AIS及其关键技术的研究
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摘要
海上交通是以航行安全和航行效率为目的的。但要完成这一目的，船舶之间掌握
彼此动、静态信息是必不可少的。目前，在海上航行的船舶，广泛地应用雷达作为掌
握其它船舶动态、静态信息的手段。使用雷达虽然能够掌握它船的存在和动、静态信
息，但不可能识别船名、国籍等信息。在这种情况下，船舶自动识别系统作为一种新
型的助航系统，依托当今的通信技术和计算机技术应运而生。自动识别系统可以向装
备此设备的岸站、其它船舶和航行器自动提供本船的信息，诸如船舶识别码，船舶类
型，位置，航向，速度，航行状态和其它相关的安全信息；并且可以接收到对方发送
来的这些信息。同时自动识别系统还可以用来自动地监视和跟踪周围的船舶，这将会
有利于海岸和港湾的船舶管理及海上船舶的安全航行和适时避让。
船舶自动识别系统集导航、通信和观测功能于一体，广泛适用于各种类型和大小
不同的船舶。因此无论从技术性和经济性两个方面都适合于海上航行的各类船舶，对
提高海上船舶的技术装备水平和最终实现驾驶自动化将起到很大作用。
目前，国际上为船舶自动识别系统的实现提出了两种工作方式：甚高频（VHF）
/数字选择呼叫（DSC）方式和广播方式。本文主要研究应用前景更为广泛的采用广
播方式的船舶自动识别系统。采用广播方式的船舶自动识别系统的实施最关键的问题
是如何解决协调通信问题，为此，在深入研究和比较的基础上，选择了自组织时分多
址技术。自组织时分多址技术（STDMA）是90年代在时分多址技术（TDMA）基
础之上发展起来的一种新型网络通信技术，能够解决船舶自动识别系统的协调通信问
题，本文提出了一种基于自组织时分多址技术的协调通信方案。
本文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究：在对船载自动识别系统的结构和功能研究
的基础之上，提出了使用自组织时分多址技术来实现自动识别系统的设想，基于自组
织时分多址技术建立了一套协调通信制度，并定义了相关参数，通过仿真试验测试，
效果良好。按照IMO的规定，对船载自动识别系统传输的数字信令格式进行了初步
探讨，据此导出船载自动识别系统关键的性能指标。
本文通过上述理论分析与实验仿真，得出以下结论：（Ⅰ）船载AIS设备可以利
用船舶现有设备，花费较少费用进行改造；（Ⅱ）船载AIS设备采用自组织时分多
上海海运学院 硕士学位论文
址技术的广播方式不仅能满足！M 0性能要求，而且具有信息结构易伸缩的特点：
（Ill）本文提出的基于自组织时分多址技术的无线数字通信网络的协调通信方案，通
过仿真试验可以看到，能有效的避免因两艘或多艘船的船载AIS设备都处于发射状
态，而造成信道堵塞的问题；（IV）根据采用自组织时分多址技术的船载 AJS网络
系统的特点，定义了一系列的参数，这些参数的定义和分析，对港口如何采用AIS
网络系统进行海上管理和海上航行的船舶如何利用AIS系统进行相互识别起到重要
作用；（V）通过基于自组织时分多址技术的船载 AIS无线数字通信网络的仿真系统
的前台演示和后台的性能分析，可以看到船载AIS系统良好的应用前景。
Traffic at sea must aim at navigational safety and efficiency. In order
to achieve it , ship's dynamic information and static information are
necessarily held by other ships. Today, a ship at sea has to master other ships
dynamic information and static information by radar. In this case, a ship can
not get other ships name, nationality and etc. So automatic identification
system (AIS) comes with communication technique and computer level changing
quickly. AIS transponders are intended to automatically provide to
appropriately equipped shore stations, other ships and aircraft information,
including the ship's identity, type, position, course, speed, navigational
status and other safety-related information; to receive such information from
similarly fitted ships; and also to monitor and track nearby ships.
AIS would work in many aspects such as navigation, communication and
observation. It can be able to meet with all types of ships. It also fits most
of ships in technique and economy. AIS can make ship technical equipment level
and automatic navigation change great.
AIS can work by anyone of the two manners that are VHF/DSC and broadcasting.
This paper primarily researches the AIS which adopts the broadcasting better
applied in future. It is settling harmonious communication among ships
equipped AIS that is the key to achieve the AIS adopting broadcasting. In 90s,
Self梠rganized Time Division Multiple Access (STDMA) would be brought forward
according to Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This paper puts forward
a set of harmonious communication way basing on STDMA.
This paper mainly deals with the problems as follow: on the basis of
studying the configuration and functionality of Automatic Identification
System, this paper proposes a technical scheme namely Self-organized Time
Division Multiple Access (STDMA) to achieve AIS. Based on STDMA, this paper
establishes a set of harmonious communications system, and defines
corresponding parameters. After emulator testing, the results prove that the
harmonious communications system works well. According to the rules of IMO,
this paper studies on the format of figure info about ship-dased AIS, and so
educe the key capability standards.
Based on the analysis of theory and emulator testing, this paper can draw
the following conclusions. ( 11 ) It can take not much money to fix the
ship-dased AIS by rebuilding current ship navigation equipments; (II) The
broadcasting manner adopted by ship-dased AIS can not only meet with the
demands of IMO, but have telescopic information structure; (III) By emulator
testing, the harmonious communications system based on STDMA can effectively
stop not less than two ships transmitting data; (IV) According to the
characteristics of the ship-dased AIS based on STDMA, this paper defines
corresponding parameters. These parameters will be important to manage the
ships within harbor and identify one another among the ships at sea; (V)
By the emulator testing of the harmonious communications system based on STDMA
and analysis of testing results, it is proved that AIS will have a good
development.
Du yingjun(Transportation information control and automatization )
Directed by Prof. Wang shiyuan and adjunct Prof. Kong fancun
彼此动、静态信息是必不可少的。目前，在海上航行的船舶，广泛地应用雷达作为掌
握其它船舶动态、静态信息的手段。使用雷达虽然能够掌握它船的存在和动、静态信
息，但不可能识别船名、国籍等信息。在这种情况下，船舶自动识别系统作为一种新
型的助航系统，依托当今的通信技术和计算机技术应运而生。自动识别系统可以向装
备此设备的岸站、其它船舶和航行器自动提供本船的信息，诸如船舶识别码，船舶类
型，位置，航向，速度，航行状态和其它相关的安全信息；并且可以接收到对方发送
来的这些信息。同时自动识别系统还可以用来自动地监视和跟踪周围的船舶，这将会
有利于海岸和港湾的船舶管理及海上船舶的安全航行和适时避让。
船舶自动识别系统集导航、通信和观测功能于一体，广泛适用于各种类型和大小
不同的船舶。因此无论从技术性和经济性两个方面都适合于海上航行的各类船舶，对
提高海上船舶的技术装备水平和最终实现驾驶自动化将起到很大作用。
目前，国际上为船舶自动识别系统的实现提出了两种工作方式：甚高频（VHF）
/数字选择呼叫（DSC）方式和广播方式。本文主要研究应用前景更为广泛的采用广
播方式的船舶自动识别系统。采用广播方式的船舶自动识别系统的实施最关键的问题
是如何解决协调通信问题，为此，在深入研究和比较的基础上，选择了自组织时分多
址技术。自组织时分多址技术（STDMA）是90年代在时分多址技术（TDMA）基
础之上发展起来的一种新型网络通信技术，能够解决船舶自动识别系统的协调通信问
题，本文提出了一种基于自组织时分多址技术的协调通信方案。
本文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究：在对船载自动识别系统的结构和功能研究
的基础之上，提出了使用自组织时分多址技术来实现自动识别系统的设想，基于自组
织时分多址技术建立了一套协调通信制度，并定义了相关参数，通过仿真试验测试，
效果良好。按照IMO的规定，对船载自动识别系统传输的数字信令格式进行了初步
探讨，据此导出船载自动识别系统关键的性能指标。
本文通过上述理论分析与实验仿真，得出以下结论：（Ⅰ）船载AIS设备可以利
用船舶现有设备，花费较少费用进行改造；（Ⅱ）船载AIS设备采用自组织时分多
上海海运学院 硕士学位论文
址技术的广播方式不仅能满足！M 0性能要求，而且具有信息结构易伸缩的特点：
（Ill）本文提出的基于自组织时分多址技术的无线数字通信网络的协调通信方案，通
过仿真试验可以看到，能有效的避免因两艘或多艘船的船载AIS设备都处于发射状
态，而造成信道堵塞的问题；（IV）根据采用自组织时分多址技术的船载 AJS网络
系统的特点，定义了一系列的参数，这些参数的定义和分析，对港口如何采用AIS
网络系统进行海上管理和海上航行的船舶如何利用AIS系统进行相互识别起到重要
作用；（V）通过基于自组织时分多址技术的船载 AIS无线数字通信网络的仿真系统
的前台演示和后台的性能分析，可以看到船载AIS系统良好的应用前景。
Traffic at sea must aim at navigational safety and efficiency. In order
to achieve it , ship's dynamic information and static information are
necessarily held by other ships. Today, a ship at sea has to master other ships
dynamic information and static information by radar. In this case, a ship can
not get other ships name, nationality and etc. So automatic identification
system (AIS) comes with communication technique and computer level changing
quickly. AIS transponders are intended to automatically provide to
appropriately equipped shore stations, other ships and aircraft information,
including the ship's identity, type, position, course, speed, navigational
status and other safety-related information; to receive such information from
similarly fitted ships; and also to monitor and track nearby ships.
AIS would work in many aspects such as navigation, communication and
observation. It can be able to meet with all types of ships. It also fits most
of ships in technique and economy. AIS can make ship technical equipment level
and automatic navigation change great.
AIS can work by anyone of the two manners that are VHF/DSC and broadcasting.
This paper primarily researches the AIS which adopts the broadcasting better
applied in future. It is settling harmonious communication among ships
equipped AIS that is the key to achieve the AIS adopting broadcasting. In 90s,
Self梠rganized Time Division Multiple Access (STDMA) would be brought forward
according to Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This paper puts forward
a set of harmonious communication way basing on STDMA.
This paper mainly deals with the problems as follow: on the basis of
studying the configuration and functionality of Automatic Identification
System, this paper proposes a technical scheme namely Self-organized Time
Division Multiple Access (STDMA) to achieve AIS. Based on STDMA, this paper
establishes a set of harmonious communications system, and defines
corresponding parameters. After emulator testing, the results prove that the
harmonious communications system works well. According to the rules of IMO,
this paper studies on the format of figure info about ship-dased AIS, and so
educe the key capability standards.
Based on the analysis of theory and emulator testing, this paper can draw
the following conclusions. ( 11 ) It can take not much money to fix the
ship-dased AIS by rebuilding current ship navigation equipments; (II) The
broadcasting manner adopted by ship-dased AIS can not only meet with the
demands of IMO, but have telescopic information structure; (III) By emulator
testing, the harmonious communications system based on STDMA can effectively
stop not less than two ships transmitting data; (IV) According to the
characteristics of the ship-dased AIS based on STDMA, this paper defines
corresponding parameters. These parameters will be important to manage the
ships within harbor and identify one another among the ships at sea; (V)
By the emulator testing of the harmonious communications system based on STDMA
and analysis of testing results, it is proved that AIS will have a good
development.
Du yingjun(Transportation information control and automatization )
Directed by Prof. Wang shiyuan and adjunct Prof. Kong fancun
引文
[1] Oltmann J H, Bober S. Towards the future. Safety at Sea Internation, 1998(359): 15～17
[2] Oltmann J H, Stefen B. AIS transponders—concepts, evaluation results and outlook. Seaways, 1998(11): 6～8
[3] Sang-Ku Hwang, etc. A Study on a Shipborne Automatic identification System. Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation, 1998,22(2): 13～22
[4] 三宅幸彦．自動船舶識别(AIS)．日本航海学会誌，1998(137)：12～18
[5] 孙广，孙文强．船载自动识别系统的讨论．大连海事大学学报，1999(3)：68～70
[6] 宋国珍．船舶交通管理系统和船舶自动识别系统．航海科技动态，1999(3)：19～26
[7] Safety of navigation. BIMCO. BULLETIN, 1999(5):6～7
[8] AIS tested operationally in summer 1999. BIMCO. BULLETIN, 1999 (6) :44～45
[9] 史雄．自动识别系统．航海科技动态，2000(2)：21～24
[10] 海事公告．国际海事组织205号通函强制性船位报告系统．中国船检，1999-12-25 创刊号：19～21
[11] International Maritime Organization. Automatic Identification Systems (AIS): report of IMO Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation-45th session. London: IMO, 1999
[12] Maritime search and resue convention revised. SEAWAYS, 2000(2):3～4
[13] THE FUTURE OF UNIVERSAL AIS: A 2004 VISION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARINE SAFETY COUNCIL, 1999 (4): 29～32
[14] Co-ordination of VTS standards in the United Kingdom. AISM 1999(3):14～16
[15] The 45th session of the IMO Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation(NAY). AISM, 1999(3):8～10
[16] 吴越．GPS在一个新领域的发展——GPS/VTS组合应用．航海技术，2000(1)：33～34
[17] 赵荣黎．数字蜂房移动通信系统．北京：电子工业出版社，1997
[18] 郑碧月．GPS卫星定位系统及其应用．现代通信技术，1999(4)：69～72
[19] 董绪荣等．GPS/INS组合导航定位及其应用．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1998
[20] 丁仁杰等．基于GPS的全网同步时钟的建立和误差校正．清华大学学报，1997，37(7)：74～77
[21] 郑佳春．船舶航行信息自动收发系统．见：中国航海学会通信导航专业委员会等编．大连海事大学校庆暨中国高等航海教育90周年论文集(船舶通信与导航分册)．大连：大连海事大学出版社．1999．181～186
[22] Ian MCGeoch FNI. What you see is what you get——A radar-based universal shipborne automatic identification system(AIS). Seaways, August 1998:15～16
[23] Jan-Hendrik Oltmann and Stefan Bober. AIS transponders concepts, evaluation results and outlook. Seaways, November 1998: 6～8
[24] Michael Leonard-Williams FNI. AIS transponders Colregs and the human element-areas of concerrn. Seaways, November 1998: 9～11
[25] Rod Stephens著．钟显宏等译．Advaned Visum Basic Techniques(Visum Basic高级技术)．北京：电子工业出版社，1998
[26] International Maritime Organization. IMO SHIP IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SCHEME: RESOLUTION A. 600(15) from the 15th session of the Assembly of IMO. London: IMO, 1987
[27] International Maritime Organization. ADDITION OF NEW CHAPTERS Ⅹ and ⅩⅠ TO, AND AMENDMENTS TO THE APPENDIX TO, THE ANNEX TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974: Resolution 1 of the Conference of Contracting Government to the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea, 1974. London: IMO, 1994
[28] 胡道元．计算机网络．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[29] 冯锡生、朱荣．无线数据通信．北京：中国铁道出版社，1997
[30] 方祥麟．VTS当前发展未来展望与MS技术的应用．中国航海，2000(1)：95～99
[31] 王世远、许开宇．AIS及其应用前景预测．见：谢世富，主编．全国飞机与船舶通信导航学术研讨会论文集．西安：《导航编辑部》，2000年10月．90～99
[2] Oltmann J H, Stefen B. AIS transponders—concepts, evaluation results and outlook. Seaways, 1998(11): 6～8
[3] Sang-Ku Hwang, etc. A Study on a Shipborne Automatic identification System. Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation, 1998,22(2): 13～22
[4] 三宅幸彦．自動船舶識别(AIS)．日本航海学会誌，1998(137)：12～18
[5] 孙广，孙文强．船载自动识别系统的讨论．大连海事大学学报，1999(3)：68～70
[6] 宋国珍．船舶交通管理系统和船舶自动识别系统．航海科技动态，1999(3)：19～26
[7] Safety of navigation. BIMCO. BULLETIN, 1999(5):6～7
[8] AIS tested operationally in summer 1999. BIMCO. BULLETIN, 1999 (6) :44～45
[9] 史雄．自动识别系统．航海科技动态，2000(2)：21～24
[10] 海事公告．国际海事组织205号通函强制性船位报告系统．中国船检，1999-12-25 创刊号：19～21
[11] International Maritime Organization. Automatic Identification Systems (AIS): report of IMO Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation-45th session. London: IMO, 1999
[12] Maritime search and resue convention revised. SEAWAYS, 2000(2):3～4
[13] THE FUTURE OF UNIVERSAL AIS: A 2004 VISION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARINE SAFETY COUNCIL, 1999 (4): 29～32
[14] Co-ordination of VTS standards in the United Kingdom. AISM 1999(3):14～16
[15] The 45th session of the IMO Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation(NAY). AISM, 1999(3):8～10
[16] 吴越．GPS在一个新领域的发展——GPS/VTS组合应用．航海技术，2000(1)：33～34
[17] 赵荣黎．数字蜂房移动通信系统．北京：电子工业出版社，1997
[18] 郑碧月．GPS卫星定位系统及其应用．现代通信技术，1999(4)：69～72
[19] 董绪荣等．GPS/INS组合导航定位及其应用．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，1998
[20] 丁仁杰等．基于GPS的全网同步时钟的建立和误差校正．清华大学学报，1997，37(7)：74～77
[21] 郑佳春．船舶航行信息自动收发系统．见：中国航海学会通信导航专业委员会等编．大连海事大学校庆暨中国高等航海教育90周年论文集(船舶通信与导航分册)．大连：大连海事大学出版社．1999．181～186
[22] Ian MCGeoch FNI. What you see is what you get——A radar-based universal shipborne automatic identification system(AIS). Seaways, August 1998:15～16
[23] Jan-Hendrik Oltmann and Stefan Bober. AIS transponders concepts, evaluation results and outlook. Seaways, November 1998: 6～8
[24] Michael Leonard-Williams FNI. AIS transponders Colregs and the human element-areas of concerrn. Seaways, November 1998: 9～11
[25] Rod Stephens著．钟显宏等译．Advaned Visum Basic Techniques(Visum Basic高级技术)．北京：电子工业出版社，1998
[26] International Maritime Organization. IMO SHIP IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SCHEME: RESOLUTION A. 600(15) from the 15th session of the Assembly of IMO. London: IMO, 1987
[27] International Maritime Organization. ADDITION OF NEW CHAPTERS Ⅹ and ⅩⅠ TO, AND AMENDMENTS TO THE APPENDIX TO, THE ANNEX TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974: Resolution 1 of the Conference of Contracting Government to the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea, 1974. London: IMO, 1994
[28] 胡道元．计算机网络．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[29] 冯锡生、朱荣．无线数据通信．北京：中国铁道出版社，1997
[30] 方祥麟．VTS当前发展未来展望与MS技术的应用．中国航海，2000(1)：95～99
[31] 王世远、许开宇．AIS及其应用前景预测．见：谢世富，主编．全国飞机与船舶通信导航学术研讨会论文集．西安：《导航编辑部》，2000年10月．90～99