1403,1405 (TTAB 1997)
[71]In re World's Finest Choclate, Inc.,474 F.2d 1012,177 USPQ 205 (CCPA 1973).
[72]In re Zippo Mfg Co.,50 USPQ 2d 1852 (TTAB 1999)
[73]International Jenson Inc. v. Metrosound USA Inc.,4 F3d,28 USPQ 2d 1287(9th Cir.1993)
[74]International Playtex Corp.,153 USPQ 377 (TTAB 1967)
[75]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[76]IP. Lund Trading.v. Kohler Co.,163 F.3d 27,41,49 USPQ 2d 1225,1233 (1st Cir.1998)
[77]John Lewis of Hungerford Ltd's Trade Mark Application[2001] RPC 575
[78]Kawasaki Motors Corp. v. H-D Michigan, Inc.,43 USPQ.2d 1521 (T.T.A.B.1997)
[79]Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co 305 U.S.111 (1938).
[80]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks [2002] 56 IPR 30.
[81]Knitwaves, Inc v Lollytogs ltd.,71 F3d 996,1008,36 USPQ 2d 1737 (2d Cir 1995)
[82]Kramer Mfg. Co. v. Andrews,783 F2d 421,449,228 USPQ 705 (4th Cir 1986)
[83]Krueger Int'l Inc. v. Nightingale Inc.,915 F.supp.595,40 USPQ 2d 1334 (SDNY.1996).
[84]L A Gear Inc v. Thom McAn Shoe CO.,988 F2d 1117,25 USPQ 1913,1923 (Fed Cir 1993)
[85]L.D.Kichler Co. v. Davoil Inc.,52 USPQ.1307 (CAFC 1999).
[86]LeSportsac v. K Mart Corporation,754 F2d 71,78,225 USPQ 654,659 (2d Cir.1985)
[87]M-5 Steel Mfg., Inc. v. O'Hagin Inc.,61 USPQ 1086 (TTAB 2001).
[88]Master Distribution Inc v. Pako Corp.,986 F2d 219,220,25 USPQ 2d 1794 (8th Cir.1993)
[89]Meadowcraft In v. Compex International Co.,47 USPQ 2d 1665,1670 (N.D.Ga.1998)
[90]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 U.S.P.Q.9 (CCPA 1982).
[91]Nextel Communications, Inc.v. Motorola, Inc. Opposition No.91164353 to application Serial No.78235365 (TTAB 2009)
[92]Paligero v. Wallace China Co.,198 F.2d 339,343 (CA 9,1952).
[93]Park'N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc., U.S.105 S.Ct.661,224 USPQ 329 (1985).
[94]Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 181 Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1073 (5th Cir.1998);
[95]Permatex Co. v. California Tube Prods. Inc.,175 USPQ 764 (TTAB 1972) 7.
[96]Philmac Pty Ltd v the Registrar of Trade Marks (2002) 56 IPR 452
[97]Plastulite Corp. v. Kassnar Imports,508 F.2d 824,184 USPQ 348 (CCPA 1975).
[98]Pollak Steel Co.,31 F.2d 566,136 USPQ 651 (CCPA 1963).
[99]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 U.S.P.Q.2d 1161 (1995).
[100]R H Donnelley Inc v. USA Northland Directories Inc.,2004 WL 2713248 (D. Minn 2004)
[101]R. L. Winson Rod Co.v. Sage Mfg. Co.,838 F.Supp.1396,29 USPQ 1779 (D.Mont.1993).
[102]R. M. Smith, Inc.,734 F.2d 1482,1484,222 USPQ 1,3 (Fed.Cir.1984).
[103]Racine Industries Inc v. Bane-Clene Corp.,35 USPQ 2d 1832,1839 (TTAB 1994)
[104]Radio Corp of America v Decca Records,51 F supp 493 (1943).
[105]Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application. Case C-273/00
[106]Roux Lab., Inc. v. Clairol Inc.,427 F.2d 823 (CCPA.1970).
[107]Russell Harrington Cutery Inc. v. Zivi Hercules Inc.,25 USPQ 2d 1965 (D.Mass.1992).
[108]Schwinn Bicycle Co. v. Murray Ohio Mfg. Co.,172 USPQ 14,19 (M.D.Tenn.1971).
[109]Sunbeam Products, Inc v. West Bend Co.,123 F3d 246,44 USPQ 2d 1168 (5th Cir.1997)
[110]Seabrook Foods, Inc. v. Bar-Well Foods, Ltd.,568 F.2d 1342 (C.C.P.A.1977)
[111]Shire US Inc v. Barr Laboratories Inc.,329 F3d 348,66 USPQ 2d 1837(3d Cir 2003)
[112]Singer Manufacturing Co. v. June Manufacturing Co163 U.S.169 (1896).
[113]Smith, Kline & French Laboratories v. Clark & Clark,157 F.2d 725,730 (3rd Cir), cert denied,329 US 796 (1946).
[114]Stuart Hall Co v. Ampad Corp.,51 F3d 780,34 USPQ 2d 1429 (8th Cir 1995)
[115]Teledyne Industries Inc.,696 F.2d 968,971,217 USPQ 9,11 (Fed.Cir.1982)
[116]Thee Nestle Company Inc v. Joyva Corporation,227 USPQ 477,479 (TTAB 1985)
[117]Thomas & Betts Cprporation v. Panduit Corp.,34 USPQ 1545 (ND Ill.1994)
[118]Thompson Medical Co., Inc. v. Pfizer Inc.753 F.2d 208 (CANY.,1985)
[119]Topps Co. v. Gerrit J Verburg Co.,41 USPQ 2d 1412,1416 (SDNY 1996)
[120]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001).
[121]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 U.S.763, USPQ 2d 1081,1086 (1992).
[122]University Book Store v. University of Wisconsin,33 USPQ 2D 1385,1406 (TTAB 1994)
[123]Upper Deck Co.,59 USPQ2d 1688 (TTAB 2001).
[124]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R
[125]Valu Engineering, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp.,278 F.3d 1268 (Fed. Cir.2002)
[126]Versa Products Co. v. Bifold Co. Ltd.,50 F 3d 189,33 USPQ2d 1801 (3rd Cir 1995)
[127]Wallace Int'l Silversmiths Inc v. Godinger Silver Art Co.,916 F2d 76,80,16 USPQ 2d 1555 (2d Cir 1990), cetr denied,499 US 976 (1991)
[128]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[129]Witco Corp.,14 USPQ 2d 1557,1560 (TTAB 1990)
[130]World's Finest Chocolate, Inc.,474 F.2d 1012,177 USPQ 205 (CCPA 1973)
[131]Yamaha Int'l Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co. Ltd.,840 F.2d 1572 (Fed Cir.1988).
[132]Yellow Cab Transit Co. v. Louisville Taxicab & Transfer Co.,147 F.2d 407,64 USPQ 348 (6th Cir.1945).
[133]Zatarian's, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc.,698 F.2d 786 (5th Cir.1983).
[1]国际注册第3031816号美国之宝制造公司立体商标申请案.
[2]国际注册第3033413号意大利费列罗公司图形商标申请案.
[3]国际注册第3037973号美国吉列公司立体商标申请案.
[4]国际注册第3063748、3063749、3063750、3692933、3692934号瑞典凯普曼公司颜色组合商标申请案.
[5]国际注册第3200243号美国俄勒冈州草坪草料种子公司立体商标申请案.
[6]国际注册第3636258号英国吉百利公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[7]国际注册第4265815号美国玛氏公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[8]国际注册第5145795号美国可口可乐公司立体商标申请案.
[9]国际注册第8358429号瑞士卡夫食品公司立体商标申请案.
[10]国际注册第G1026524号德国超捷物流公司声音商标申请案.
[11]国际注册第G659177号德国Bausparkasse Schwabisch公司声音商标申请案.
[12]国际注册第G695878号法国Nitya公司全息图商标申请案.
[13]国际注册第G763835号法国通用饼干公司"LU及图”立体商标申请案.
[14]国际注册第G778306号德国geobra brandstatter公司立体商标申请案.
[15]国际注册第G790272号德国Wilfer立体商标申请案.
[16]国际注册第G812689号法国Head-Balance公司全息图商标申请案.
[17]国际注册第G827669号澳大利亚布兰博公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[18]国际注册第G836242号德国西门子公司声音商标申请案.
[19]国际注册第G852047号德国凯莱公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[20]国际注册第G881229、G881230、G881231、G836242号德国安联公司声音商标申请案.
[21]国际注册第G889242号法国Bechtola Rachid公司声音商标申请案.
[2]佟姝.关于立体商标注册和保护标准的探讨——从费列罗案谈起[J].中国专利与商标,2008(3)：88-90.
[3]清源.立体商标和颜色组合商标审查实例[J].中华商标,2003(9)：30-32.
[4]董葆霖,常艳丽.单一颜色商标在欧洲[J].中华商标,2006(2)：28-29.
[5]黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：96.
[6]姚小磊.单一颜色商标的可注册性[J].中华商标,2007(11)：52-55.
[7]魏森.颜色商标及其审查标准研究[J].河北法学,2008(2)：103-106.
[8]夏扬.单一颜色商标注册法律问题初探[J].知识产权,2008,18(2)：55-59.；杜颖.单一颜色商标注册问题研究—以美国法为中心的比较分析[J].法学评论,2009(1)：136-142.
[9]向玉兰.论声音商标的可注册性[J].暨南学报,2007(4)：22-26.；何炼红.论动态商标的法律保护[J].政治与法律,2009(4)：76-80.；任志强.动态商标呼之欲出[J].中华商标,2008(2)：25-29;任志强.我国动态商标申请注册和使用的可行性论证[J].中国工商管理研究2008(5)：32-34.
[10]流云.立体、颜色商标欧洲考察实录(一)[J].中华商标,2003(1)：48-49.
[11]郑延峰.颜色商标的注册与保护—在欧洲主要法域的新进展[J].重庆科技学院学报,2008(11)：64-65.
[12]《保护工业产权巴黎公约》(Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property)(1883年3月20日在巴黎签订,1900年12月14日在布鲁塞尔修订；1911年6月2口在华盛顿修订；1925年11月6日在海牙修订；1934年6月2日在伦敦修订；1958年10月31日在里斯本修订；1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩修订；1979年10月2日修正),英文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html;官方中文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/ip/paris/index.html。
[13]《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)(Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, signed in Marrakesh, Morocco on 15 Apr.1994)。英文原文见WTO网站：http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/TRIPS_e/t_agmO_e.htm;参考的中文译本为：对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司译.世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果法律文本：中英文对照[M].北京：法律出版社,2000：321-353；张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M].第二版.上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：364-388.
[14]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M]. USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995.
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[17]Vanessa Marsland. Non-traditional trademarks in the Community trademark system [J]. World Trademark Review,2007:86.
[18]Guido Jacobacci, Marilena Garis. Italy's cautious approach to non-traditional trademarks [J].World Trademark Review,2007:90-91.
[19]Nils Weber, Dr Martin Vie hues. The tradition of non-traditional trademarks in Germany [J]. World Trademark Review,2007:88-89.
[20]Gary Partington. Protection of shapes and color marks in Canada [J]. Journal of Intellectual Property Law Practice 2007, vol.12:812-820.
[21]Samtani Anil. Non-traditional trademarks:a Singapore perspective [J]. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice,2008, vol.3:180-184.
[22]Paul Steinhauser, Rens Schrijver. Benelux approach to non-traditional marks [J]. World Trademark Review,2007:84-85.
Jerome Gilson & Anne Gilson LaLonde. Cinnamon Buns, Marching Ducks and Cherry-Scented Racecar Exhaust:Protecting Nontraditional Trademarks [J]. Trademark Reporter, 2005, vol.95:773.
[24]Midge Hyman and Hannah Chung. Registration and Enforceability of Non-Traditional Trademarks in the United States [J]. The Computer & Internet Lawyer,2005, vol.22:26-32.
[25]A. Donell. Trade dress protection of products designs:Stifling the progress of science and the useful arts for an unlimited time [J]. Notre Dame Law Review,1994:188.
[26]Dettmann, Frank. Protecting three-dimensional trademarks [J].[2] Managing Intellectual Property 2002, vol.121:57.
[27]DeLonge John. The Shape of Things Australian Court Decision on Registrability of Shape Marks [J]. Intellectual Property & Technology Law Journal,2002, vol.4:36. Doyle, Brett. Australia gives green light to shape marks. [J]. Managing Intellectual Property 2002, vol.123:12.
[28]Hering, Ingrid. ECJ cracks down on shape marks [J]. Managing Intellectual Property,2002, vol.121:7.
[29]Shillito, Mark, Newton, Heather. How to protect 3D shapes in Europe [J].186 Managing Intellectual Property,2009, vol.186:4
[30]Samuels, Linda B., Samuels, Jeffrey M., Petty, Ross. Color Trademarks:Protection under U.S. Law [J]. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing,1996, vol.15:303-307.
[31]Janssen, Bernd. Supreme Court rules on color mark [J]. Managing Intellectual Property,1999, vol.89:42.
[32]Bodoni,Stephaniel.ECJ ruling threatens color marks [J]. Managing Intellectual Property,2004, vol.144:6
[33]Charlotte Schulze. Registering Color Trade Marks in the European Union [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,2003:55-65
1341 Pierre-Andre Dubois. Color trademarks-the US and European approaches converge [J]. IAM magazine supplement--rands in the Boardroom 2005:30-32
1351 Camargo, Alonso. Single color marks in Mexico [J]. Managing Intellectual Property,2003, vol. 134:72.
[36]Burgunder, Lee B. Trademark protection of smells:sense or nonsense [J]. American Business Law Journal,1991, vol.19:459-480.
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[39]Elias, Bettina. Do scents signify source? An argument against trademarks for fragrances, [J]. Trademark Reporter,1992, vol.82:475-530.
1401 Clarke, Nancy L. Issues in the federal registration of flavors as trademarks for pharmaceutical products [J]. Intellectual Property Law Review1994:466-467.
[41]David S. Fleming. US Patent and Trademark Office refuses registration of flavour trade mark [J]. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice,2007, vol.2:279-281.
[42]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J]. Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol.96:1102-1121.
[43]Lyons, Deberett. Sounds, smell and signs [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,1994, vol. 12:540.
[44]M M S Karki. Nontraditional Areas of Intellectual Protection:Color, Sound, Taste, Smell, Shape, Slogan and Trade Dress [J]. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights,2005, vol.10:499-506.
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[51]Duft, Bradford J.Aesthetic Functionality [J].The Trademark Reporter,1983, vol.73:151-203
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[1]Daniel Gervais. The TRIPS Agreement Drafting History and Analysis [M]. London:Sweet & Maxwell,1998:103-107.
[2]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154.
[3]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectula Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[4]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A] in Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,93-116.
[5]《商标法条约》(Trademark Law Treaty)(1994年10月27日于日内瓦签订)。英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/tlt/;官方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/tre aties/zh/ip/trademark-law/index.html.
[6]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：100.
[7]《商标法新加坡条约》(Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks)(2006年3月27日经外交会议通过)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/singapore/;官方中文本见WIPO网htp://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/ip/singapore/index.html.
[8]《商标法新加坡条约》第二十九条.
[9]《商标法新加坡条约》第二十七条.
[10]AIPPI Congress Geneva. Question Q181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks[R]. Geneva:AIPPI, Apr 2004.
[11]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.130.
[12]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.133.
[13]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.134.
[14]《商标国际注册马德里协定》(Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订；1900年11月14日修订于布鲁塞尔；1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿；1925年11月6口修订于海牙；1934年6月2日修订于伦敦；1957年6月15日修订于尼斯；1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩修订；1979年10月2日修订于斯德哥尔摩。)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/madrid/;自方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration/madrid/index.html.
[15]《商标国际注册马德里议定书》(Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concern ing the International Registration of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订1900年12月14日修订于布鲁塞尔,1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿,1925年11月6日修订于海牙,1934年6月2日订于伦敦,1957年6月15日修订于尼斯,1967年7月14日修订于斯德哥尔摩并于1979年9月28日修订。)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/madrid_p rotocol/;中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration/madrid_protocol/madri d_protocol.html.
[16]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.133.
[1]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[2]WIPO/STrad/INF/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Representation of Non-Traditional Marks-Areas of Convergence [R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[3]WIPO SCT/17/8 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Report [R].Geneva:WIPO,2007. The Chair suggested using the terms "non-traditional marks" instead of "new types of marks". He noted that many of these signs were already known and used in several jurisdictions. Thus it would not be appropriate to refer to them as "new".
[4]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[5]AIPPI Congress Geneva. Question Q181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks[R]. Geneva:AIPPI, Apr 2004.
[6]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[7]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[8]《法国知识产权法典》第711条1款的规定：图形标志,例如外形,尤其是商品或其包装的外形或者表示服务特征的外形,尤其可以组成商标。中文本参见黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[9]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.62-3-Dimensional trademarks can be grouped into three categories:-Shapes unrelated to the goods themselves:-Shapes that consists of the shape of the goods themselves;-The shape of packaging or containers.
[10]《法国知识产权法典》(France Intellectual Property Code)英文文本见WIPO网站：http: //www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5563;中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[11]青木博通.日本的立体商标与外观设计[J].中华商标,2003(11)：46-50.
[12]Philips v. Remington, Case C-299/99,18 June 2002.
[13]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[14]Philips v. Remington, Case C-299/99,18 June 2002.
[15]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[16]姚小磊.单一颜色商标的可注册性[J].中华商标,2007(11)：52-55.
[17]董葆霖,常艳丽.单一颜色商标在欧洲[J].中华商标,2006(2)：28-29.
[18]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Subcommittee Issues and Policy Committee Trademark Affairs and Policies Group. Protection of Color Trademarks[R]. New York:INTA, Nov 1996.
[19]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure §1202.05.
[20]《法国知识产权法典》第711条1款对商标的定义,颜色商标包括颜色排列、颜色组合以及色差。颜色的排列是指以特定的形状或位置表现颜色,即使颜色很简单或孤立。颜色的组合是指通过特定的意图或顺序,将一个或多个颜色联系到一起。中文本参见黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[21]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.64.
[22]流云.立体、颜色商标欧洲考察实录(四)[J].中华商标,2003(4)：51-57.
[23]魏森.颜色商标及其审查标准研究[J].河北法学,2008(2)：103-106.
[24]Zendal Prahl. Making sense of trademarks:An international Survey of Non-visual Marks [J]. IP World,1996, vol.18:250.
[25]§ L711-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code.
[26]UK Trademark Manual, Chapter 3-Unconventional Trademarks § 3.2.
[27]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 4.
[28]Section 5 of the Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand.
[29]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks.
[30]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R]. Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[31]张乃根,符望.全球电子商务的知识产权法[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2004：29.
[32]Article 2(1) (i) of the Trade Mark Act of the Republic of Korea.
[33]郑成思.应有超前意识—21世纪中国知识产权研究展望[J].国际贸易,1999(10)：4-8.
[34]Erik W. Kahn, George Stephanopoulos. Starting to Register:Moving-Image Marks [J]. National Law Journal,1996:25.
[35]何炼红.论动态商标的法律保护[J].政治与法律,2009(4)：76-80.
[36]CTM Registration Number:3429909.
[37]USPTO Registration Number:1946170.
[38]USPTO Registration Number:2710415.
[39]Lesley Matty. Rock, Paper, Scissors, Trademark? A Comparative Analysis of Motion as A Future of Trademarks in The United States and Europe [J]. Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law,2006, vol.14:557-591.
[40]Benelux Registration Number:520574.
[41]CTM Registration Number:002818334.
[42]Ralf Sieckmann.holograms-the next generation of trademarks? IP Review [EB/OL] htt p://www.cpaglobal.com/sites/default/files/ip_review_13.pdf 2010-04-18.
[43]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[44]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J]. Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol.96:1102-1121.
[45]Erik W. Kahn. Net Unusual Marks Gain in Importance [J]. National Law Journal,1998, vol 19:13.
[46]向玉兰.论声音商标的可注册性[J].暨南学报,2007(4)：22-26.
[47]谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[48]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure § 1202.15 Sound Marks.
[49]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Part (2) Section 6 Definition.
[50]Section 5 of the Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand Trade mark.
[51]《香港商标条例》第3条(1)款.
[52]Australian Trademark Reg. No.827728; CTM Reg. No.1772086; New Zealand Trademark Reg. No.610421, USPTO Trademark Reg. No.2442140/
[53]Australian Trademark Reg. No.844282, CTM Reg. No.3481744, U.K. Trademark Reg. No. 2147828, New Zealand Trademark Reg. No.283397, U.S. Trademark Reg. No.2315261.
[54]Australian Trademark Reg. No.1019361, CTM Reg. No.3903101, New Zealand Trademark Reg. No.714400, U.S. Trademark Reg. No.3034331.
[55]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Taskforce Issues and Policy Group. A Report on the Protection of Sound Trademarks[R].New York:INTA Feb 1997.
[56]《德国商标法》要求标志必须用于商品、包装、商品容器或与商品附带的说明书上.
[57]《澳大利亚商标法》规定标志的使用仅仅指标志在与商品或服务上的有形的使用.
[58]《英国商标法》仅仅要求标志的使用与商品或服务相关即可.
[59]《意大利商标法》认为标志在广告中的使用也是标志的使用方式.
[60]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Taskforce Issues and Policy Group. A Report on the Protection of Sound Trademarks[R].New York:INTA Feb 1997.
[61]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Taskforce Issues and Policy Group. A Report on the Protection of Sound Trademarks[R].New York:INTA Feb 1997.
[62]陈小慧.气味商标法律制度的模式选择和应对措施[J].中华商标,2008(1)：74-76.
[63]AIPPI Congress Geneva. Question Q181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks[R]. Geneva:AIPPI, Apr 2004.
[64]In re N.V. Organon,79 USPQ2d (T.T.A.B.2006).
[65]USPTO Serial No.76/467,774, Orange Flavor Trademark, filed November 18,2002 based on an intent-to-use basis.
[66]In re N.V. Organon,79 USPQ2d (TTAB 2006), para.15.
[67]该商标于2006年10月17日被批准注册于第33类葡萄酒上
[68]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.133.
[69]熊英、别智.企业商标国际注册的策略[J]中华商标,2009(2)：59-62.
[70]张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：50-51.
[71]张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：50-51.
[72]张乃根,符望.全球电子商务的知识产权法[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2004：12.
[73]叶京生,董巧新.知识产权与世界贸易[M].上海：立信会计出版社,2002：18.
[74]WIPO网站[EB/OL]http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/statistics/marks/xls/wip o_tmk_regs_total_back_to_1985.xls,2011-12-22.
[75]世界知识产权网站[EB/OL]http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/statistics/annual_stats.jsp?type=E N,2011-12-22.
[76]数据来源：澳大利亚知识产权局网站http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/atmoss/falcon.applica tion start,2011-12-22.
[77]数据来源：新西兰知识产权局http://www.iponz.govt.nz/cms/trade-marks/trade-marks-home page/banner_Template/IPTM,2011-12-22.
[78]数据来源：美国专利商标局网站http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/index.jsp,2011-12-22.
[79]数据来源：欧盟内部市场协调局网http://oami.europa.eu/CTMOnline/RequestManager/en_SearchAdvanced,2011-12-22
[80]International Registration Number:783985,986273,987293.
[81]International Registration Number:355076,407360A,835871B,909829,919123A,919123B.
[82]International Registration Number:643560.
[83]International Registration Number:684941,663326.
[84]International Registration Number:808978.
[85]International Registration Number:811634,800700,769557,765333.
1861 International Registration Number:852047.
[87]International Registration Number:685410.
[88]International Registration Number:799291.
[89]International Registration Number:862270.
[90]International Registration Number:894208,895090,895094.
[91]International Registration Number:820269.
[92]International Registration Number:1000265.
[93]International Registration Number:726077.
[94]International Registration Number:890375.
[95]International Registration Number:611312.
[96]International Registration Number:622338.
[97]International Registration Number:665511.
[98]International Registration Number:791826.
[991 International Registration Number:912143.
[100]International Registration Number:0943240.
[101]International Registration Number:0947714.
[102]International Registration Number:881231,881230,881229.
[103]International Registration Number:1044642.
[104]USPTO Registration Number:79026686.
[105]USPTO Registration Number:3243205.
[106]Singapore Registration Number:T0410590A.
11071 New Zealand Registration Number:775926
[108]冯晓青.企业知识产权战略[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2008：239.
[109]熊英,别智.企业商标国际注册的策略[J]中华商标,2009(2)：59-62.
[110]INTA Non-traditional Trademarks Subcommittee Issues and Policy Committee Trademark Affairs and Policies Group. Protection of Color Trademarks[R].New York:INTA, Nov 1996.
[111]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154.
[112]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.154-157.
[113]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectula Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law,2009:1-25.
[114]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/R, para8.80.
[115]杨建峰.论TRIPS协定下的商标注册制度[D].上海：复旦大学,2009：136.
[116]张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：63
[117]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/R, para8.80
[118]Beth Fulkerson. Theft by Terrorism:A Case for Revising TRIPS to Protect Trademark from National Market Foreclosure [J]. Michigan Journal of International Law,1995-1996, vol 17:803.
[119]郑成思.工业产权国际公约概论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985：27.
[120]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009, para.6.
[121]WIPO SCT/16/4 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Trademark opposition procedure [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006, para.20.
[122]WIPO SCT/16/4 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Trademark opposition procedure [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006, para.21.
[23]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009, para.9
[124]WIPO SCT/16/4 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Trademark opposition procedure [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006, para.11.
[125]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[126]AIPPI Questions 181 Conditions for registration and scope of protection of non-traditional trademarks, Yearbook 2004/1, pp.579-580. Congress Geneva, June 19-23 2004.
[127]Barton Beebe.The Semiotic Analysis of Trademark Law [J]. UCLA Law Review,2004, vol.51:621.
[128]邓宏光.商标法的理论基础—以商标显著性为中心[M].北京：法律出版社,2008：9.
[129]F. Schechter. The Rational Basis of Trade Mark Protection [J]. Harvard Law Review,1927, vol.40:813.
[1301 United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994 PART I,1.1. In this Act a "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging.
[131]《法国知识产权法典》(Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)法文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179120;英文文本(France Intellectual Property Code)见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180336;中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[132]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen)(Law on the Protection of Trademarks and other Signs)德文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9994;中文文本见：谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[133]黄晖.商标显著性对商标注册和保护的影响[J].中国专利与商标,1999(2)：45-49.
[134]向玉兰.论声音商标的可注册性[J].暨南学报,2007(4)：22-26.
[135]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4,9,189 USPQ 759,764 (2rd Cir. 1976).
[136]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995, § 11:16.
[137]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 769 (1992)
[138]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995, § 11:2.
[139]Judgment of 8 April 2003, Joined Cases C-53/01, C-54/04, and C-55/01, Linde, para.48
[140]Judgment of 9 October 2002, Case T-173/00, KWS Saat AG/OHIM, para.29.
[141]Judgment of 6 May 2003, Case C-104/01, Libertal, para.40.
[142]Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co.,514 U.S.159,131 L. Ed.2d 248,115 S. Ct.1300,1304, 34U.S.P.Q.2d 1161,1163(1995).
[143]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995).
[144]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,121 S. Ct.1255,1260,149 L. Ed.2d 164, 58 U.S.P.Q.2d 1001 (U.S.2001), on remand to,2001 WL 630049 (6th Cir.2001).
[145]Brunswick Corp. v. Spinit Reel Co.,832 F.2d 513,4 U.S.P.Q.2d 1497,1501 (10th Cir.1987).
[146]Restatement Third, Unfair Competition § 17, comment a (1995).
[147]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[148]Fisher Stoves, Inc. v. All Nighter Stove Works, Inc.,626 F.2d 193,206 USPQ 961 (1st Cir. 1980).
[149]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[150]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[151]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 § 4
[152]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[1]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A]. Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[2]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：38.
[3]Bodenhausen. Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[4]Bodenhausen. Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[5]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.132.
[6]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.133.
[7]郑成思.工业产权国际公约概论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985：27.
[8]Bodenhausen. Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M.]Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:110.
[9]郑成思.工业产权国际公约概论[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1985：27.
[10]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A]. Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[11]See Article 6 quinquies of Paris Convention:Every trademark duly registered in the country of origin shall be accepted for filing and protected as is in the other countries of the Union, subject to the reservations indicated in this Article.
[12]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, paras.135-136.
[13]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/R, para.8.80.
[14]杨建峰.论TRIPS协定下的商标注册制度[D].上海：复旦大学,2009：135.
[15]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967 [M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[16]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967 [M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[17]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.145.
[18]Article 6quinquies of Paris Convention:Marks:protection of marks registered in one country of the union in the other countries of the union.
[19]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967 [M]. Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[20]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.135.
[21]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A]. Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[22]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.137-139
[23]《巴黎公约》第六条之五C节规定(1)决定一个商标是否符合受保护的条件,必须考虑一切实际情况,特别是商标已经使用时间的长短。(2)商标中有些要素与在原属国受保护的商标有所不同,但并未改变其显著特征,亦不影响其与原属国注册的商标形式上的同一性的,本联盟其他国家不得仅仅以此为理由而予以拒绝.
[24]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.8.
[25]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.130.
[26]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.133.
[27]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.134.
[28]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.139.
[29]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.139.
[30]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.140.
[31]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.141.
[32]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[33]Graeme B. Dinwoodie, Trademarks and Territory:Detaching the Trademark Law from the Nation-state [J].Houston Law Review,2004-2005, vol 41:885-974.
[34]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R]. Geneva.WIPO,2009, para.6.
[35]WIPO SCT/21/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Ground for Refusal of All Types of Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009, para.9
[36]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.127.
[37]张乃根TRIPS协定：理论与实践[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2005：2.
[38]截至2011年5月,未参加《巴黎公约》的WTO成员仅有：文莱、所罗门群岛、欧共体、布隆迪、柬埔寨、芬兰、几内亚比绍、洪都拉斯、意大利、菲律宾、佛得角.
[39]Daniel Gervais. The TRIPS Agreement Drafting History and Analysis [M]. London:Sweet & Maxwell,1998:103-107.
[40]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.154.
[41]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[42]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154-157.
[43]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[44]See Article 15.1.1 of TRIPS Agreement:Any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs, in particular words including personal names, letters, numerals, figurative elements and combinations of colors as well as any combination of such signs, shall be eligible for registration as trademarks.
[45]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[46]Daniel Gervais. The TRIPS Agreement Drafting History and Analysis [M]. Londen:Sweet & Maxwell,1998:103-107.
[47]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[48]Annette Kur. TRIPS and Trademark Law [A].Friedrich-Karl Beier and Gerhard Schricker. From GATT to TRIPS:the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. TRIPS and Design Protection [M]. Munich:Max Planck Institute,1996:93-116.
[49]Melissa E. Roth. Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue:A New Tradition in Nontraditional Trademark Registrations [J]. Cardozo Law Review,2005, vol.1:496.
[50]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.155.
[51]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.4.20.
[52]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.4.26-4.29.
[53]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.8.49-8.60.
[54]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.155.
[55]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154-157
[56]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[57]Michael Blakeney. The Impact of the TRIPS Agreement in the Asia Pacific Region [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,1996, vol 10:548.
[58]See Article 15.1.3 of TRIPS Agreement:Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services, Members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use.
[59]WIPO SCT/16/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva:WIPO,2006.
[60]See Article 15.1.3 of TRIPS Agreeement:Members may require, as a condition of registration, that signs be visually perceptible.
[61]See Article 122 of Brazil Law No.9.279 of 14 May 1996 (Industrial Property). Any distinctive visually perceivable signs that are not included in legal prohibitions shall be eligible for registration as a mark.
[621 See Article 63 of Eygpt Law on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Law No.82, 2002. A trademark is any sign distinguishing goods......In all cases a trademark shall be a sign that is recognizable by sight.
[63]Michael Blakeney.The Impact of the TRIPS Agreement in the Asia Pacific Region [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,1996, vol 10:548.
[64]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.155.
[65]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.4.26-4.29
[66]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[67]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M]. Kluwer Law International,2006:236.
[68]杨建峰.论TRIPS协定下的商标注册制度[D].上海：复旦大学,2009：136.
[69]Bodenhausen.Guide to the Application of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property-As Revised at Stockholm in 1967[M.]Geneva:United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI),1968:109.
[70]Peter-Tobias Stoll, Jan Busche and Karin Arend. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [M].Munich:Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009:1-25.
[71]Nuno Pires de Carvalho. The TRIPS Regime of Trademarks and Designs [M].Kluwer Law International,2006:207-257.
[72]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS 176/AB/R, para.154-157.
[73]See Article 15.1 and 15.2 of TRIPS Agreement.
[74]See Article 2 of Madrid Agreement.
[75]See Article 6.3 of Madrid Agreement.
[76]See Article 5 of Madrid Agreement:Any such refusal can be based only on the grounds which would apply, under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, in the case of a mark filed for national registration.
[77]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.37.
[78]Rachelle Thompson. International trademark protection strategy [J]. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues,2010, vol 19:479.
[79]马德里体系成员中除阿尔及利亚外,其他国家和地区均参加了马德里议定书.
[80]See Article 3.1 of Madrid protocol.
[81]Ellen P. Winner, Aaron W. Denburg International Trademark Treaties with Commentary [M]. USA:Oxford University Press,2005:25.
[82]See Article 5 of Madrid protocol:Any such refusal can be based only on the grounds which would apply, under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, in the case of a mark filed for national registration.
[83]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009 B.II.37..
[84]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.38.
[85]See Article 3 of Madrid Agreement and Article 3.3 of Madrid protocol.
[86]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.14.
[87]WIPO. Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol [M]. Geneva:WIPO,2009:B.II.14.
[88]International registration number:355076、407360A、835871B、909829、919123A、919123B.
[89]International registration number:783985,986273,987293.
[90]International registration number:643560.
[91]International registration number:734731.
[92]International registration number:367804,711539,676748.
[93]International registration number:928996.
[94]International registration number:815200.
[95]International registration number:684941,663326.
[96]International registration number:788366.
[97]International registration number:726077.
[98]International registration number:834541,749909,829751,829770.
[99]International registration number:808978.
[100]International registration number:811634,800700,769557,765333.
[101]International registration number:890375.
[102]International registration number:852047.
[103]International registration number:685410.
[104]International registration number:791826.
[105]International registration number:799291.
[106]International registration number:862270.
[107]International registration number:894208,895090,895094.
[108]International registration number:912143.
[109]International registration number:829607,857704.
[110]International registration number:881231,881230,881229.
[111]International registration number:838231.
[112]International registration number:1042209.
[113]International registration number:892759.
[114]International registration number:939509,939508.
[115]International registration number:1044642.
[116]International registration number:820269.
[117]International registration number:1000265.
[118]International registration number:695878.
[1191 International registration number:812689.
[120]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：199.
[121]See Article 2.1 of Trademark Law Treaty.
[122]唐广良.董炳和.知识产权国际保护[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2006：100.
[123]See Article 2 of Trademark Law Treaty.
[124]目前《新加坡商标法条约》的25个成员分别为澳大利亚、保加利亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、法国、意大利、吉尔吉斯斯坦、列支敦士顿、蒙古、波兰、摩尔多瓦、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、塞尔比亚、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、马其顿、乌克兰、美国.
[125]See Article 27 of Singapore Trademark Law Treaty.
[126]See Article 2.1 of Singapore Trademark Law Treaty.
[127]尹锋林.商标法新加坡条约述评[J].电子知识产权,2006(12)：35-38.
11281 See Article 29 of Singapore Trademark Law Treaty.
[129]原琪.《商标法新加坡条约》与《商标法条约》(1994)之比较[J].中华商标,2006(11)：30-32.
[130]《商标法新加坡条约实施规则》(Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks,2011年11月1日生效)英文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/ en/ip/singapore/regulations.html.
[131]Rule 3(7) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Color Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a color per se mark or a combination of colors without delineated contours, the reproduction of the mark shall consist of a sample of the color or colors. The Office may require a designation of the color or colors by using their common names. The Office may also require a description on how the color is or the colors are applied to the goods or used in relation to the services. The Office may require an indication of the color or colors by a recognized color code chosen by the applicant and accepted by the Office.
[132]Rule 3(5) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Hologram Mark] where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a hologram mark, the representation of the mark shall consist of one or several views of the mark capturing the holographic effect in its entirety. Where the Office considers that the view or views submitted do not capture the holographic effect in its entirety, it may require the furnishing of additional views. The Office may also require the applicant to furnish a description of the hologram mark.
[133]Rule 3(6) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Motion Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a motion mark, the representation of the mark shall, at the option of the Office, consist of one image or a series of still or moving images depicting movement. Where the Office considers that the image or images submitted do not depict movement, it may require the furnishing of additional images. The Office may also require that the applicant furnish a description explaining the movement.
[134]Rule 3(8) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Position Mark] where the application contains a statement to the effect that mark is a position mark, the reproduction of the mark shall consist of a single view of the mark showing its position on the product. The Office may require that matter for which protection is not claimed shall be indicated. The Office may require a description explaining the position of the mark in relation to the product.
[135]Rule 3(9) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Sound Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark is a sound mark, the representation of the mark shall, consist of a musical notation on a stave, or a description of the sound constituting the mark, or ananalog or digital recording of that sound, or any combination.
[136]Rule 3(10) of Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks [Mark Consisting of a Non-Visible Sign Other Than a Sound Mark] Where the application contains a statement to the effect that the mark consists of a non-visible sign, other than a sound mark, a Contracting Party may require one or more representations of the mark, an indication of the type of mark and details concerning the mark, as prescribed by the law of that Contracting Party.
[1]《兰哈姆法》(Lanham Act of United States),英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[2]《美国商标审查程序指南》(Trademark Manual of Examination and Procedure of United States)英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/.
[3]《美国联邦政府行政法规汇编有关商标法案例的操作规则》(U. S. Trademark Law Title 37 CFR-Rules of Practice and Federal Statutes),2D12年1月6日修订,英文文本参见美国专利商标局网站www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[4]15 U.S.C. § 1127 The term "trademark" includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof-(1) used by a person, or (2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on the principal register established by this chapter, to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown.
[5]Walter Julius Derenberg, Trademark Protection and Unfair Trading [M]. Albany:M. Bender, 1936:16-18,23.
161 Ex parte Haig & Haig, Ltd.,118 USPQ 229; In re Mrnton-Numberrwich Products, Inc,671 F.2d 1332,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[7]In re Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co.,335 F.2d 836,142 USPQ 366 (CCPA 1964).
[8]Registration Number:916,522 issued to NBC, (the numbertes GEC on chimes).
[9]USPTO Registration Number:1639128.
[10]USPTO Registration Number:3155702.
[11]Davis v. Davis,27 F.490,492 (D.Mass.1886); Moorman v. Hoge,17 F.cas.715,718-719 (C.C.D.Cal.1871).
[12]Diamond Match Co. v. Saginaw Match Co.,142 F.727,729-30 (6th Cir.1906).
[13]Alan Wood Steel Co. v. Watson,150 F.Supp.861,863,113 USPQ 311,312 (D.D.C.1957).
[14]In re Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.,51 CCPA 1546,1547-48,335 F.2d 836,837, 142 USPQ 366,367(1964).
[15]Rudolf.Callmann, Callmann on Unfair Competition Trademarks and Monumberpolies [M].Thomson/West,1967, §71.4,77.4 (e) and 98.4 (d) (1967).
[16]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001); Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 U.S.763,775,23 USPQ 2d 1081,1086 (1992).
[17]Pub. L.No.105-330, §201,112 Stat.3064,3069.
[18]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[19]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[20]Walmart Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[21]Yamaha Int'l Corp. v. Hoshinumber Gakki Co. Ltd.,840 F.2d 1572 (Fed Cir.1988).
[22]Roux Lab., Inc. v. Clairol Inc.,427 F.2d 823 (CCPA.1970).
[23]A Leschen & Sons Rope Co. v. Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.,201 U.S.166,171,26 S.Ct. 425,426,50 L.Ed.710 (1906.)
[24]In Clifton Mfg. Co. v. Crawford-Austin Mfg.Co.,12 S.W.2d 1098 (Tex.Civ.App.1929).
[25]Yellow Cab Transit Co. v. Louisville Taxicab & Transfer Co.,147 F.2d 407,64 USPQ 348 (6th Cir.1945).
[26]例如Nutrasweet案中法院绝对禁止单独颜色的保护；Owens-Coring案中法院认定允许使玻璃纤维绝缘的粉色作为颜色注册；Master Distributions案中法院则倾向于在本质上确定禁止保护单独颜色用作商标。
[27]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05
[28]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995).In Re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,227 USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[29]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(b).
[30]Ferris Corporation,59 USPQ2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[31]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.24,58 USPQ 1007 (2001).
[32]Brunswick Corp. v. British Seagull Ltd.,35 F.3d 1527,32 USPQ2d 1120 (Fed. Cir.1994), cert. denied,514 U.S.1050(1995).
[33]Pollak Steel Co.,31 F.2d 566,136 USPQ 651 (CCPA 1963).
[34]R. L. Winson Rod Co.v. Sage Mfg. Co.,838 F.Supp.1396,29 USPQ 1779 (D.Mont.1993).
[35]Russell Harrington Cutery Inc. v. Zivi Hercules Inc.,25 USPQ 2d 1965 (D.Mass.1992).
[36]Owens-Corning,227 USPQ at 422,774 F.2d at 1124; Hudson News Co.,39 USPQ2d 1915, 1923 (TTAB 1996).
[37]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000). Thrifty, Inc.,274 F.3d 1349,61 USPQ 2d 1121,1124 (Fed. Cir2001).
[38]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ.2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[39]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.15
[40]In re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 560 (TTAB 1978).
[41]USPTO Registration Number:0916552.
[42]USPTO Registration Number:1395550.
[43]USPTO Registration Number:2607415.
[44]USPTO Registration Number:2743248,76051811.
[45]USPTO Registration Number:2210506,75326989.
[46]USPTO Registration Number:2459406.
[47]USPTO Registration Number:74219263.
[48]USPTO Registration Number:75143671,4639776.
[49]USPTO Registration Number:3288274.
[50]USPTO Registration Number:2308503.
[51]USPTO Registration Number:2422140.
1521 In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 560 (TTAB 1978).
[53]USPTO Registration Number:1872866 (THX logo theme); USPTO Registration Number: 2607415 (the sound of a duck quacking the word "AFLAC").
[54]USPTO Registration Number:2463044.
[55]USPTO Registration Number:2463044.
[56]USPTO Serial Number:75404020.
[57]USPTO Registration Number:2560618,2568512.
[58]USPTO Registration Number:3143735.
[59]USPTO Registration Number:1639128.
[60]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.13.
[61]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.11; 37 C.F.R. §2.52(e). An applicant is not required to submit a drawing if the mark consists only of a sound, a scent, or other completely non-visual matter.
1621 Northwestern Bank of Commerce Corp., USPTO Registration Number:0641872.
[63]37 C.F.R § 2.52(b)(3) If the mark has motion, the drawing may depict a single point in the movement, or the drawing may depict up to five freeze frames showing various points in the movement, whichever best depicts the commercial impression of the mark. The applicant must also describe the mark.
[64]Upper Deck Co.,59 USPQ 2d 1688 (TTAB 2001)
[65]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.14.
[66]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.03.
[67]USPTO Registration Number:3072417.
[68]USPTO Registration Number:3257283.
[69]USPTO Registration Number:3987352.
[70]USPTO Registration Number:2981375.
[71]USPTO Serial Number:85006843.
[72]USPTO Registration Numbe:3266731.
[73]USPTO Registration Number:4027173.
[74]USPTO Serial Number:77394414.
[75]USPTO Serial Number:77461287,77249556,77035805.
[76]USPTO Serial Number:76066237.
[77]USPTO Serial Number:75086162.
[78]USPTO Serial Number:85415592.
[79]USPTO Serial Number:77126793,77126782.
[80]USPTO Serial Number:78462749,78436980,78363388.
[81]USPTO Serial Number:77126731.
[82]USPTO Serial Number:75096274.
[83]USPTO Registration Number:3643632.
[84]USPTO Serial Number:79000458.
[85]USPTO Serial Number:79040266.
[86]USPTO Serial Number:79003849.
[87]USPTO Registration Number:4008364.
[88]USPTO Registration Number:2459405.
[89]USPTO Registration Number:3243205.
[90]USPTO Registration Number:2937242.
[91]USPTO Registration Number:3305241,3305240.
[92]USPTO Registration Number:3745706.
[93]USPTO Registration Number:3852129.
[94]USPTO Serial Number:78182342,75164899,75159055.
[95]USPTO Registration Number:79022451,79022450.
[96]USPTO Registration Number:79026686.
[97]USPTO Registration Number:79077942.
[98]USPTO Registration Number:79013781.
[99]USPTO Registration Number:79080838.
[100]USPTO Serial Number:77966038,77966023,77965941,77965878,77968855,77965826.
[101]USPTO Registration Number:79086759,79086645.
[102]USPTO Registration Numbe:2910381.
[103]USPTO Registration Numbe:2934710.
[104]USPTO Serial Number:73823783.
[105]USPTO Serial Number:76671001.
[106]USPTO Registration Number:3015771,3023854.
[107]USPTO Serial Number:79097730.
[108]USPTO Serial Number:79018732.
[109]Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co.,514 U.S.159,162-63,34 USPQ2d 1161,1165-68(1995).
[110]In re Rogers,53 USPD2d 1741 (TTAB 1999); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §§1010 and 1212.08.
[111]In re Packaging Specialist, Inc.,221 USPQ 917(TTAB 1984); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1212; 37 C.F.R. §2.41.
[112]International Registration Number:79062764.
[113]International Registration Number:7902260.
[114]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(a).
[115]International Registration Number:7739441.
[116]International Registration Number:79003849.
[117]In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d 1116,227 USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[118]In re Remington Products Inc.,3 USPQ2d 1714(TTAB 1987); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1202.
[119]International Registration Number:79002249.
[120]Trafix Devices, Inc v. Mktg. Displays, Inc.,532 US 23,33,58 USPQ2d 1001,1006(2001).
[121]International Registration Number:79087924.
[122]美国有关商标申请图样的规则于2003年11月2日修正,该日期之前提出的申请,申请人必须以折线或虚线表示商标在商品或容器上使用的位置；该日期之后,申请人仍需递交说明该标志在商品或容器上使用位置的图案,但是不再要求必须以折线或虚线表示.
[123]37 C.F.R. §2.61(b).
[124]International Registration Number:79087924.
[125]International Registration Number:78462749.
[126]International Registration Number:79004509.
[127]International Registration Number:79022660.
[128]International Registration Number:79082286.
[129]International Registration Number:79022449.
[130]International Registration Number:79097730.
[131]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §§808.02,808.03(d).
[132]15U.S.C. §1052(d).
[133]In re E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,476 F.2d 1357,1361,177 USPQ 563,567 (C.C.P.A. 1973); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures1207.01(b).
[134]In re Majestic Distilling Co.,315 F.3d 1311,1315,65 USPQ2d 1201,1204 (Fed. Cir.2003)
[135]International Registration Number:77126731.
[136]《欧共体商标条例》(Council Regulation (EC) No.40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark),2009年2月26日修订为Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark,英文文本见OHIM网：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:078:0001:0042:EN:PDF
[137]Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 on the Community trade mark Article 4:A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[138]《欧盟商标审查指南》(The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the Office for Harmonization in Internal Market OHIM),2008年4月修订,英文本见OHIM网站,http://oami.europa.eu/ows/rw/resource/documents/CTM/guidelines/examination_en.pdf.
[1391 The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2 Three Dimensional trade marks can be grouped into three categories:-Shapes unrelated to the goods themselves:-Shapes that consists of the shape of the goods themselves;-The shape of packaging or containers.
[140]德特勒夫·森能OHIM对立体商标及颜色商标的注册和保护[J].中华商标,2004(9).
[141]Libertel Group BV v Benelux Markenbureau [2003] ETMR 63.
[142]Joint statements by the Council and the Commission of the European Communities entered in the minutes of the Council meetings, at which the Regulation on the Community trade mark is adopted on 20 December, OHIM OJ 5/96, p.613.
[143]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.1.
[144]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.1 sound marks must be filed either in the form of a graphical representation or, if filed electronically, in the form of a graphic representation plus a sound file representing the sound itself. Presently the Office accepts as a graphic representation which is sufficient in particular to comply with the criterion of the ECJ judgment "Shield mark", only traditional musical notations, not frequency oscilograms or sonograms. However, the Office accepts non traditional (non musical) sounds if the graphic representation by means of an oscilogram or sonogram is accompanied by the sound file, through electronic filing.
[145]Article 4.2 of Decision of the President EX-05-3 of 10 October 2005 concerning electronic filing of sound marks. Where registration of a sound mark is applied for, one sound file containing the sound may be filed as an attachment to the electronic application form. The sound file shall be in the.mp3 format. Its file size shall not exceed one Megabyte.
[146]UK Registration Number:2000234.
[147]UK Registration Number:2001416.
[148]Kinter Earl W and Lahr, Jack; An Intellectual Property Law Primer:a survey of the law of patents, trade secrets, trademarks, franchises, copyrights and personality and entertainment rights [M]. New York:Macmillan 1982:257.
[149]CTM application Number:521914.
[150]Case R 156/1998-2, Vennootschap Onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application.
[151]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[152]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM,2.3.1 (iv) For smells, there is presently no means of representing them graphically.
[153]《法国知识产权法典》(Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)法文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id= 179120;英文文本(France Intellectual Property Code)见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180336;中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[154]Article L711-1 A trademark or service mark is a sign capable of graphic representation which serves to distinguish the goods or services of a natural or legal person. The following, in particular, may constitute such a sign:a) Denominations in all forms, such as:words, combinations of words, surnames and geographical names,pseudonyms, letters, numerals, abbreviations; b) Audible signs such as:sounds, musical phrases;c) Figurative signs such as:devices, labels, seals, selvedges, reliefs, holograms, logos, synthesized images;shapes, particularly those of a product or its packaging, or those that identify a service; arrangements, combinations or shades of color.
[155]卡特琳娜.吉约曼冈.立体商标、颜色商标及法国的实践[J].中华商标,2002(4)：6-8.
[156]District Court of Creteil 25/03/03, PIBD 771 III 452.
[157]黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[158]卡特琳娜.吉约曼冈.立体商标、颜色商标及法国的实践[J].中华商标,2002(4)：6-8.
[159]流云.立体、颜色商标欧洲考察实录(三)[J].中华商标,2003(3).
[160]卡特琳娜.吉约曼冈.立体商标、颜色商标及法国的实践[J].中华商标,2002(4)
[161]流云.立体、颜色商标欧洲考察实录(三)[J].中华商标,2003(3)：40-44.
[162]Paris Court of Appeal, November 25,1998-PIBD 1999672 III 114; Colmar Court of Appeal, April 5,2000-PIBD 2000,708 III 561; Paris Court of Appeal, Burburry, June 10,1998, PIBD 661 III 468; [Paris Court of Appeal, June 9,2004-PIBD 2004,796 III 621.
[163]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen)(Law on the Protection of Trademarks and other Signs)德文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9994;中文文本见：谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[164]谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
11651 Federal Supreme Court, I ZB 6/99, WRP 2002 p.452-Processor Cases Coloured in Green; Federal Supreme Court, I ZB 57/98, GRUR 2001,1154-Colour Violet per se.
[166]谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法).郑成思主编.知识产权文丛(第三卷)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[167]Shinichi Irie, Study on International Harmonization for Objects of Protection or the like of Trademarks, IIP Bulletin [EB/OL]http://www.iip.or.jp/e/e_summary/pdf/Detail.2001/e13_01.pdf, 2011-02-08.
[168]《英国1994商标法》(United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994)英文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=127271或英国知识产权局网站http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmact94.pdf
[169]United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994 PART I,1.1. In this Act a "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging.
[170]《英国商标审查指南》(UK Manual of trademarks practice)英文文本见英国知识产权局网 站：http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmmanual-chap3-exam.pdf
UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.1.1.
[172]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks 4.1.2 graphic representation requirements are met by representation of the sign by a musical stave divided into measures and showing, in particular, a clef, musical notes and rests, indicating relative value, and sharps, flats and naturals (accidentals). This will render the timing and pitch intelligible.
[173]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks 3.2 A smell may be distinctive as a trade mark if it is not an inherent or natural characteristic of the goods/services but is added by the applicant to identify their goods and is recognized by the public as indicating trade origin.
[174]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 5.1.
[175]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 5.3
[176]英国、法国和德国分别于1884年7月7日和1903年5月1日加入《巴黎公约》
[177]英国、法国和德国分别于1995年12月1日、1997年11月7日、1996年3月20日加入马德里议定书；法国和德国分别于1922年12月1日和1892年7月15日加入马德里协定.
[178]英国、法国和德国分别于1996年8月1日、2004年10月16日、2006年12月15日加入《商标法条约》
[1791 OHIM Trade mark Number:0943432.
[1801 OHIM Trade mark Number:1042209.
[181]OHIM Trade mark Number:1036748.
[182]OHIM Trade mark Number:1026524.
[183]OHIM Trade mark Number:002559144.
[184]OHIM Trade mark Number:002117034.
[185]OHIM Trade mark Number:001787456.
[186]International Registration Number:0852047.
[187]Case T-348/02 Quick restaurants SA/OHIM, Judgment of 27 November 2003, para.29.
[188]International Registration Number:881847.
[189]International Registration Number:942069.
[190]International Registration Number:943432.
[191]International Registration Number:1052670.
[192]Case T-337/99, Henken KGAA/OHIM, Judgment of 19 September 2001, para.49.
[193]International Registration Number:734731.
[194]International Registration Number:908136.
[195]Helen Dawson. Non-traditional Trademarks in Australia [EB/OL] [2009-10-25] http://w ww.china.embassy.-gov.au/bjngchinese/Dawson.html.
[196]《澳大利亚商标法》(Australia Trade Marks Act 1995)英文文本见WIPO网站：http:// www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=8232或澳大利亚官方网站http://www.comlaw.gov.au/S eries/C2004A04969.
[197]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Section 17 A trade marks is a sign used, or intended to be used, to distinguish goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.
[198]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Section 6 sign includes the following or any combination of the following, namely, any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, aspect of packaging, shape, colour, sound or scent.
[199]Australia Trade Marks Act 1995 Section 40 An application for the registration of a trade mark must be rejected if the trade mark cannot be represented graphically.
[200]Australia Application Number:886763, International Registration Number:761999;
[201]Australia Application Number:895183, International Registration Number:767786.
[202]Australia Application Number:918497, International Registration Number:781769.
[203]Australia Application Number:912371, International Registration Number:783985.
[204]Australia Application Number:948345, International Registration Number:798096H.
[205]Australia Application Number:1075157, International Registration Number:858330.
[206]Australia Application Number:1025638, International Registration Number:833274.
[207]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273.
[208]《澳大利亚商标审查实践和程序指南》(Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practi ce and Procedure),英文文本见澳大利亚知识产权网站http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/trad emarkmanual/trade marks examiners manual.htm.
[209]F.H. Faulding & Son Ltd v Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia and New Zealand Ltd, (the Barrier Cream case (1965) 112 CLR 537 at 555).
[210]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.3
[211]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273.
[212]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.7.
[213]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.4.
[214]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.4.
[215]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.5.
[216]Australia Application Number:946660.
[217]Australia Application Number:903215, International Registration Number:773058; Australia Application Number:919279, International Registration Number:782268; Australia Application Number:919286, International Registration Number:782329; Australia Application Number: 925791, International Registration Number:785383; Australia Application Number:925827, International Registration Number:785438;
[218]Australia Application Number:920821, International Registration Number:783108.
[219]Australia Application Number:930840, International Registration Number:788018.
[220]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.
[221]Philmac Pty Ltd v the Registrar of Trade Marks (2002) 56 IPR 452.
[222]Barraclough Emmal. Singapore's trade mark overhaul explained [J].142 Managing Intellectual Property,2004, vol.142:36-43.
[223]Re Application by Cadbury Ltd 55 IPR 561.
[224]BP Plc v Woolworths Limited (2004) 62 IPR 545.
[225]Australia Application Number:1016245, International Registration Number:829607.
[226]Australia Application Number:1112780, International Registration Number:881230.
[227]Australia Application Number:1133962, International Registration Number:892759.
[228]Helen Dawson. Non-traditional Trademarks in Australia, [EB/OL] http://www.china.emb assy.gov.au/bjngchinese/Dawson.html,2009-10-25.
[229]李淑美等.澳大利亚商标审查实务[M].台北：经济部智慧财产局,2007：138.
[230]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 5.
[231]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.
[232]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.
[233]W & G Du Cros Application (1913) 30 RPC 660 ST 672.
[234]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.1.
[235]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.2.
[236]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.3.
[237]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.4.
[238]Australia Application Number:700019.
[2391 Australia Application Number:727820.
[240]Australia Application Number:762280.
[241]Australia Application Number:821444.
[242]Australia Application Number:823865.
[243]Australia Application Number:823865.
[244]Australia Application Number:1386906.
[245]Australia Application Number:1386906.
[246]Australia Application Number:1446529.
[247]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 7.
[248]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 7.2.
[249]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 2.1.
[250]International Registration Number:881847.
[251]International Registration Number:982273.
[252]International Registration Number:881229.
[253]International Registration Number:982273.
[254]International Registration Number:909829.
[255]International Registration Number:892759.
[256]《新西兰商标法》(Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand)英文文本见WIPO网站：ht tp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=129230或新西兰官方网站http://www.legislation. govt.nz/act/public/2002/0049/10.0/DLM164240.html.
Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand Trade mark Section 5 trade mark--(a) means any sign capable of--(i) being represented graphically; and (ii) distinguishing the goods or services of one person from those of another person; and sign includes--(a) a brand, colour, device, heading, label, letter, name, numeral, shape, signature, smell, sound, taste, ticket, or word; and (b) any combination of signs.
[258]New Zealand Registration Number:211575,211576,211577,293730.
[259]New Zealand Registration Number:285611,285612.
[260]New Zealand Registration Number:291668.
[261]New Zealand Registration Number:294930.
[262]New Zealand Registration Number:611312.
[263]New Zealand Registration Number:615104.
[264]New Zealand Registration Number:622338.
[265]New Zealand Registration Number:651134.
[266]New Zealand Registration Number:665511.
[267]New Zealand Registration Number:257793,257797,188266,188267.
[268]New Zealand Registration Number:292515.
[269]New Zealand Registration Number:602096.
[270]New Zealand Registration Number:606090.
[271]New Zealand Registration Number:607441.
[272]New Zealand Registration Number:639476.
[273]New Zealand Registration Number:644331.
[274]New Zealand Registration Number:666094.
[275]New Zealand Registration Number:253719.
[276]New Zealand Registration Number:280511.
[277]New Zealand Registration Number:283740.
[278]New Zealand Registration Number:626245.
[279]New Zealand Registration Number:643781.
[280]New Zealand Registration Number:717351.
[281]New Zealand Registration Number:835819.
[282]New Zealand Registration Number:247094.
[283]New Zealand Registration Number:283397,736300,804170.
[284]New Zealand Registration Number:610421,747840,772140.
[285]New Zealand Registration Number:651944.
[286]New Zealand Registration Number:714400.
[287]New Zealand Registration Number:717999.
[2881 New Zealand Registration Number:770203.
[289]New Zealand Registration Number:610421.
[290]New Zealand Registration Number:739484,739486,739487.
[291]New Zealand Registration Number:949080.
[292]APEC Intellectual Property Experts Group. Report for APEC Survey on Non-Traditional Trade Marks[R]. Singapore:APEC Committee on Trade and Investment. April 2008.
[293]New Zealand Registration Number:248231.
[294]New Zealand Registration Number:646935.
[295]New Zealand Registration Number:727012.
[296]New Zealand Registration Number:781035.
[297]New Zealand Registration Number:775926.
[298]New Zealand Registration Number:829467.
[299]《新加坡商标法》(Trade Marks Act of Singapore)英文文本见WIPO网站：http://ww w.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5299或新加坡知识产权局网站http://www.ipos.gov.sg/top Nav/leg/.
[300]Trade Marks Act of Singapore Section 2(1) the "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.
[301]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §3 Definitions The definition of "trade mark" is a closed and exhaustive definition in that a "sign" must satisfy certain requisite conditions before it will qualify as a trade mark. The requisite conditions are:(i) the sign must be capable of being represented graphically; and (ii) the sign must be capable of distinguishing the goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from those provided by another person.
[302]Trade Marks Act of Singapore Section 2(1) "sign" includes any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, shape, colour, and aspect of packaging or any combination thereof.
[303]《新加坡商标工作指南》(Singapore Trademark Work Manual)英文文本见新加坡知识产权局网站：http://www.ipos.gov.sg/leftNav/tra/IP+Resources.htm.
[3041 Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §3 Definitions The definition of "sign" is an open or inclusive definition, in that the definition merely lists some examples of what may constitute a sign. Based on the above, no type of sign is automatically excluded from registration unless it is clear that the sign does not constitute a trade mark based on the definition of a trade mark.
[305]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 10.
[306]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 10 (b).
[307]Singapore Registration Number:T0005455E.
[308]Singapore Registration Number:T0110716D.
[309]Singapore Registration Number:T0113078F.
[310]Singapore Registration Number:T0119426A.
[311]Singapore Registration Number:T0010088C.
[312]Singapore Registration Number:T9914946D.
[313]Singapore Registration Number:T0502402F.
[314]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark §6.
[315]Section 7(3) of the Trade Marks Act of Singapore.
[316]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 7(a).
[317]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 7(b).
[318]Yakult Honsha KK's Trade Mark Application [2001] RPC 39.
[319]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 7(b).
[320]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 8.
[321]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks.
[322]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0020665G, T0020667C, T0020668A, T0020662B.
[323]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0308694F, T0308690C, T0308693H.
[324]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0100939A, T0100940E
[325]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0415201B.
[326]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0900128D.
[327]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0517895C.
[328]Singapore Trade Mark Number:T0722661.
[329]Singapore Registration Number:T9900636, T9900634E, T9900635C.
[330]Singapore Registration Number:T0000465E.
[331]Singapore Registration Number:T0300192D.
[332]Singapore Registration Number:T9900525Z.
[333]Singapore Registration Number:T0408412B.
[334]Singapore Registration Number:T9906795F.
[335]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4 k.
[336]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b).
[337]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(d).
[338]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(c) (i).
[339]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (i).
[340]截至2010年11月13日,新加坡知识产权局已批准注册33例声音商标.
[341]Singapore Registration Number:T 0609135E.
[342]Singapore Registration Number:T0500413J, T0500415G, T0500416E, T0414167C。
[343]Singapore Registration Number:T0422860D, T0422861B.
[344]Singapore Registration Number:T0624648J, T0624647B, T0624649I.
[345]Singapore Registration Number:T0410590A.
[346]Singapore Registration Number:T0414739F, T0414741H, T0414740Z, T0518936Z.
[347]Singapore Registration Number:T0618654B.
[348]Singapore Registration Number:T0803773J.
[349]Singapore Registration Number:T0721401I.
[350]Singapore Registration Number:T0721401I.
[351]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4.
[352]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4.
[353]Singapore Registration Number:T1000854H.
[354]Singapore Registration Number:T0501368G, T0501369E.
[355]Singapore Registration Number:T0618749B.
[356]Singapore Application Number:T0318748C, T0808826B, T0811147G.
[357]Singapore Registration Number:T0108194G, T0108196C, T0108195E.
[358]International Registration Number:874083.
[359]International Registration Number:982273.
[360]International Registration Number:909829.
[361]International Registration Number:1042209.
[362]International Registration Number:838231.
[363]International Registration Number:892759.
[364]International Registration Number:939509.
[365]Zendal Prahl. Making sense of trademarks:An international Survey of Non-visual Marks [J].IP World,1996, vol.18:250.
[366]§ L711-1 of the French Intellectual Property Code.
[367]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Chapter 3 Examination, Unconventional Trademarks.
[368]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.
[369]Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand Trade mark Section 5.
[370]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks.
[371]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure- Part 21 § 7.2.
[372]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990).
[373]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21. § 4.5.1.
[374]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (i).
[375]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273.
[376]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J].Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol 96:1102-1121.
[1]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4,9,189 USPQ 759,764 (2rd Cir. 1976).
[2]William M. Landes, Richard A. Posner. The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property [M].Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,2003:166-209.
[3]彭学龙.商标显著性新探[J].法律科学,2006(2)：63.
[4]杜颖.商标显著性与商标权的保护[J].科技与法律,2006(3)：46-49.
[5]Qualitex Cov. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995)
[6]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 763,768, S. ct 2753(1992)
[7]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 763,768, S. ct 2760(1992)
[8]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[9]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[10]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(b)(i).
[11]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: §8:12.50.
[12]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4,9,189 USPQ 759,764 (2rd Cir. 1976).
[13]Chevron Chemical Co. v. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc.,659 F.2d 695,212 USPQ 904 (5th Cir.1981), cert denied,457 US 1126(1982).
[14]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 8.13.
[15]Palladino, Vincent N.Trade Dress after Two Pesos [J].The Trademark Reporter,1994, vol. 84:408-417. (The spectrum of distinctiveness has so far not proved to be very useful in reaching a reasoned decision regarding trade dress.).
[16]I.P. Lund Trading ApS v. Kohler Co.,163 F.3d 27,49 U.S.P.Q.2d 1225 (1st Cir.1998) (using Seabrook test to find design of faucet is not inherently distinctive).
[17]L.& J.G. Stickley, Inc. v. Canal Dover Furniture Co.,79 F.3d 258,38 U.S.P.Q.2d 1202 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting treatise with approval; reproduction of a classic furniture design cannot be inherently distinctive); Nabisco, Inc. v. PF Brands, Inc.,50 F. Supp.2d 188, (S.D.N.Y.1999), affd, 191 F.3d 208,51 U.S.P.Q.2d 1882 (2d Cir.1999) (fish-shaped crackers are inherently distinctive, citing Seabrook test).
[18]Devan Designs, Inc. v. Palliser Furniture Corp.,25 U.S.P.Q.2d 1991,1992 WL 511694 (M.D.N.C.1992), affd,998 F.2d 1008,27 U.S.P.Q.2d 1399 (4th Cir.1993) (the test for inherent distinctiveness is to ask if it is a common basic design, unique or unusual and merely a refinement of a well-known form; furniture design held not inherently distinctive and no secondary meaning proven).
[19]Turtle Wax Inc. v. First Brands Corp.,781 F. Supp.1314,22 U.S.P.Q.2d 1013,1019 (N.D.111. 1991) (trade dress for auto polish held not inherently distinctive under the Seabrook test because it "is merely a combination and refinement of elements already prevalent in the automotive appearance chemicals market");
[20]Swisher Mower & Mach. Co. v. Haban Mfg., Inc.,931 F. Supp.645,42 U.S.P.Q.2d 1596 (W.D. Mo.1996) (design of tow-behind mower held not inherently distinctive under Seabrook test:"The design of the Swisher T-40 [mower] does not make such an impression that one would assume Swisher to be the source of the mower upon seeing a similar design on other mowers.").
[21]DCNL Inc. v. Almar Sales Co.,47 U.S.P.Q.2d 1406,1997 WL 913949 (N.D. Cal.1997), affd without opinion,178 F.3d 1308 (9th Cir.1998) (design of hair brush held not inherently distinctive under the Seabrook test).
[22]Brooks Shoe Mfg. Co. v. Suave Shoe Corp.,716 F.2d 854,857,221 USPQ 536,538 (11th Cir. 1983) ("V"-shaped design on sports shoe held not inherently distinctive under the Seabrook test).
[23]Seabrook Foods, Inc. v. Barwell Foods Ltd.,568 F.2d 1342,196 USPQ 289 (CCPA 1977) 292.
[24]I.P. Lund Trading ApS v. Kohler Co.,163 F.3d 27,49 U.S.P.Q.2d 1225,1234 (1st Cir.1998)
[25]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008, §17:2
[26]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[27]Judgment of 18 June 2002, Case C-299/99, Philips, para.48
[28]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[29]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[30]Colgate-Palmolive Co./Vanilla Yellow Sphere, R880/2002-3 (28 May 2003).
[31]Koninklijke KPN Nederland NV v. Benelux-Merkenbureau, Case C-363/00 (12 Feb.2004).
[32]Koninklijke KPN Nederland NV v. Benelux-Merkenbureau, Case C-363/00 (12 Feb.2004).
[33]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.2.3.
[341 Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks, [2002] FCAFC 273
[35]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark §7(b).
[36]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 8.13.
[37]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 8.12.50.
[38]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 US 763,768, S. ct 2760(1992).
[39]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.7.
[40]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(a). Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000). Thrifty, Inc.,274 F.3d 1349,61 USPQ 2d 1121,1124 (Fed. Cir 2001).
[41]Edward Weck Inc. v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990).
[42]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ 2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[43]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995).
[44]Liberal Group BV v. Benelux Merkenbureau, C-104/01 [2003] E.C.R.1-3793.
[45]Charlotte Schulze. Registering Color Trade Marks in the European Union [J]. European Intellectual Property Review,2003:55-65.
[46]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (ii)
[47]In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 563 (TTAB 1978).
[48]In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ 560 (TTAB 1978).
[49]In re Vertex Group LLC, serial nos.76601697; 78940163 (TTAB 2009).
1501 In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,774 F.2d 1116,227 USPQ 417,424 n.11 (Fed. Cir.1985); Levi Strauss & Co. v. Genesco, Inc.,742 F.2d 1401,222 USPQ 939 (Fed/Cir.1984).
[51]In re Steelbuilding.com,415 F.3d 1293,75 USPQ2d 1420,1422 (Fed. Cir.2005); In re Ennco Display Systems Inc.,56 USPQ2d 1279 (TTAB 2000).
[52]Nextel Communications, Inc.v. Motorola, Inc. Opposition No.91164353 to application Serial No.78235365 (TTAB 2009).
[53]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.4.
[54]UK Trademark Manual Chapter 1 § 4.44 Sound Marks:The following are examples of sound marks that would not be accepted without evidence of factual distinctiveness:a) very simple pieces of music consisting of only 1 or 2 notes; b) songs (such as "Greensleeves") commonly used as chimes by ice cream vans (for ice cream etc);c) jingles commonly associated with amusement arcade machines (for such machines and entertainment services);d) well known popular music in respect of entertainment services, including amusement park services) children's nursery rhymes, for goods or services aimed at children; f) music strongly associated with particular regions or countries for the type of goods/services originating from or provided in that area.
[55]USPTO Registration Number:75120036 (abandoned).
[56]USPTO Registration Number:2463044.
[571 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[58]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990)
[59]Kinter Earl W and Lahr, Jack; An Intellectual Property Law Primer:a survey of the law of patents, trade secrets, trademarks, franchises, copyrights and personality and entertainment rights [M]. New York:Macmillan,1982:257.
[60]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21 § 7.2.
[61]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21 § 7.2.
[62]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 5.2.
[63]Case R-772/2001-1, Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application,43 E.T.M.R. at 544. German Registration No.39942129, applied for on July 17,1999 (has since been abandoned).
[64]Case R-772/2001-1, Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application,43 E.T.M.R. at 543.
[65]Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc.,54 USPQ2d at 1068, ["The burden of proving that a color mark has acquired distinctiveness is substantial."]; and Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.13 (4 the ed.2005) ["The amount of evidence required to establish that a scent or fragrance functions as a mark is substantial."].
[66]Fisher-Price Inc v. Well-Made Toy Mfg Corp.,27 USPQ 2d 1237,1238 (WDNY 1993)
[67]Chevron Chemical Co. v. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc.,30659 F.2d 695 (5th Cir.1981).
[68]Herman Miller Inc v Palazzetti Imports and Exports, Inc., F3d 298,60 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1663 (6th Cir 2001).
[69]Art Attacks Ink, LLC v. MGA Entertainment Inc.,581 F3d 92 USPQ2d 1026 (9th Cir 2009).
[70]Kramer Mfg. Co. v. Andrews,783 F2d 421,449,228 USPQ 705 (4th Cir 1986). Topps Co. v. Gerrit J Verburg Co.,41 USPQ 2d 1412,1416 (SDNY 1996).
[71]Knitwaves, Inc v Lolly togs ltd.,71 F3d 996,1008,36 USPQ 2d 1737 (2d Cir 1995).
[72]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks:Trademark Rights in Sound, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S. [M]. USA:International Trademark Association, 2000:137.
[73]University Book Store v. University of Wisconsin Bd of Regents,33 USPQ 2D 1385,1406 (TTAB 1994).
[74]Coca-Cola Co. v. Koke Co.,254 US 143,146,41 S.Ct.113,114,65 L.Ed.189 (1920)
[75]Teresa Rupp. Guidance for Non-traditional Trademarks [M]. USA:International Trademark Association,1998:343.
[76]Roux Lab., Inc. v. Clairol Inc.,427 F.2d 823 (C.C.P.A.1970). In re Hehr Mfg Co.,279 F2d 526, 126USPQ381 (CCPA 1960)
[77]Versa Products Co. v. Bifold Co. Ltd.,50 F 3d 189,33 USPQ2d 1801 (3rd Cir 1995)
[781 In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F2d 1116,227 USPQ 417 (CAFC 1985); In re Clark, 17 USPQ 2d 1238 (TTAB 1990)
[79]Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition (1985) Section 13, Comment (e).
[801 Caser Chair Co. v. Infanti Chair Mfg Corp.,155 F3d 565 USPQ2d 1208,1210 (Fed Cir 1998)
[81]Harlequin Enters. Ltd. V. Gulf & W. Corp.,644 F.2d 946,950 (2nd Cir.1981); Thompson Med. Co. v. Pfizer, Inc.,753 F.2d 208,217 (2d Cir.1985); Sugar Busters LLC v. Brennan,177 F.3d 258, 269 (5th Cir.1999), for evidenced used to establish proof of secondary meaning.
[82]UK Practice Amendment Notice PAN 6/06 Issued 12 April 2006.
[83]UK Practice Amendment Notice PAN 6/06 Issued 12 April 2006.
[84]LeSportsac v. K Mart Corporation,754 F2d 71,78,225 USPQ 654,659 (2d Cir.1985); Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Dorney Park Coaster Company,698 F.supp.1274,1280,9 UPSQ 2d 1161,1163 (ED Pa.1988)
[85]Edward Weck Inc v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990).
[86]15 U.S.C. § 1052 (f). The Director may accept as prima facie evidence that the mark has become distinctive, as used on or in connection with the applicant's goods in commerce, proof of substantially exclusive and continuous use thereof as a mark by the applicant in commerce for the five years before the date on which the claim of distinctiveness is made.
[87]Singapore Trademark Manual §14.11.05 Evidence of distinctiveness acquired through use.
[88]LA Gear Inc v. Thom McAn Shoe CO.,988 F2d 1117,25 USPQ 1913,1923 (Fed Cir 1993)
[89]The Isaly Co v. Kraft Inc.,619 F.supp.983,992.226 USPQ 801,805 (MD Fla.1985); In Re Motorola,3 USPQ 2d 1142,1143 (TTAB 1986).
[90]Edward Weck Inc v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990)
[91]Thee Nestle Company Inc v. Joyva Corporation,227 USPQ 477,479 (TTAB 1985)
[92]Giant Food Inc v. Malone & Hyde Inc.,522 F2d 1386,187 USPQ 374 (CCPA 1975)
[93]Racine Industries Inc v. Bane-Clene Corp.,35 USPQ 2d 1832,1839 (TTAB 1994)
[94]In re Owen-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F2d 1116,1125,227 USPQ 417,423 (CAFC.1985).
[95]R H Donnelley Inc v. USA Northland Directories Inc.,2004 WL 2713248 (D. Minn 2004).
[96]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997).
[97]L A Gear Inc v. Thom McAn Shoe CO.,988 F2d 1117,25 USPQ 1913,1923 (Fed Cir 1993).
[981 Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 181 Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1065,1073 (5th Cir.1998).
[99]Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 181 Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1065,1073 (5th Cir.1998).
[100]Yamaha Intern Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd.,231 USPQ 926,929 (TTAB 1986), add'd, 840 F2d 1572,1582 (CAFC 1988).
[101]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997).
[102]In re Pingel Enterprises, Inc.,46 USPQ 2d 1811 (TTAB 1993).
[103]British Seagull Ltd v. Brunswick Corp.,28 USPQ 2d 1197,1203 (TTAB.1993), aff'd,35 F3d 1527,32 USPQ 2d 1120 (CAFC.1994).
11041 LeSportsac v. K Mart Corporation,754 F2d 71,78,225 USPQ 654,659 (2d Cir.1985)(对于运动包形状的报道)；Dogloo Inc v. Doskocil Mfg. Co.,893 F.sup.911,35 USPQ 2d 1405,1407 (CDCAL.1995)(对狗舍形状的报道)；Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 18 I Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1065,1073 (5th Cir.1998)(对高尔夫球洞形状的报道).
[105]Braun Inc. v. Dynamics Corporation of American,975 F2d 815,82724 USPQ 2d 1121,1130 (CAFC.1992).
[106]Henri Bendel Inc. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,25 F.supp 2d 198,200,48 USPQ 2d 1948,1948 (SDNY.1998)
[107]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008: §13.15.
[108]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks:Trademark Rights in Sound, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S. [M]. USA:International Trademark Association, 2000:137.
[109]Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition (1985) Section 13, Comment (e).
[110]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990)
[111]In re Denticator International Inc.,38 USPQ 2d 1218 (TTAB 1995).
[112]Master Distribution Inc v. Pako Corp.,986 F2d 219,220,25 USPQ 2d 1794 (8th Cir.1993).
[113]Thomas & Betts Cprporation v. Panduit Corp.,48 F.supp 2d 1088,34 USPQ 1545 (ND Ill. 1994).
[114]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.9
[115]Stuart Hall Co v. Ampad Corp.,51 F3d 780,34 USPQ 2d 1429 (8th Cir 1995).
[116]Sunbeam Products Inc. v. West Bend Co.,123 F3d 246,254,44 USPQ 2d 1161,1167 (5th Cir. 1997).
[117]Adjustable Fixture Co v. Schumaker Lighting Inc.,47 USPQ 2d 1856,1859 (ED Wis 1998).
[118]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 15.9.
[119]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks:Trademark Rights in Sound, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S. [M]. USA:International Trademark Association, 2000:138.
[120]Yamaha Intern Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd.,231 USPQ 926,929 (TTAB 1986), add'd, 840 F2d 1572,1582 (CAFC 1988)
[121]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,121 S. Ct.1255,1260,149 L. Ed.2d 164, 58 U.S.P.Q.2d 1001 (U.S.2001), on remand to,2001 WL 630049 (6th Cir.2001).
[122]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[123]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[124]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008, §17:6.
[125]Fisher-Price Inc v. Well-Made Toy Mfg Corp.,27 USPQ2d 1237,1238 (WDNY 1993)
[126]Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Prods. Co.,514 U.S.159,131 L. Ed.2d 248,115 S. Ct.1300,1304, 34 U.S.P.Q.2d 1161,1163-64 (1995) ("'In general terms, a product feature is functional'and cannot serve as a trademark,'if it is essential to the use of purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article,'that is, if exclusive use of the feature would put competitors at a significant non reputation-related disadvantage."
[127]In re EBSCO Industries, Inc.,41 USPQ 2d 1917,1920 (TTAB 1997).
[128]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[129]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997).
[130]In re Virshup,42 USPQ 2d 1403,1405 (TTAB 1997).
[131]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.24,58 USPQ 1007 (2001).
[132]In re Zippo Mfg Co.,50 USPQ 2d 1852 (TTAB 1999).
[133]Gibson Guitar Corp.,61 USPQ 2d 1948 (TTAB 2001); M-5 Steel Mfg., Inc. v. O'Hagin Inc., 61 USPQ 1086 (TTAB 2001).Visual Communications Co., Inc.,51 USPQ 2d 1141 (TTAB 1999); Edward Ski Products, Inc.,49 USPQ 2d 2001 (TTAB 1999); Caterpiller Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335 (TTAB 1997); Bio-Medicus Inc.,31 USPQ 2d 1254 (TTAB 1993); Witco Corp.,14 USPQ 2d 1557 (TTAB 1989).
[134]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(a)(v)(A).
[135]Gibson Guitar Corp.,61 USPQ 2d 1948 (TTAB 2001); Bio-Medicus Inc.,31 USPQ 2d 1254 (TTAB 1993); Witco Corp.,14 USPQ 2d 1557 (TTAB 1989).
[136]In re Bose Corp.,772 F.2d 866,227 USPQ 1 (Fed Cir 1985).
[137]In re Gibson Guitar Corp.,61 USPQ2d 1948 (TTAB 2001).
[138]American Greetings Corp v. Dan-Dee Imports Inc.,807 F2d 1136,1142-43 (3d Cir.1986).
[139]Restatement Third, Unfair Competition § 17, comment b (1995) ("The [functional] benefit may lie, for example, in greater economy in manufacturing, shipping, or handling, in increased utility or durability, or in enhanced effectiveness or ease of use.").
[140]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(a)(v)(B).
[141]Valu Engineering, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp.,278 F.3d 1268,61 USPQ 2d 1429 (Fed.Cir.2002).
[142]Maharishi Hardy Blechman Ltd. v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co.,292 F. Supp.2d 535,546,69 U.S.P.Q.2d 1493 (S.D. N.Y.2003).
[143]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: §7:75.
[144]Valu Engineering, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp.,278 F.3d 1268,61 U.S.P.Q.2d 1422 (Fed. Cir.2002).
[145]In re North American Phillips Corporation,217 USPQ 926 (TTAB 1983).
[146]Meadowcraft In v. Compex International Co.,47 USPQ 2d 1665,1670 (N.D.Ga.1998).
[147]In re American National Can.,41 USPQ 2d 1842,1845-46 (TTAB 1997).
[148]William Levin. Trade Dress Protection [M]. USA:Thomson West,2008, §17:2.例如M-5Steel案同时涉及实用功能性和美学功能性的认定,一方面申请人的专利申请书存在有关功能性的证据,商品促销材料中也宣传了标志的实用特征,另一方面申请人的设计与四周屋瓦相匹配,在各种方向都看不到通风口的瓦片,使得房屋外表更加美观
[149]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 7.79.
[150]Restatement of Torts § 742, comment a (1938). When goods are bought largely for their aesthetic value, their features may be functional because they definitely contribute to that value, and thus aid the performance of the object for which the goods are intended.
[151]Paligero v. Wallace China Co.,198 F.2d 339,343 (CA 9,1952).
[152]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995: § 7.79.
[153]The Restatement of the Law of Unfair Competition §17, comment c at 175-176.
[154]Wallace Int'l Silversmiths Inc v. Godinger Silver Art Co.,916 F2d 76,80,16 USPQ 2d 1555 (2d Cir 1990), cetr denied,499 US 976 (1991).
[155]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 USPQ 2d 1161 (1995). Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.24,58 USPQ 1007 (2001).
[156]Krieger. The Broad Sweep of Aesthetic Functionality:A Threat to Trademark Protection of Aesthetic Product Features [J]. Fordham L. Rev,1982, vol.51:345-380.
[157]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 7.79.
[158]J. Thomas McCarthy. McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition [M].USA:Clark Boardman Callaghan,1995:§ 7.81.
[159]A. Donell. Trade dress protection of products designs:Stifling the progress of science and the useful arts for an unlimited time [J]. Notre Dame Law Review,1994:188.
[160]魏森.颜色商标及其审查标准研究[J].河北法学,2008(2)：103-106.
[161]杜颖.单一颜色商标注册问题研究—以美国法为中心的比较分析[J].法学评论,2009(1)：136-142.
[162]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 USPQ 9 (CCPA 1982).
[163]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 3.4 Shapes and Fucntionality.
[164]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.62-3-Dimensional trademarks.
[165]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, Part B Examination,7.62-3-Dimensional trademarks.
[166]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[167]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 §4.5.1
[168]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks 4(b) (i)
[1691 Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(b).
[170]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[171]In Re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,227 USPQ 417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[172]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.5.1; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks §4(b) (i)
[173]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.5.1; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 2 Color Marks §4(b) (i)
[174]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ 2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[175]Orange Communications, Inc.,41 USPQ 1036 (TTAB 1996).
[176]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[177]InNor-Am Chemical v. GM Scott & Sons Co.,4 USPQ 2d 1316,1320 (E.D Pa 1987)
[178]California Crushed Fruit Corp. v. Taylor Beverage & Candy Co.,38 F.2d 885 (D. Wis 1930).
[179]Smith, Kline & French Laboratories v. Clark & Clark,157 F.2d 725,730 (3rd Cir), cert denied, 329 US 796 (1946).
[180]WIPO SCT/17/3 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Relation of Established Principles to Non-traditional trademarks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2007.
[181]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.2.1.
[182]In re Vertex Group LLC, serial nos.76601697; 78940163 (TTAB 2009).
[183]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001). Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164USPQ2d 1161 (1995).
[184]In re Clarke,17 USPQ2d 1238 (TTAB 1990).
[185]Case R-772/2001-1, Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application, at 543
[186]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[187]Linda Annika.The future of Scents as Trademarks in the European Community-Based comparison to the American Experience [D].Lund:Lund University,2002:45.
[188]Publications Int'l, Ltd. v. Landoll, Inc.,164 F.3d 337,49 U.S.P.Q.2d 1139 (7th Cir.1998)
[189]Moy. Lanham Act Registration of Container or Product Shape as Trademark [J]. U.S.F. L. Rev, 1969,vol.3:327-335.
[190]Crescent Tool Co. v. Kilborn & Bishop Co.,247 F.299 (2d Cir.1917)
[191]In re North American Phillips Corp.,217 USPQ 926 (TTAB.1983) (any evidence of secondary meaning, including a consumer survey showing high consumer association, cannot transform a utilitarian shape into a registrable trademark).
[192]Dorr-Oliver, Inc. v. Fluid-Quip, Inc.,94 F.3d 376,39 U.S.P.Q.2d 1990 (7th Cir.1996).
[193]In re Deister Concentrator Co.,289 F.2d 496,129 USPQ 314 (C.C.P.A.1961). Accord:In re Water Gremlin Co.,635 F.2d 841,208 USPQ 89 (CCPA.1980) ("To the extent [that permitted imitation of functional features] causes a modicum of confusion of the public, it will be tolerated.").
[194]WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007, para.3.
[195]Singapore Trademark Rules § 15(2).
[196]WO/GA/38/7 WIPO General Assembly. Report of the Work of The Standing Committee on The Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications on the Areas of Convergence Concerning the Representations of Non-traditional Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[197]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §4; Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 3.1.
[198]37 C.F.R. §§2.37,2.52(a) (2) (ⅲ) 2.52(a)(2)(ⅵ); Water Gremlin Co.,635 F.2d 841,208 USPQ 89(CCPA1980).
[199]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.02(d).37 C.F.R. §2.52(a)(2)(ⅲ).
[200]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21.Article 3.1
[201]《台湾立体、颜色及声音商标审查基准》§2.21.
[202]See Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 3.1; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 3(a); 37 C.F.R. §2.52(a) (2) (ⅲ).
[203]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 3 Shape Mark § 3(a).
[204]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 3.1.
[205]37 C.F.R. § 2.52(a) (2) (ⅲ).
[206]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.
[207]37 C.F.R. §2.21 (a)(3).
[208]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §1202.05(d)(ⅰ).
Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21 § 4.1.
[210]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, § 7.6.4.1.
[211]37 C.F.R.§2.52(a)(2)(ⅴ); Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(c); Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.1.
[212]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.1.
[213]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1202.05(e).
[214]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(c).
[215]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 1202.05(f).
[216]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, § 7.6.4; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(c); Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 4.1.
[217]TyNant Spring Water Ltd's Trade Mark Application [2000] RPC55.
[218]Communication No 6/03,OJ OHIM 2004,88.
[219]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks §1.1.
[220]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4.
[221]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM § 4.4.1.
[222]Kevin McCormick. "DING" You are now free to register that Sound [J].Trademark Reporter, 2006, vol 96:1102-1121.
[223]五线谱是一种为人熟悉的音乐标记方式,利用五条平行横线,在其上面记入标示不同音高及拍子的音符。这些线,可称为“五线谱”或简称“谱表”(Staff or Stave)。并依据拍子记号将五线谱上音符依拍分成小节,用小节线标示。简谱(Numbered musical notation)为记谱法之一,主要以数字作表达,故亦称为数字谱.
[224]Case C-283/01 Shield Mark BV v. Joost Kist [2004] RPC 17.
[225]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks §4.44; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(d).
[226]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.1.
[227]欧洲法院认为,此类声谱图与声音波形图、声音频谱图不同,声音波形图是对声音音量的二维平面描述；声音频谱图示对声音频率变化的二维平面描述；声谱图应包含对声音持续时间、音高、相对音量的描述.
[228]Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Lion Corp's Application, Case R-781/1999-4,2003.
[229]CTM application 4928371,28 February 2006. A sonogram of this sort must not be confused with an oscillogram, which is a two-dimensional depiction of the volume of a sound; a spectrum, which is a two-dimensional depiction of the frequency changes in a sound; or a sound spectrogram, also known as a sonogram, which does not contain an analysis of the pitch, relative volume, and progression over time of the sound.
[230]See CTM application Nos.4987178,4983128,4928371,4901658,3886471,369920, 3661329 and 2919967.
[231]The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM §7.61.
[232]37 C.F.R.§2.52(a)(3); Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures §807.11
[233]向玉兰.论声音商标的可注册性[J].暨南学报,2007(4)：22-26.
[234]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(d); Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.1.
Advocate General Colomer conducted research on the various onomatopoeia of a cockcrow in the various official languages of the European Union (at that time 15 Member States) and mentioned as follows "The onomatopoeia of a cockcrow in the various official languages of the European Union is as follows:kikiriki, in German; kikeli-ki in Danish; quiquiriqui, in Spanish; kukkokiekuu, in Finnish; cocorico, in French; kokoriko, in Greek; cock-a-doodle-doo, in English; chichirichi, in Italian; kukeleku, in Dutch; cocorococo, in Portuguese; and kukeliku, in Swedish." With the recent and upcoming enlargements of the European Union, we would appreciate to learn the additional versions of the cockcrow.
[236]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.44.
[237]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures § 807.11; 37 C.F.R. §2.56(d)(3). In the absence of non-bulky alternatives, the Office may accept an audio or video cassette tape recording, CD-ROM, or other appropriate medium.
[238]Commission Regulation (EC) No 1041/2005 of 29 June 2005amending Regulation (EC) No 2868/95 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 on the Community trade mark.
[239]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 § 6.1
[240]WO/GA/38/7 WIPO General Assembly. Report of the Work of The Standing Committee on The Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications on the Areas of Convergence Concerning the Representations of Non-traditional Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[241]WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007.para.37.
[242]Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure § 807.11.
[243]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 7.1.
[244]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[245]WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007 para.37.
[246]Australian Trademark Manual of Practice and Procedure-Part 21.Article 7.1.
[247]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM,2.3.1 (iv) For smells, there is presently no means of representing them graphically. Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(3) It appears that at present stage of technology, there has not been found an acceptable graphical representation for "scent marks".
[248]WO/GA/38/7 WIPO General Assembly. Report of the Work of The Standing Committee on The Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications on the Areas of Convergence Concerning the Representations of Non-traditional Marks[R].Geneva:WIPO,2009.
[[249]] UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.4.5; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(d) Movement(moving) marks can be graphically represented by a series of still images and each case may have its own individual requirements, but the representation of the mark should include:that the mark is a moving image; what the image depicts, that is, what the change in appearance is; how many images are involved in the complete sequence of movement; what the sequential order is of the images; and that there is a single sequence of movement (not variable).
12501 WIPO SCT/17/2 Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. Methods and Representations of Non-traditional trademarks [R].Geneva: WIPO,2007 para.23.
[251]Ralf Sieckmann.Hologramsthe next generation of trademarks? [EB/OL]. http://www.cp aglobal.com/sites/default/files/ip_review_13.pdf,2010-04-18.
[252]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks § 4.4.6; Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark § 4(g).
[1]我国分别于1985年3月19日加入《巴黎公约》；2001年12月11日加入TRIPS协定；1989年10月4日加入马德里协定；1995年12月1日加入马德里议定书.
[2]我国分别于1994年10月28日签署《商标法条约》,于2007年1月29日签署《新加坡商标法条约》,但目前仍未批准加入这两个条约.
[3]See Article 6 quinquies of Paris Convention:Every trademark duly registered in the country of origin shall be accepted for filing and protected as is in the other countries of the Union, subject to the reservations indicated in this Article.
See Article 3.1 of Madrid protocol.
[5]Ellen P. Winner, Aaron W. Denburg International Trademark Treaties with Commentary [M]. USA:Oxford University Press,2005:25.
[6]董炳和、谭筱清.商标法体系化判解研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：7.
[7]王莲峰.商标法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008：7.
[8]杜颖.商标法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2010：49.
[9]曹新伟.单一颜色商标的申请与审查[J].中华商标,2007(3)：57-60.
[10]董炳和、谭筱清.商标法体系化判解研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：8.
[11]黄晖.商标法[M].法律出版社,2004：96.
[12]杜颖.商标法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2010：55.
[13]王莲峰.商标法[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008：7；陈耀东.商标保护范围研究[M].天津：天津人民出版社,2003：18.
[14]王迁.知识产权法教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2007：421.
[15]国际注册第8358429号瑞士卡夫食品公司立体商标申请案.
[16]国际注册第3033413号意大利费列罗公司图形商标申请案.
[17]国际注册第3031816号美国之宝制造公司立体商标申请案.
[18]《商标审查标准》第四部分立体商标的审查.
[19]《商标审查标准》第四部分立体商标的审查.
[20]国际注册第5145795号美国可口可乐公司立体商标申请案.
[21]国际注册第3033413号意大利费列罗公司图形商标申请案.
[22]国际注册第G763835号法国通用饼干公司"LU及图”立体商标申请案.
[23]汪泽.立体商标的审查--《商标审查标准》解读之二[J].中华专利与商标,2008(2)：73-77.
[24]国际注册第3200243号美国俄勒冈州草坪草料种子公司立体商标申请案.
[25]李顺德.立体商标和颜色组合商标的注册保护[J].中华商标,2002(4)：10-12.
[26]佟姝.关于立体商标注册和保护标准的探讨——从费列罗案谈起[J].中国专利与商标,2008(3)：88-90.
[27]国际注册第647842号立体商标申请案.
[28]国际注册第G790272号德国Wilfer立体商标申请案.
[29]国际注册第G778306号德国geobra brandstatter公司立体商标申请案.
[30]《商标审查标准》第五部分颜色组合商标的审查.
[31]国际注册第3063748、3063749、3063750、3692933、3692934号瑞典凯普曼公司颜色组合商标申请案.
[32]董炳和、谭筱清.商标法体系化判解研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2008：6.
[33]国际注册第3037973号美国吉列公司立体商标申请案.
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[35]《商标审查标准》上篇第二部分第五项之六.
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[38]国际注册第G827669号澳大利亚布兰博公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[39]国际注册第3636258号英国吉百利公司单一颜色商标申请案.
[40]参见2006年8月21日出版的第1036期《商标公告》.对该商标的初步审定,美国玛氏公司和瑞士雀巢公司于2006年11月17日同一天向商标局提出异议,理由为该商标缺乏显著性。商标局审查之后于2006年11月21正式注册公告.
[41]国际注册第4265815号美国玛氏公司单一颜色商标申请案.
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[44]国际注册第G836242号德国西门子公司声音商标申请案.
[45]国际注册第G659177号德国Bausparkasse Schwabisch Hall公司声音商标申请案.
[46]国际注册第G881229、G881230、G881231、G836242号德国安联公司声音商标申请案.
[47]国际注册第G889242号法国Bechtola Rachid公司声音商标申请案.
[48]国际注册第G1026524号德国超捷物流公司声音商标申请案.
[49]我国商标局拒绝注册的理由原文为：Sound mark is not acceptable in China at present.参见我国商标局拒绝国际注册号659177、836242、881229、889242、1026524的商标国际注册的理由。参见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/romarin/.
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[55]Helen Dawson非传统标[EB/OL]http://www.china.embassy.gov.au/bjngchinese/Dawson.ht m1,2012-2-22.
[56]United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement(《美国澳大利亚自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/austr alian-fta.
[57]United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement(《美国新加坡自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/singap ore-fta.
[58]United States-Peru Free Trade Agreement(《美国秘鲁自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa.
[59]United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement(《美国摩洛哥自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/morocc o-fta.
[60]United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement(《美国智利自由贸易协定》),英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta.
[61]Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement《澳大利亚智利自由贸易协定》英文文本见澳大利亚商务部网站http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/aclfta/index.html.
[62]《中华人民共和国商标法(修订草案征求意见稿)》,文本见中央政府门户网站：http://ww w.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-09/02/content_1939013.htm.
[63]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R, para.154.
[64]Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 on the Community trade mark Article 4:A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[65]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》第三条规定：任何能够将其使用的商品或服务与使用其他标志的商品或服务相区别的标志,可以作为商标获得保护,尤其是文字(包括人名)、图样、字母、数字、声音标志、三维形状,包括商品本身的形状或其包装物,颜色和颜色组合,能够将一个企业的商品和服务与其他企业的商品和服务区别开的,可以作为商标保护。
[66]United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994 PART Ⅰ,1.1. In this Act a "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging. A trade mark may, in particular, consist of words (including personal names), designs, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging.
[67]The Guildelines Concerning Proceedings Before the OHIM, §7.6.
[68]Singapore Trademark Work Manual Chapter 1 What is a trade mark §3 Definitions The definition of "sign" is an open or inclusive definition, in that the definition merely lists some examples of what may constitute a sign. Based on the above, no type of sign is automatically excluded from registration unless it is clear that the sign does not constitute a trade mark based on the definition of a trade mark.
[69]UK Manual of trademarks practice, Unconventional Trademarks.
[70]Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure Part 21 Shapes, Sounds, Colors, Scents, and Aspects of Packaging.
[71]参见《美国商标审查程序指南》、《欧盟商标审查指南》、《英国商标审查指南》、《澳大利亚商标审查实践和程序指南》及《新加坡商标工作指南》等.
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[7]Vuong Thanh Thuy. Some issues concerning the Functionality of Trade marks in the EU and in Vietnam [D]. Lund:Lund University,2005.
[1]Aarushijain.UnconventionalTradeMarks[EB/OL].:http://jurisonline.in/2008/07/unconventio nal-trade-marks/,2011-02-08.
[2]Ben Moshinsky. First US taste trade mark goes to appeal board [EB/OL].:http://www. managingip.com/Article/1258097/First-US-taste-trade-mark-goes-to-appeal-board.html,201 1-02-08.
[3]Berenika Depo. Registration of Non-traditional Trademarks:Effect of new technologies on protection of non-traditional trademarks [EB/OL].:http://www.amcham.p1/File/pdf/r egistration_of_non_conventional_trademarks.pdf?PHPSESSID=Of34a46e1943e040e38b95ec c3e34728,2011-02-08.
[4]Catherine Saez. Some See Rise in Non-Traditional Trademarks National Registries Not Yet. [EB/OL].:http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/2008/06/20/some-see-rise-in-non-traditiona 1-trademarks-national-registries-not-yet/,2011-02-08
[5]Dennis Prahl. Progress Report on the Community Trademark 2000[EB/OL].:http://ww w.ladas.com/Trademarks/EuropeanCommunity/CTMProgressReport2000.html,2011-02-08.
[6]Emerging Trends In Intellectual Property Law:Non-traditional Trademarks[EB/OL].:htt p://www.iitrade.com/Download/NON-TRADITIONAL_TRADEMARKS.pdf,2011-02-08
[7]Frank Gotzen. Stretching the Trademark Protection System, IIP Bulletin 2003[EB/OL].: http://www.iip.or.jp/e/e_summary/pdf/detai12002/e14_13.pdf,2011-02-08.
[8]Francisco Pazo Couto, The'Strawberry Smell Trade Mark'Denied, [EB/OL].:http://w ww.nwrage.org/content/strawberry-smell-trademark-denied,2011-02-08.
[9]Gaining a competitive edge by registering non-traditional trademarks [EB/OL].:http:// www.minterellison.co.nz/publications/IntellectualPropertyNewsletterJune.pdf,2011-02-08
[10]Graeme B. Dinwoodie. The Rational Limits of Trademark Law, [EB/OL].:http://works. bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=graeme_dinwoodie,2011-02-08
[11]Helen Dawson.Non-traditional trademarks [EB/OL] http://www.china.embassy.gov.au/bjng chinese/Dawson.html,2012-2-22.
[12]Hiromichi Aoki. Protection of Non-traditional trademarks in Japan. FICPI Yokohama Symposiu, [EB/OL.:]http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23103853/Non-traditional-Trademarks-T hree-Dimensional-Trademarks-in-Japan,2011-02-08
[13]Jan Vidjeskog. The European Court of Justice:Another Step Regarding Olfactory Trademarks, IPR Newsflash. [EB/OL].:http://www.copat.de/markenformen/Eugh-kom/iprn ews.pdf,2011-02-08
[14]Martin J. O'Donnell. Unusual trademarks:Sounds, scents, colors[EB/OL].:www.massbar. org,2011-02-08
[15]Mark Alleman. Trademark Distinctiveness in the Information Technology Area. [EB/O L].:http://www.jp-ta.jp/pdf/committee/005/AIPLA2005/11_TM_DistinctivenessInIT_Area.p df,2011-02-08
[16]Mitsuhiro Shunori. New Types Trademark[EB/OL].:http://www.iip.or.jp/e/e_summary/pdf /detail2007/e 19_07.pdf,2011-02-08
[17]Ralf Sieckmann. Holograms-the next generation of trademarks? [EB/OL].:http://ww w.cpaglobal.com/sites/default/files/ip_review_13.pdf,2010-04-18
[18]Randall Frost.Trademarking:Senses and Sensibility. [EB/OL].:http://www.brandchannel.c om/features_effect.asp?pf_id=207,2011-02-08
[19]Ralf Sieckmann.holograms-the next generation of trademarks? IP Review 13, Jan. 2006. [EB/OL] http://www.cpaglobal.com/sites/default/files/ip_review_13.pdf 2010-04-18.
[20]Registration of Sound as a Trade Mark The First Trade Mark Registration of Sound in India[EB/OL].:www.theworldlawgroup.com/files/file/docs/India%20Trade%20Mark.pdf, 2010-04-18
[21]Shinichi Irie. Study on International Harmonization for Objects of Protection or the like of Trademarks,IIP Bulletin [EB/OL].:http://www.iip.or.jp/e/e_summary/pdf/Detail 2001/e13_01.pdf,2011-02-08
[22]Vasheharan Kanesarajah.The taste of ripe strawberries:representing non-visual tradema rks[EB/OL].:http://science.thomsonreuters.com/m/pdfs/klnl/2008-03/taste.pdf,2011-02-08
[23]William E. Levin. Federal Registration of Trade Dress-Whither Thou Goest Now? [EB/OL].:http://www.jurispro.com/files/documents/doc-1066205641-article-1730.pdf,201 1-02-08
[24]Waldo Steyn.The Scope of protection of Trade Marks based on Acquired Distinctiven ess European Court of Justice. IP/IT Practice [EB/OL] http://www.tamimi.com/files/arti cles/IT-IP/Adidas_Trademark_Oct08.pdf,2011-02-08
[1]《保护工业产权巴黎公约》(Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property)(1883年3月20日在巴黎签订,1900年12月14口在布鲁塞尔修订；1911年6月2日在华盛顿修订；1925年11月6日在海牙修订；1934年6月2日在伦敦修订；1958年10月31日在里斯本修订；1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩修订；1979年10月2日修正),英文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html;官方中文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/ip/paris/index.html.
[2]《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Pr operty Rights)(Annex 1C of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, signed in Marrakesh, Morocco on 15 Apr.1994)。英文原文见WTO网站：http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e.htm;参考的中文译本为：对外贸易 经济合作部国际经贸关系司译.世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果法律文本：中英文对照[M].北京：法律出版社,2000：321-353；张乃根.国际贸易的知识产权法[M]第二版.上海：复旦大学出版社,2007：364-388.
[3]《商标国际注册马德里协定》(Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registra tion of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订；1900年11月14日修订于布鲁塞尔；1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿；1925年11月6日修订于海牙；1934年6月2口修订于伦敦；1957年6月15日修订于尼斯；1967年7月14日在斯德哥尔摩修订；1979年10月2日修订于斯德哥尔摩)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/m adrid/;中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration/madrid/index.htmll.
[4]《商标国际注册马德里议定书》(Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerni ng the International Registration of Marks)(1891年4月14日签订1900年12月14日修订于布鲁塞尔,1911年6月2日修订于华盛顿,1925年11月6日修订于海牙,1934年6月2日订于伦敦,1957年6月15日修订于尼斯,1967年7月14日修订于斯德哥尔摩并于1979年9月28日修订。)英文本见WIPO网站ttp://www.wipo.int/treaties/ en/registration/madrid_protocol/;官方中文本见http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/registration /madrid_protocol/madrid_protocol.html.
[5]《商标法条约》(Trademark Law Treaty)(1994年10月27日于口内瓦签订)。英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/tlt/;官方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wip o.int/treaties/zh/ip/trademark-law/index.html.
[6]《商标法新加坡条约》(Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks)(2006年3月27日经外交会议通过)英文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/singapore/;官方中文本见WIPO网http://www.wipo.int/treaties/zh/ip/singapore/index.html.
[7]《商标法新加坡条约实施规则》)(Regulations under the Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks)(2011年11月1日生效)英文文本见WIPO网站http://www.wipo.int/tr eaties/en/ip/singapore/regulations.html.
[1]《商标法》
[2]《商标法实施条例》
[3]《商标审查及审理标准》
[4]《商标法(修订草案征求意见稿)》
[1]《兰哈姆法》(Lanham Act of United States)载于《美国法典》第十五编,英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[2]《美国商标审查程序之南》(Trademark Manual of Examination Procedures of United States)英文文本见美国专利商标局网站http://tess2.uspto.gov/tmdb/tmep/.
[3]《美国联邦政府行政法规汇编有关商标法案例的操作规则》(U.S. Trademark Law Title 37 CFR--Rules of Practice and Federal Statutes),2012年1月6日修订,英文文本参见美国专利商标局网站www.uspto.gov/trademarks/law/tmlaw.pdf.
[4]《协调成员国商标立法欧盟理事会第2008/95号指令》(Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade mark),英文本见欧共体内部市场协调局网站http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:299:0025:0033:EN:PDF,该指令取代《协调成员国商标立法欧盟理事会第一号指令》(First Council Directive 89 /104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relati ng to trademark)英文本见http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUri Serv/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELE X:31989L0104:en:HTML.
[5]《欧盟理事会第207/2009号共同体商标条例》(Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark),参见OHIM网：http://eur-lex.eu ropa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:078:0001:0042:EN:PDF),该条例取代之前的《欧盟理事会第40/94号共同体商标条例》(Council Regulation (EC) No.40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark)
[6]《欧盟商标审查指南》(The Guidelines Concerning Proceedings Before the Office for Harmonization in Internal Market OHIM),2008年4月修订,英文本见欧盟内部市场协调局网站http://oami.europa.eu/ows/rw/resource/documents/CTM/guidelines/examination_en.pdf.
[7]《德国商标和其他标志保护法》(Gesetz tiber den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen) (Law on the Protection of Trademarks and other Signs)德文文本见WIPO网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9994;中文文本见：谢东伟译.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000：448-449.
[8]《法国知识产权法典》(Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)法文文本见WIPO网站htt p://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id= 179120;英文文本(France Intellectual Prop erty Code)见世界知识产权组织网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180336；中文文本见：黄晖.法国知识产权法典[M].北京：商务印书馆,1999：133.
[9]《英国商标法》(United Kingdom Trade Marks Act 1994)英文文本见WIPO网站：ht tp://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=127271或英国知识产权局网站http://www.i po.gov.uk/tmact94.pdf
[10]《英国商标审查指南》(Manual of trademarks practice)英文文本见英国知识产权局网站ittp://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmmanual-chap3-exam.pdf
[11]《澳大利亚商标法》(Australia Trade Marks Act 1995)英文文本见WIPO网站：http: //www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=8232或澳大利亚知识产权局官方网站http://ww w.comlaw.gov.au/Series/C2004A04969
[12]《澳大利亚商标审查实践和程序指南》(Australia Trade Marks Office Manual of Prac tice and Procedure),英文文本见澳大利亚知识产权局官方网站http://www.ipaustralia.g ov.au/pdfs/trademarkmanual/trade_marks_examiners_manual.htm.
[13]《新西兰商标法》(Trade Marks Act 2002 of New Zealand)英文文本见世界知识产权组织网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=129230
[14]《新加坡商标法》(Trade Marks Act of Singapore)英文文本见世界知识产权组织网站：http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5299或新加坡知识产权局网站http：//www.ipos.gov.sg/topNav/leg/.
[15]《新加坡商标条例》(Singapore Trade Marks Rules),英文文本见新加坡知识产权局网站http://www.ipos.gov.sg/topNav/leg/.
[16]《新加坡商标工作指南》(Singapore Trademark Work Manual),英文文本见新加坡知识产权局网站http://www.ipos.gov.sg/leftNav/tra/IP+Resources.htm.
[1]《美国澳大利亚自由贸易协定》(United States-Australia Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/ australian-fta.
[2]《美国新加坡自由贸易协定》(United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/si ngapore-fta
[3]《美国秘鲁自由贸易协定》(United States-Peru Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa.
[4]《美国摩洛哥自由贸易协定》(United States-Morocco Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美国贸易代表办公室网站http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/m orocco-fta.
[5]《美国智利自由贸易协定》(United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见美 国贸易代表办公室网http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta.
[6]《澳大利亚智利自由贸易协定》(Australia-Chile Free Trade Agreement)英文文本见澳大利亚商务部网站http://www.dfat.gov.au/fta/aclfta/index.html.
[1]A Leschen & Sons Rope Co. v. Broderick & Bascom Rope Co.,201 U.S.166,171,26 S.Ct. 425,426,50 L.Ed.710(1906.)
[2]Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc.,537 F.2d 4 (2d. Cir.1976)
[3]Adjustable Fixture Co v. Schumaker Lighting Inc.,47 USPQ 2d 1856,1859 (ED Wis 1998)
[4]Alan Wood Steel Co. v. Watson,150 F.Supp.861,863,113 USPQ 311,312 (D.D.C.1957).
[5]American Greetings Corp v. Dan-Dee Imports Inc.,807 F2d 1136,1142-43 (3d Cir.1986)
[6]Art Attacks Ink, LLC v. MGA Entertainment Inc.,581 F3d 1138,1145,92 USPQ2d 1026 (9th Cir 2009)
[7]Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A's Application,43 E.T.M.R Case R-772/2001-1,
[8]Black & Decker Inc v. Hoover Service Center,886 F2d 1285,1291,12 USPQ 2d 1250, (CAFC 1989)
[9]Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.,489 U.S.141,160 (1989)
[10]BP Plc v Woolworths Limited (2004) 62 IPR 545
[11]Braun Inc. v. Dynamics Corporation of American,975 F2d 815,82724 USPQ 2d 1121,1130 (CAFC.1992).
[12]British Seagull Ltd v. Brunswick Corp.,28 USPQ 2d 1197,1203 (TTAB.1993), aff'd,35 F3d 1527,32 USPQ 2d 1120 (CAFC.1994)
[13]British Sugar Plc v James Robertson & Sons Ltd [1996] R.P.C.281
[14]Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. Suave Shoe Corporation,513 F.supp 75,221 USPQ 536(SDFla.1981)
[15]Brunswick Corp. v. British Seagull Ltd.,35 F.3d 1527,32 USPQ 1120 (Fed.Cir 1994)
[16]California Crushed Fruit Corp. v. Taylor Beverage & Candy Co.,38 F.2d 885 (D. Wis 1930).
[17]Campbell Soup Co. v Armour & Co.,81 F supp 114 (1948).
[18]Cartier Inc v. Sardell Jewelry Inc.,294 Fed. Appx 615 (2d Cir 2008).
[19]Case C-273/00, Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application.
[20]Case C-283/01 Shield Mark, BV v. Joost Kist.
[21]Case R 156/1998-2, Vennootschap Onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application.
[22]Case C-299/99 Koninklijke Philips Elec. NV v. Remington Consumer Prods. Ltd.
[23]Caser Chair Co. v. Infanti Chair Mfg Corp.,155 F3d 565 USPQ2d 1208,1210 (Fed Cir 1998)
[24]Chevron Chemical Co. v. untary Purchasing Groups, Inc.,30659 F.2d 695 (5th Cir.1981).
[25]Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, Inc v. Pussycat Cinema, Ltd.,604 F2d 200,203 USPQ 161, [63] (2d Cir 1979)
[26]Diamond Match Co. v. Saginaw Match Co.,142 F.727,729-30 (6th Cir.1906).
[27]Disc Golf Association, Inc. v. Champion Discs, Inc.,158 F.3d 1002,1005 n.3,48 USPQ 2d 1132,1134n.3(9th Cir.1998)
[28]District Court of Creteil 25/03/03, PIBD 771 III 452.
[29]Dogloo Inc v. Doskocil Mfg. Co.,893 F.supp.911,35 USPQ 2d 1405,1407 (CD CAL.1995)
[30]Duraco products, Inc. v. Joy Plastic Enterprises, Ltd.,40 F.3d 1431,32 USPQ 2D 1724 (3rd Cir.1994)
[31]Edward Weck Inc. v. IM Inc.,17 USPQ 2d 1142 (TTAB 1990).
[32]First Brands Corp v. Fred Meyer Inc.,809 F2d 1378 n.3,1 USPQ2d 1779 (9th Cir 1987)
[33]Fisher-Price Inc v. Well-Made Toy Mfg Corp.,27 USPQ2d 1237,1238 (WDNY 1993)
[34]Fre-Mar Industries, Inc.,158 USPQ 364,367 (TTAB 1968)
[35]Gasser Chair Co v. Infanti Chair Mfg. Corp.,47 USPQ 2d 1208,1211 (CAFC 1998)
[36]Geneso v. Levi Strauss,742 F2d 1401,1403,222 USPQ 939,940 (CAFC 1983)
[37]Giant Food Inc v. Malone & Hyde Inc.,522 F2d 1386,187 USPQ 374 (CCPA 1975)
[38]Gibson Guitar Corp. v. Paul Reed Smith Guitars, LP,311 F. Supp.2d 690, (M.D.Tenn.2004).
[39]Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co v. Interco Tire Corp.,49 USPQ 2d 1705,1717 (TTAB 1998)
[40]Haig & Haig Ltd.,118 USPQ 229,230 (Comm'r Pats.1958)
[41]Henkel KGaA v. German Patent and Trademark. Trademark Office; case no. C-218/01.
[42]Henri Bendel Inc v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,25 F.supp 2d 198,202,48 USPQ 2d 1948,1951 (SDNY 1998)
[43]Herman Miller Inc v Palazzetti Imports and Exports, Inc., F3d 298,60 USPQ 2d 1663 (6th Cir 2001)
[44]In re American National Can Co.,41 USPQ 2d 1841,1843 (TTAB 1997)
[45]In re Bongrain Sa's Appn (21 Mar.2003)
[46]In re Bose Corp.,772 F.2d 866,227 USPQ 1 (Fed Cir 1985).
[47]In re Caterpillar Inc.,43 USPQ 2d 1335,1342 (TTAB 1997)
[48]In Re Clarke,17 U.S.P.Q.2d 1238 (TTAB 1990).
[49]In re Corning Glass Works,6 USPQ 2D 1032,1034 (TTAB 1988)
[50]In re Dennison Mfg. Co.,17 CCPA 987,988,39 F.2d 720,721,5 USPQ 316,317 (1930).
[51]In re Denticator International Inc.,38 USPQ 2d 1218 (TTAB 1995)
[52]In re E.I DuPont De Nemours & Co.,476 F.2d 1357,1360,177 USPQ 563,566 (CCPA 1973).
[53]In re EBSCO Industries, Inc.,41 USPQ 2d 1917,1920 (TTAB 1997)
[54]In Re Ferris Corp.,59 USPQ.2d 1587 (TTAB 2000).
[55]In re Gammon Reel, Inc.,227 USPQ 729,730 (TTAB 1985)
[56]In Re General Electric Broadcasting Co., Inc.,199 USPQ.560 (TTAB 1978).
[57]In re General Petroleum Corp. of California,49 F.2d 966,9 USPQ 511 (CCPA 1931)
[58]In re Hehr Mfg Co.,279 F2d 526,126 USPQ 381 (CCPA 1960)
[59]In re Honeywell Inc.,532 F.2d 180,182,189 USPQ 343,344 (CCPA 1976).
[60]In re Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co.,335 F.2d 836,142 USPQ 366 (CCPA 1964)
[61]In re Mogen David Wine Corp.,328 F.2d 925,14 USPQ 575 (CCPA 1964).
[62]In re Morganroth,208 USPQ 284 (TTAB 1980).
[63]In re N.V. Organon,79 USPQ2d (T.T.A.B.2006).
[64]In Re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation,227 U.S.P.Q.417 (Fed. Cir.1985).
[65]In re Pingel Enterprise Inc.,46 USPQ2d 1811 (TTAB 1998).
[66]In re Remington Products Inc.,3 USPQ2d 1714,1715 (TTAB 1987).
[67]In re Shaw,184 USPQ 253 (TTAB 1974).
[68]In re Vertex Group LLC, serial nos.76601697; 78940163 (TTAB 2009).
[69]In re Villeroy & Bosch SARL 5 USPQ 2d 1451 n.3 (TTAB 1987)
[70]In re Virshup,42 USPQ 2d 1403,1405 (TTAB 1997)
[71]In re World's Finest Choclate, Inc.,474 F.2d 1012,177 USPQ 205 (CCPA 1973).
[72]In re Zippo Mfg Co.,50 USPQ 2d 1852 (TTAB 1999)
[73]International Jenson Inc. v. Metrosound USA Inc.,4 F3d,28 USPQ 2d 1287(9th Cir.1993)
[74]International Playtex Corp.,153 USPQ 377 (TTAB 1967)
[75]Inwood Laboratories Inc.v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850,1982.
[76]IP. Lund Trading.v. Kohler Co.,163 F.3d 27,41,49 USPQ 2d 1225,1233 (1st Cir.1998)
[77]John Lewis of Hungerford Ltd's Trade Mark Application[2001] RPC 575
[78]Kawasaki Motors Corp. v. H-D Michigan, Inc.,43 USPQ.2d 1521 (T.T.A.B.1997)
[79]Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co 305 U.S.111 (1938).
[80]Kenman Kandy Australia Pty Ltd v Registrar of Trade Marks [2002] 56 IPR 30.
[81]Knitwaves, Inc v Lollytogs ltd.,71 F3d 996,1008,36 USPQ 2d 1737 (2d Cir 1995)
[82]Kramer Mfg. Co. v. Andrews,783 F2d 421,449,228 USPQ 705 (4th Cir 1986)
[83]Krueger Int'l Inc. v. Nightingale Inc.,915 F.supp.595,40 USPQ 2d 1334 (SDNY.1996).
[84]L A Gear Inc v. Thom McAn Shoe CO.,988 F2d 1117,25 USPQ 1913,1923 (Fed Cir 1993)
[85]L.D.Kichler Co. v. Davoil Inc.,52 USPQ.1307 (CAFC 1999).
[86]LeSportsac v. K Mart Corporation,754 F2d 71,78,225 USPQ 654,659 (2d Cir.1985)
[87]M-5 Steel Mfg., Inc. v. O'Hagin Inc.,61 USPQ 1086 (TTAB 2001).
[88]Master Distribution Inc v. Pako Corp.,986 F2d 219,220,25 USPQ 2d 1794 (8th Cir.1993)
[89]Meadowcraft In v. Compex International Co.,47 USPQ 2d 1665,1670 (N.D.Ga.1998)
[90]Morton-Norwich Products Inc.,213 U.S.P.Q.9 (CCPA 1982).
[91]Nextel Communications, Inc.v. Motorola, Inc. Opposition No.91164353 to application Serial No.78235365 (TTAB 2009)
[92]Paligero v. Wallace China Co.,198 F.2d 339,343 (CA 9,1952).
[93]Park'N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc., U.S.105 S.Ct.661,224 USPQ 329 (1985).
[94]Pebble Beach Co. v Tour 181 Ltd.,155 F3d 526,540,48 USPQ 2d 1073 (5th Cir.1998);
[95]Permatex Co. v. California Tube Prods. Inc.,175 USPQ 764 (TTAB 1972) 7.
[96]Philmac Pty Ltd v the Registrar of Trade Marks (2002) 56 IPR 452
[97]Plastulite Corp. v. Kassnar Imports,508 F.2d 824,184 USPQ 348 (CCPA 1975).
[98]Pollak Steel Co.,31 F.2d 566,136 USPQ 651 (CCPA 1963).
[99]Qualitex Co v. Jacobson Products Co.,514 U.S.159,164 U.S.P.Q.2d 1161 (1995).
[100]R H Donnelley Inc v. USA Northland Directories Inc.,2004 WL 2713248 (D. Minn 2004)
[101]R. L. Winson Rod Co.v. Sage Mfg. Co.,838 F.Supp.1396,29 USPQ 1779 (D.Mont.1993).
[102]R. M. Smith, Inc.,734 F.2d 1482,1484,222 USPQ 1,3 (Fed.Cir.1984).
[103]Racine Industries Inc v. Bane-Clene Corp.,35 USPQ 2d 1832,1839 (TTAB 1994)
[104]Radio Corp of America v Decca Records,51 F supp 493 (1943).
[105]Ralf Sieckmann v Deutches patent-und Markenamt Chanel's Application. Case C-273/00
[106]Roux Lab., Inc. v. Clairol Inc.,427 F.2d 823 (CCPA.1970).
[107]Russell Harrington Cutery Inc. v. Zivi Hercules Inc.,25 USPQ 2d 1965 (D.Mass.1992).
[108]Schwinn Bicycle Co. v. Murray Ohio Mfg. Co.,172 USPQ 14,19 (M.D.Tenn.1971).
[109]Sunbeam Products, Inc v. West Bend Co.,123 F3d 246,44 USPQ 2d 1168 (5th Cir.1997)
[110]Seabrook Foods, Inc. v. Bar-Well Foods, Ltd.,568 F.2d 1342 (C.C.P.A.1977)
[111]Shire US Inc v. Barr Laboratories Inc.,329 F3d 348,66 USPQ 2d 1837(3d Cir 2003)
[112]Singer Manufacturing Co. v. June Manufacturing Co163 U.S.169 (1896).
[113]Smith, Kline & French Laboratories v. Clark & Clark,157 F.2d 725,730 (3rd Cir), cert denied,329 US 796 (1946).
[114]Stuart Hall Co v. Ampad Corp.,51 F3d 780,34 USPQ 2d 1429 (8th Cir 1995)
[115]Teledyne Industries Inc.,696 F.2d 968,971,217 USPQ 9,11 (Fed.Cir.1982)
[116]Thee Nestle Company Inc v. Joyva Corporation,227 USPQ 477,479 (TTAB 1985)
[117]Thomas & Betts Cprporation v. Panduit Corp.,34 USPQ 1545 (ND Ill.1994)
[118]Thompson Medical Co., Inc. v. Pfizer Inc.753 F.2d 208 (CANY.,1985)
[119]Topps Co. v. Gerrit J Verburg Co.,41 USPQ 2d 1412,1416 (SDNY 1996)
[120]Traffix Devices Inc. v. Marketing Display Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001).
[121]Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.,505 U.S.763, USPQ 2d 1081,1086 (1992).
[122]University Book Store v. University of Wisconsin,33 USPQ 2D 1385,1406 (TTAB 1994)
[123]Upper Deck Co.,59 USPQ2d 1688 (TTAB 2001).
[124]US-Section 211 Appropriations Act, WT/DS176/AB/R
[125]Valu Engineering, Inc. v. Rexnord Corp.,278 F.3d 1268 (Fed. Cir.2002)
[126]Versa Products Co. v. Bifold Co. Ltd.,50 F 3d 189,33 USPQ2d 1801 (3rd Cir 1995)
[127]Wallace Int'l Silversmiths Inc v. Godinger Silver Art Co.,916 F2d 76,80,16 USPQ 2d 1555 (2d Cir 1990), cetr denied,499 US 976 (1991)
[128]Walmart Stores Inc. v. Samara Brothers Inc.,529 U.S.205 (2000).
[129]Witco Corp.,14 USPQ 2d 1557,1560 (TTAB 1990)
[130]World's Finest Chocolate, Inc.,474 F.2d 1012,177 USPQ 205 (CCPA 1973)
[131]Yamaha Int'l Corp. v. Hoshino Gakki Co. Ltd.,840 F.2d 1572 (Fed Cir.1988).
[132]Yellow Cab Transit Co. v. Louisville Taxicab & Transfer Co.,147 F.2d 407,64 USPQ 348 (6th Cir.1945).
[133]Zatarian's, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc.,698 F.2d 786 (5th Cir.1983).
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