基于AIS技术的航标应用研究
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摘要
船舶自动识别系统(AIS)的出现带来对传统助航和海事管理的新理念,使助航和海事管理发生两大变化:即船舶方通过AIS将获取更多的助航信息,对航行安全的自主作用将更强。从交通管理角度来看,船舶方将从以往被动式的接受监督管理上升到主动参与管理的格局;二是,海事管理部门将从以往的以监督管理为主的格局,走向更注重于对船舶提供助航安全信息服务的格局,形成海事管理与为船舶提供助航服务并重的局面。
AIS系统的主要应用领域是船舶避碰和船舶交通管理系统。AIS系统提供了前所未有的船舶标识信息和高实时性的精确的船舶运动参数。它与当前的雷达相比具有提供信息量大,信息准确,实时性好,抗干扰能力强和越障碍传输等优点。AIS系统将会给海上船舶监管带来革命性的进步。
今年5月我国已在长江口和珠江口组建了AIS网络,主要用于船舶交通管理系统,在其他方面的拓展应用还很少。为了跟踪国际AIS的发展动态以及掌握AIS技术的应用,本论文分析了AIS网络、AIS信息和数据通讯平台的特点,研究了AIS可作为传统航标的完善方法和手段,并通过长江口AIS岸基网络系统的建设和应用进一步认识到AIS对提高航行安全的重要作用。AIS岸基系统的建设为传统航标带来了巨大的变革,其技术在航标上的应用同样有着十分广阔和诱人的前景:
1、AIS航标或准AIS航标通过海事87B、88B频道播发航标信息,过往船舶AIS台的显示屏可以看到对应位置的航标信息,无疑这种信息的助航距离和效果比传统航标设施发出的信息要好得多。因此,AIS航标可以取代和补充传统航标的信息。2、通过AIS信息21,AIS航标可以将浮标的实际位置直接播发出去。航标主管机构可以接收该航标的实时位置信息,以监测它们是否在标位上,从而改变和加强航标管理模式。3、装有AIS设备的船舶在接收航标设施上AIS信息的同时还收到综合航标信息,能在各种气象条件下远程探测和识别航标。因此,AIS航标有望补充和取代昂贵的雷达应答器。4、由于某些特定的因素影响,临时需要设置而来不及设置实物航标时,可以通过信息21发送虚拟航标信息。这种没有航标实体的虚拟航标,将自动地标绘在过往船台AIS设备显示器上。虚拟航标完全建立在AIS系统平台上,但它对保证船舶在非正常助航条件下的安全航行具有重要意义。
The invention of AIS system brings the whole new idea about the traditional Aids to Navigation(AtoN) and administration of maritime affairs, which changes them greatly in two ways. Depending on AIS system, the sailors can acquire more information about Aids to Navigation and keep safer during navigation by themselves. In the traffic management, the sailors can change from being managed by some one else to participating in management actively; on the other hand, the managing department of maritime affairs can pay much more attention on giving the ships Aids to Navigation information in stead of monitoring the ships. In a word, giving the ships service is as important as monitoring the ships.The AIS system mainly applies in avoiding collision and ship traffic management system. The AIS system offers the high real time information and accurate ship movement parameter instantly. It can offer much more information precisely and instantly than the current radar. So the AIS system can bring about the revolutionary progress in supervision of the vessels navigating over sea.The AIS network was built on the Changjiang and zhujiang in our country in the May this year, mainly applying in ship traffic management system, but there is little application in other fields. To follow up the development of international AIS system and master the application of AIS technique, this paper analyses the characteristic of AIS network, AIS information and data communication platform, studies how to improve the traditional navigation mark by AIS and how to apply the AIS in navigation mark.and recognize the importance of AIS to improve the safety of navigation by the Changjiang shore AIS construction. The construction of shore AIS system brings great reformation to the tradition navigation remark, AIS technical has wide and attractive perspectives by application in navigation remarks as follow:1,AIS AtoN or synthetic AIS broadcasts the messages by maritime 87B、 88B channel. Vessel's screen can show the messages of remark nearby. Which is better obviously than tradition remark in Aids to navigation distance and effect, So the AIS AtoN can replace and supplement tradition remark's messages.2,Using the AIS message 21, AIS AtoN may broadcast own accurate position in existence. Aids to navigation administration department can receive the remark real-time position message, monitoring if they locate in the correct position, and
reform and reinforce the model of remark administration.3,vessels with the AIS equipments can get comprehensive remark messages while receiving the AIS messages from remark, can long-distance detect and distinguish remark in all kinds of conditions, AIS AtoN may reinforce and replace the expensive Racon.4, AIS AtoN can send virtual AtoN AIS messages by message 21 in some special conditions or can't make real remark in temporary need. The virtual AtoN AIS can be automatic plotted on the vessel's radar screen but it isn't existing, virtual AtoN AIS found on the AIS system platform, which has great importance to navigation safety in abnormal aid to navigation conditions.
AIS系统的主要应用领域是船舶避碰和船舶交通管理系统。AIS系统提供了前所未有的船舶标识信息和高实时性的精确的船舶运动参数。它与当前的雷达相比具有提供信息量大,信息准确,实时性好,抗干扰能力强和越障碍传输等优点。AIS系统将会给海上船舶监管带来革命性的进步。
今年5月我国已在长江口和珠江口组建了AIS网络,主要用于船舶交通管理系统,在其他方面的拓展应用还很少。为了跟踪国际AIS的发展动态以及掌握AIS技术的应用,本论文分析了AIS网络、AIS信息和数据通讯平台的特点,研究了AIS可作为传统航标的完善方法和手段,并通过长江口AIS岸基网络系统的建设和应用进一步认识到AIS对提高航行安全的重要作用。AIS岸基系统的建设为传统航标带来了巨大的变革,其技术在航标上的应用同样有着十分广阔和诱人的前景:
1、AIS航标或准AIS航标通过海事87B、88B频道播发航标信息,过往船舶AIS台的显示屏可以看到对应位置的航标信息,无疑这种信息的助航距离和效果比传统航标设施发出的信息要好得多。因此,AIS航标可以取代和补充传统航标的信息。2、通过AIS信息21,AIS航标可以将浮标的实际位置直接播发出去。航标主管机构可以接收该航标的实时位置信息,以监测它们是否在标位上,从而改变和加强航标管理模式。3、装有AIS设备的船舶在接收航标设施上AIS信息的同时还收到综合航标信息,能在各种气象条件下远程探测和识别航标。因此,AIS航标有望补充和取代昂贵的雷达应答器。4、由于某些特定的因素影响,临时需要设置而来不及设置实物航标时,可以通过信息21发送虚拟航标信息。这种没有航标实体的虚拟航标,将自动地标绘在过往船台AIS设备显示器上。虚拟航标完全建立在AIS系统平台上,但它对保证船舶在非正常助航条件下的安全航行具有重要意义。
The invention of AIS system brings the whole new idea about the traditional Aids to Navigation(AtoN) and administration of maritime affairs, which changes them greatly in two ways. Depending on AIS system, the sailors can acquire more information about Aids to Navigation and keep safer during navigation by themselves. In the traffic management, the sailors can change from being managed by some one else to participating in management actively; on the other hand, the managing department of maritime affairs can pay much more attention on giving the ships Aids to Navigation information in stead of monitoring the ships. In a word, giving the ships service is as important as monitoring the ships.The AIS system mainly applies in avoiding collision and ship traffic management system. The AIS system offers the high real time information and accurate ship movement parameter instantly. It can offer much more information precisely and instantly than the current radar. So the AIS system can bring about the revolutionary progress in supervision of the vessels navigating over sea.The AIS network was built on the Changjiang and zhujiang in our country in the May this year, mainly applying in ship traffic management system, but there is little application in other fields. To follow up the development of international AIS system and master the application of AIS technique, this paper analyses the characteristic of AIS network, AIS information and data communication platform, studies how to improve the traditional navigation mark by AIS and how to apply the AIS in navigation mark.and recognize the importance of AIS to improve the safety of navigation by the Changjiang shore AIS construction. The construction of shore AIS system brings great reformation to the tradition navigation remark, AIS technical has wide and attractive perspectives by application in navigation remarks as follow:1,AIS AtoN or synthetic AIS broadcasts the messages by maritime 87B、 88B channel. Vessel's screen can show the messages of remark nearby. Which is better obviously than tradition remark in Aids to navigation distance and effect, So the AIS AtoN can replace and supplement tradition remark's messages.2,Using the AIS message 21, AIS AtoN may broadcast own accurate position in existence. Aids to navigation administration department can receive the remark real-time position message, monitoring if they locate in the correct position, and
reform and reinforce the model of remark administration.3,vessels with the AIS equipments can get comprehensive remark messages while receiving the AIS messages from remark, can long-distance detect and distinguish remark in all kinds of conditions, AIS AtoN may reinforce and replace the expensive Racon.4, AIS AtoN can send virtual AtoN AIS messages by message 21 in some special conditions or can't make real remark in temporary need. The virtual AtoN AIS can be automatic plotted on the vessel's radar screen but it isn't existing, virtual AtoN AIS found on the AIS system platform, which has great importance to navigation safety in abnormal aid to navigation conditions.
引文
1.SOLAS修订第5章,IMO航行安全委员会72次会议
2.IMO决议MSC74(69)附件3,通用船载自动识别系统(AIS)性能标准建议
3.ITU—R建议M.1371,海上移动频段时分多址的通用船载自动识别系统技术特性
4.IEC 61993-2.通用自动识别系统的A类船载设备使用与性能要求、试验方法与要求测试结果
5.IALA A-124.自动识别系统(AIS)岸站与联网服务建议案
6.王世远、许开宇.AIS的发展及其前景.航海技术,2001.5
7.宋国珍.船舶交通管理系统和船舶自动识别系统.航海科技动态,1999
8.史雄.自动识别系统.航海科技动态,2000
9.周懿宗,丁益明.通用船舶自动识别系统(AIS)发展概述.航测技术,2000,(2):64～67
10.刘铁军.辖区AIS布设设想.航测技术2003专刊(一)
11.方杰.珠江口AIS岸台网络系统功能研究和试验情况介绍.航测技术2003专刊(一)
12.李国成,史光平.通用AIS在VTS中的应用分析.航海科技动态,2001,(2)
13. International Association of Light House Authorities. IALA Guidelines on Universal ship-borne Automatic Identification system(AIS)
14. International Association of Light House Authorities. Technical Characteristics for a Ship-borne Automatic Identification System using TDMA in the VHF Maritime Mobile Band. IALA, 1997
15. International Association of Light House Authorities. IALA Recommendation on Technical on Recommendation ITU-R M. 1371-1
16. Berthold Tepper. The role of IALA in the development of the automatic identification system, Canadian Coast Guard, July, 2002
17. Clive Davidson. SHIP REPORTING BY AIS, Australian Maritime Safety Authority, July, 2002
18. N. ward. AIS as an Aid to Navigatiao, General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland, July, 2002
19. Peter Kent. The provision of AIS facilities ashore, IALA
20. Michacl Rambant. The Role of IEC TC80 in the development of the automatic identification system, July, 2002
21. Recommendation ITU-R M. 1371, Technical Characteristics for a Universal Shipborne Automatic Identification System using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF maritime mobile band
22. AIS Test British Columbia By Marine Management Consulting, October 13, 1999
23. Carriage requirements IMO NAV 45, IMO maritime AIS world standard
24. International Maritime Organization. Draft Recommendation on Performance Standards for a Universal Shipborne Automatic Identification System. IMO, 1997
25. Meteor Communications Corporation. Technical Characteristics of a Shipborne Automatic Identification System using CS/TDMA Techniques in the VHF Mobile Band. Meteor Communications Corporation, 1997
26. The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration-LFV. Cellular CNS Concept-Discrimination of Weaker Signals using STDMA VHF/GMSK. The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration, 1995
27. Co-ordination of VTS standards in the United Kingdom. AISM, 1999
28. Benny Pettersson. The implication of AIS-Automatic Identification System (Transponders) on ships and shore. FNI Sweden
29. Oltmann J H, Bober S. Towards the future. Safety at Sea Internation, 1998
30. Project Management Enterprises Inc. Strawman Loading Scenario for STDMA-based Services in the LA Basin. PMEI, 1995
2.IMO决议MSC74(69)附件3,通用船载自动识别系统(AIS)性能标准建议
3.ITU—R建议M.1371,海上移动频段时分多址的通用船载自动识别系统技术特性
4.IEC 61993-2.通用自动识别系统的A类船载设备使用与性能要求、试验方法与要求测试结果
5.IALA A-124.自动识别系统(AIS)岸站与联网服务建议案
6.王世远、许开宇.AIS的发展及其前景.航海技术,2001.5
7.宋国珍.船舶交通管理系统和船舶自动识别系统.航海科技动态,1999
8.史雄.自动识别系统.航海科技动态,2000
9.周懿宗,丁益明.通用船舶自动识别系统(AIS)发展概述.航测技术,2000,(2):64～67
10.刘铁军.辖区AIS布设设想.航测技术2003专刊(一)
11.方杰.珠江口AIS岸台网络系统功能研究和试验情况介绍.航测技术2003专刊(一)
12.李国成,史光平.通用AIS在VTS中的应用分析.航海科技动态,2001,(2)
13. International Association of Light House Authorities. IALA Guidelines on Universal ship-borne Automatic Identification system(AIS)
14. International Association of Light House Authorities. Technical Characteristics for a Ship-borne Automatic Identification System using TDMA in the VHF Maritime Mobile Band. IALA, 1997
15. International Association of Light House Authorities. IALA Recommendation on Technical on Recommendation ITU-R M. 1371-1
16. Berthold Tepper. The role of IALA in the development of the automatic identification system, Canadian Coast Guard, July, 2002
17. Clive Davidson. SHIP REPORTING BY AIS, Australian Maritime Safety Authority, July, 2002
18. N. ward. AIS as an Aid to Navigatiao, General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland, July, 2002
19. Peter Kent. The provision of AIS facilities ashore, IALA
20. Michacl Rambant. The Role of IEC TC80 in the development of the automatic identification system, July, 2002
21. Recommendation ITU-R M. 1371, Technical Characteristics for a Universal Shipborne Automatic Identification System using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF maritime mobile band
22. AIS Test British Columbia By Marine Management Consulting, October 13, 1999
23. Carriage requirements IMO NAV 45, IMO maritime AIS world standard
24. International Maritime Organization. Draft Recommendation on Performance Standards for a Universal Shipborne Automatic Identification System. IMO, 1997
25. Meteor Communications Corporation. Technical Characteristics of a Shipborne Automatic Identification System using CS/TDMA Techniques in the VHF Mobile Band. Meteor Communications Corporation, 1997
26. The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration-LFV. Cellular CNS Concept-Discrimination of Weaker Signals using STDMA VHF/GMSK. The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration, 1995
27. Co-ordination of VTS standards in the United Kingdom. AISM, 1999
28. Benny Pettersson. The implication of AIS-Automatic Identification System (Transponders) on ships and shore. FNI Sweden
29. Oltmann J H, Bober S. Towards the future. Safety at Sea Internation, 1998
30. Project Management Enterprises Inc. Strawman Loading Scenario for STDMA-based Services in the LA Basin. PMEI, 1995