商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
|
摘要
本文首先详细阐述了商业生态系统出现的背景以及国内外关于商业生态系统
的研究现状和研究热点，然后在第二章对商业生态系统出现的原因及其主要特征
进行归纳和总结。在此基础上，本文对商业生态系统的本质和进化机制进行深入
研究，指出商业生态系统的本质是系统成员间的协同进化。结合自组织理论和自
然选择学说，在第四章本文提出商业生态系统的进化机制包括内部机制和外部机
制，其中自组织是内部机制，是根本动力，本文研究了商业生态系统自组织进化
的条件、动力和方式；外部机制是环境选择，但这种环境选择并不是最适者生存，
而是“最劣必汰、差别保存”。在以上研究的基础之上，本文提出一套有关商业生
态系统的管理模式——自组织管理模式。文章最后，通过对泛宏碁集团案例的分
析，指出泛宏碁集团其实就是一个商业生态系统，其发展遵循商业生态系统的进
化机制，其所实行的联网组织管理模式的核心就是自组织管理模式。
This paper firstly discusses the background that business ecosystem appears,
domestic and international researches about business ecosystem, etc. Then, the
important characters of business ecosystem and the reasons that business ecosystem appears
are summarized in chapter 2. In chapter 3, this paper researches on the essence of business
ecosystem, which is co-evolution. In chapter 4, this paper researches on the
evolutionary mechanism of business ecosystem, which contains interior mechanism
and exterior mechanism. The study indicates that the interior mechanism is
self-organization, including the condition, dynamic mechanism and mode of
self-organizational evolution, and the exterior mechanism is environment selection,
which is not “survival of the fittest” but that the unfittest must be eliminated while the
diversity and differences in quality and quantity all the time according to the
differences of their of their fitness. on the basis of the study above, a management
mode of self-organization for business ecosystem is created. Lastly, The case of Pan
Acer Group is analyzed in chapter 5, and it is found that Pan Acer Group is a business
ecosystem in fact, which acts on the evolutionary mechanism of business ecosystem,
and the core of internet Organization is self-organization.
的研究现状和研究热点，然后在第二章对商业生态系统出现的原因及其主要特征
进行归纳和总结。在此基础上，本文对商业生态系统的本质和进化机制进行深入
研究，指出商业生态系统的本质是系统成员间的协同进化。结合自组织理论和自
然选择学说，在第四章本文提出商业生态系统的进化机制包括内部机制和外部机
制，其中自组织是内部机制，是根本动力，本文研究了商业生态系统自组织进化
的条件、动力和方式；外部机制是环境选择，但这种环境选择并不是最适者生存，
而是“最劣必汰、差别保存”。在以上研究的基础之上，本文提出一套有关商业生
态系统的管理模式——自组织管理模式。文章最后，通过对泛宏碁集团案例的分
析，指出泛宏碁集团其实就是一个商业生态系统，其发展遵循商业生态系统的进
化机制，其所实行的联网组织管理模式的核心就是自组织管理模式。
This paper firstly discusses the background that business ecosystem appears,
domestic and international researches about business ecosystem, etc. Then, the
important characters of business ecosystem and the reasons that business ecosystem appears
are summarized in chapter 2. In chapter 3, this paper researches on the essence of business
ecosystem, which is co-evolution. In chapter 4, this paper researches on the
evolutionary mechanism of business ecosystem, which contains interior mechanism
and exterior mechanism. The study indicates that the interior mechanism is
self-organization, including the condition, dynamic mechanism and mode of
self-organizational evolution, and the exterior mechanism is environment selection,
which is not “survival of the fittest” but that the unfittest must be eliminated while the
diversity and differences in quality and quantity all the time according to the
differences of their of their fitness. on the basis of the study above, a management
mode of self-organization for business ecosystem is created. Lastly, The case of Pan
Acer Group is analyzed in chapter 5, and it is found that Pan Acer Group is a business
ecosystem in fact, which acts on the evolutionary mechanism of business ecosystem,
and the core of internet Organization is self-organization.
引文
63
参考文献
[1] William Bridges. Leading the de-jobbed organization [A]. In F. Hesselbein, M.
Goldsmith & R. Beckhard (Eds.), Leader of the future [C] (pp.1 l-24).San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 57, 605-608.
[2] Marco Iansiti, Roy Levien. The New Operational Dynamics of Business Ecosystems:
Implications for Policy, Operations and Technology Strategy [Z]. Harvard
Business School Working Paper Series, No. 03-030, 2002.
[3] Mowery D. Industrial Collaboration in the Commercial Aircraft Industry [J].
UNLTC vol. 13: Cooperative Forms of Transnational Corporation Activity, edited
by Buckley, 1994.
[4] Quinn, James Brian, Hilmer, Frederick G. Strategic outsourcing [J].Sloan
Management Review, Summer94, Vol. 35 Issue 4, p43, 13p.
[5] Van der Heijden. Kees, Maccoby Michael, Hama Noriko etc. Strategy and the Art of
Reinventing Value [J]. Harvard Business Review. Sep/Oct93, Vol. 71 Issue 5, p39.
[6] Adrian Ryans, Roger More, Donald Barelay, Terry Deutscher. Winning Market
Leadership: Strategic Market Planning for Technology-Driven Businesses [M].
John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. December, 1999. p4.
[7] Mark R Testa. A model for organizational-based 360 degree leadership assessment
[J] . Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Bradford; 2002, Vol. 23,
Issue 5/6. pp260-268.
[8] Anonymous. Relationships key to growth: Gartner [J]. Financial Executive,Dec
2002, Vol.18, Issue.9, 08954186.
[9] Finegold D. Creating Self-Sustaining High-Skill Ecosystems[J]. Oxford Review of
Economic Policy,15,1,1999, pp.1-22.
[10] James F. Moore. A framework for strategy making [J]. Upside. Foster City, Jul
1996, Vol. 8, Issue 7.
[11] James F. Moore. The Rise of A New Corporate Form [J]. Washington Quarterly,
0163660X, Winter98, Vol. 21, Issue1, pp167-181.
[12] 陈国权.组织与环境的关系及组织学习[J]. 管理科学学报，2001.10.
[13] http://www.hbs.edu/units/tom/research.html
[14] Moore. Geoffrey A. Crossing the Chasm [M]. New York, NY: HarperBusiness,
1995.p68.
[15] Boeker W. Organizational strategy: An ecological perspective [J]. Academy of
64 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
Management Journal. 1991, 34(3): 613-635.
[16] James F. Moore. Predators and prey: A new ecology of competition [J]. Harvard
Business Review, May/Jun93, Vol. 71 Issue 3, p75, 9p.
[17] 吴建材,王安民,谢永平. 商业生态系统的本质：协同进化及其机制研究[J].外国
经济与管理. 已录用.
[18] James F. Moore.竞争的衰亡――商业生态系统时代的领导与战略［M］.北京: 北
京出版社，1999.1.
[19] Ginsberg, Ari, Whitehill, Martin. New Age strategic planning: Bridging theory and
practice [J]. Long Range Planning, Feb97, Vol. 30 Issue 1, p125, 4p
[20] Marshall Van Alstyne. The State of Network Organization: A Survey in Three
Fameworks [J]. Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce,
1997, Vol. 7 Issue 2/3, p83, 69p.
[21] Talalayevsky, Alexander. Coordination cost evaluation of network configurations
[J]. Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, 1997, Vol. 7
Issue 2/3, p185, 15p.
[22] Chee Ching. Network Organizations and Information Technology: Introduction to
the Special Issue on the Network Organizations [J]. Journal of Organizational
Computing & Electronic Commerce, 1997, Vol. 7 Issue 2/3, p79, 3p.
[23] Kemal A. Delic，Umeshwar Dayal. The Rise of the Intelligent Enterprise [J]. ACM
Ubiquity, vol. 3, no. 45. December 30, 2002.
[24] Michael J. Mazarr. Global Trends 2005: An Owner's Manual for the Next Decade
[M]. St. Martin's Press, June 1999.
[25] 吴建材,谢永平.共同进化时代的企业核心竞争力策略［J］.西安电子科技大学
学报（社会科学版），2003.1.
[26] 孔文. 移动通信生态系统的演化[J]. 世界电信. 2002.1.
[27] 吴建材，王安民，谢永平. 基于自组织理论的商业生态系统管理模式.待发.
[28] Gossain Sanjiv. Cracking the collaboration code [J]. Journal of Business Strategy,
Nov/Dec2002, Vol. 23 Issue 6, p20, 6p.
[29] Tapscott Don. Playing to new rules [J]. Director. Mar2002, Vol. 55 Issue 8, p44.
[30] 欧志明，张建华. 企业网络组织的演进及类型研究[J]. 决策借鉴，2002.2.
[31] 范建平，梁嘉骅. 企业生态系统及其复杂性探讨[J]. 科技导报，2002.3.
[32] Normann Richard，Ramirez Rafael. From value chain to value constellation:
designing interactive strategy [J]. Harvard Business Review. 00178012, Jul/Aug93,
Vol. 71, Issue 4.
[33] 施振荣. 联网组织——知识经济的经营之道. 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，
参考文献 65
2000.
[34] James F. Moore. How Companies Have Sex [J]. Fast Company, October/November,
1996, p. 66.
[35] Daniel Z. Sui .Economy as Ecosystems.
http://geog.tamu.edu/~sui/articles/EconomyAsEcosystems.pdf
[36] Tapscott Don. Collaborate With the Potential Enemy [J]. Intelligent Enterprise..
8/10/2001, Vol. 4 Issue 12, p14, 2p.
[37] McKelvey, Bill. Complexity Theory in Organization Science: Seizing the Promise
or Becoming a Fad? [J]. Emergence. 1999, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p5, 28p.
[38] Wysocki Jr., Bernard. Self-Organization: The Next Big Thing? (cover story) [J].
Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition. 07/10/2000, Vol. 236 Issue 5, pA1, 0p.
[39] Biggiero, Lucio. Self-organizing processes in building entrepreneurial networks: a
theoretical and empirical investigation [J]. Human Systems Managemen, 2001, Vol.
20 Issue 3, p209, 14p, 4 diagrams, 1bw.
[40] Steve Ditlea. Mother Knows Best [J]. Context, Fall 1998..
[41] 王兴元. 名牌生态系统成员构成特点及其利益平衡[J]. 商业研究，2000.10.
[42] 王兴元. 名牌生态系统的竞争与合作研究[J]. 南开管理评论，2000.6.
[43] Barry Rabkin and David Bradford. Marketplace as Ecosystem: The Compelling
Role of Technology [J]. LOMA’s RESOURCE, August 2002.
[44] Marco Iansiti, Roy Levien. Keynotes and Dominators: Framing Operating and
Technology Strategy in a Business Ecosystem [J]. Harvard Business School
Working Paper Series, No. 03-061.
[45] Tapscott Don. The Web Still Reigns [J]. Intelligent Enterprise. 5/7/2001, Vol. 4
Issue 7, p16, 2p.
[43] 黄昕，潘军. 关于汽车工业生态系统的几点思考[J]. 商业研究，2002.4.
[46] Harald Mahrer, Roman Brandtweiner. The Supply Side is Loosing
Ground—Austrian Top-500 companies are ignoring the e-commerce challeng [R].
Proceedings of the 2nd Bitworld Conference, Cape Town 1999.
[47] Robert W. Rycroft,Don E. Kash, Innovation Policy for Complex Technologies [J].
Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, (Fall 1999), pp. 73- 79.
[48] W. Brian Arthur. Why Do Things Become More Complex? [J]. Scientific American
268, no. 5 (May 1993): 144.
[49] Robert U. Ayres. Toward a Non-linear Dynamics of Technological Progress [J].
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 24 (June 1994):3569.
[50] Richard Florida. The New Industrial Revolution [J]. Futures 23, no. 6 (July/ August
66 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
1991): 559576.
[51] Mike Hobday. Product Complexity, Innovation and Industrial Organization [J].
Research Policy 26, no. 6 (February 1998): 689710.
[52] Richard R. Nelson. The Role of Firm Differences in an Evolutionary Theory of
Technical Advance [J]. Science and Public Policy 18, no. 6 (December 1991): 347-
352.
[53] 施振荣. io 超分工整合: 愿景如何实现. 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2000.
[54] 施振榮. 世紀是超分工整合時代 [J]. 臺灣：聯合報, 2000.4.24.
[55] Von Hippel Eric. The Impact of ‘Sticky Data’ on Innovation and Problem Solving
[J]. Management Science, 40 (4) (1994): 429-439.
[56] Gossain Sanjiv, Kandiah Gajen. Reinventing Value: The New Business Ecosystem
[J]. Strategy & Leadership, Nov/Dec98, Vol. 26, Issue 5.
[57] Flynn Julia. British Telecom: Notes From the Ant Colony [J]. Business Week,
00077135, 06/23/97, Issue 3532.
[58] 周鸿铎等著. 网络经济. 北京广播学院出版社，2001 年.
[59] Bonabeau, Eric, Marco Dorigo, and Guy Thereaulaz. Swarm Intelligence: From
Natural to Artificial Systems .Cambridge[M]. UK: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[60] Pedersen, Soren Thing. Open Source and the Network Society[Z].Dept. of
Information and Media Science, University of Aarhus (2002).
[61] 林润辉，李维安.网络组织――更具环境适应能力的新型组织模式[J].南开管理
评论，2000.3.
[62] Arthur, W. Brian. Increasing Returns and the New World of Business [J]. Harvard
Business Review, 00178012, Jul/Aug96, Vol. 74, Issue 4.
[63] Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Collaborative advantage: The art of alliances [J]. Harvard
Business Review, 00178012, Jul/Aug94, Vol. 72, Issue 4.
[64] Arvid Parkhe. Interfirm Diversity Organiztional Learning, and Longevity in Global
Strategic Alliances [J]. Journal of International Business Studies,
Vol.4,1991,pp.583-598.
[65] Makino, Shige, Delios, Andrew. Local knowledge transfer and performance
implications for alliance formation in Asia [J]. Journal of International Business
Studies, 00472506, 1996 Special Issue, Vol. 27, Issue 5
[66] M.Porter，竞争优势[M]. 华夏出版社，1997.
[67] P. Gugler, J. H. Dunning. Technology-Based Cross-Border Alliances [A], in R.
Culpan (Ed.) Multinational Strategic Alliances [C]. International Business Press,
New York, 1993.
参考文献 67
[68] Young, Dale, Carr, Houston H., Rainer, Jr., R. Kelly. Strategic Implications of
Electronic Linkages [J]. Information Systems Management, 10580530, Winter99,
Vol. 16, Issue 1
[69] Senn, James A. business-to-business e-commerce [J]. Information Systems
Management, 10580530, Spring2000, Vol. 17, Issue 2
[70] M.J. Xavier. India: Real benefits of virtual clusters [J]. The Hindu Business Line,
Wednesday, December 06, 2000.
[71] Farhoomand AF, Ng PSP and Yue J. The Building of a New Business Ecosystem:
Sustaining National Competitive Advantage through Electronic Commerce [J],
Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 4,
2001, pp. 285-303.
[72] 任佩瑜，张莉，宋勇，基于复杂性科学的管理熵、管理耗散结构理论及其在
企业组织与决策中的作用[J]. 管理世界，2001.6
[73] 吴彤，复杂性研究中的若干问题和意义[J]. 系统辩证学学报，2002.10
[74] 朱亚辉.企业竞争策略的仿生化研究[D]. 北京工业大学，2002.5.
[75] 邢煜芝. 竞争排斥法则的管理学借用[J]. 企业改革与管理，2002(12).
[76] 曹康林. 企业的生态位现象[J]. 中国中小企业，2002.7.
[77] Collis, David J., Montgomery, Cynthia A. Competing on Resources: Strategy in the
1990s [J]. Harvard Business Review, 00178012, Jul/Aug95, Vol. 73, Issue 4.
[78] Altieri M A. Vegetation designs for insect-habitat management [J]. Environmental
Management, 1983, 7(1):3-7.
[79] Grabher, G. & Stark D. Organising diversity: evolutionary theory [J]. Regional
Studies, Jul97, Vol. 31 Issue 5, p532, 12p.
[80] Saviotti, P. P. & Mani, G. S. (1995) Competition, variety and technological
evolution: a replicator dynamics model [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 5,
369?92
[81] Metcalfe, J.S. Evolutionary economics and technology policy [J]. Economic
Journal, Jul94, Vol. 104 Issue 425, p931, 14p
[82] Stirling, A. (1998) On the economics and analysis of diversity. Brighton, SPRU,
http://www.susx.ac.uk/spru/publications/imprint/sewps/sewp28/sew p28.html.
[83] Andriani, Pierpaolo. Diversity, Knowledge and Complexity Theory: Some
Introductory Issues [J]. International Journal of Innovation Management, Jun2001,
Vol. 5 Issue 2, p257, 18p.
[84] Baldwin, C. Y., K. B. Clark. Modularity in Design: An Analysis Based on the
Theory of Real Options [Z]. Harvard Business School Working Paper, 1994.
68 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
[85] Albert, Reka, Hawoong Jeong, and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi. Error and Attack
Tolerance of Complex Networks [J]. Nature, 7/27/2000, Vol. 406 Issue 6794, p378.
[86] Tilman, D., J.A. Downing. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands [J]. Nature,
1/27/94, Vol. 367 Issue 6461, p363, 3p.
[87] Loreau, M.; Naeem, S.; Inchausti, P.; Bengtsson, J. etc. Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Functioning: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges [J]. Science, 10/26/2001,
Vol. 294 Issue 5543, p804, 5p.
[88] Brown, James H.; Whitham, Thomas G. Complex Species Interactions and the
Dynamics of Ecological Systems: Long-Term Experiments [J]. Science, 7/27/2001,
Vol. 293 Issue 5530, p643, 8p.
[89] 吴彤. 自组织、被组织？――一种管理方法研究[J]. 科学管理研究，1996.4
[90] 吴彤. 从自组织观看“李约瑟问题” [J]. 自然辩证法通讯，1997.3.
[91] Lewin, Roger, Teresa Parker, and Birute Regine. Complexity Theory and the
Organization: Beyond the Metaphor [J]. Complexity, 1998.3 (4), 36-40.
[92] Birute Regine, Roger Lewin. Management practice based on complexity science.
http://www.thesoulatwork.com/pubs/manage.html.
[93] Hanmin Shi. Research On Multi-Agent System With Application To Distributed
And Networked Manufacturing [Z], keynote paper on The 5th International
Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in practice, Proceedings, pp.
9~14, Nanjing, China, 10th ~ 12th, September, 1998.
[94] http://www.xztvu.edu.cn/kfy/teaching/kj/2000b/zhengzhi/ziliao-4.htm
[95] Erich jantsch. 曾国屏译. 自组织的宇宙观[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，
1992.
[96] Mark R Testa. A model for organizational-based 360 degree leadership assessment
[J] . Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Bradford; 2002, Vol. 23,
Issue 5/6. pp260-268.
[97] Pan, Yigang, Tse, David K. cooperative strategies between foreign firms in An
Overseas Country [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 00472506, 1996
Special Issue, Vol. 27, Issue 5.
[98] Barry Rabkin, David Bradford. Evolution Theory [J]. Best's Review，Best's Review,
Aug2002, Vol. 103 Issue 4, p43, 3p.
[99] Fiona Murray. Building Scientific Networks for Effective Innovation [J]. MIT
Sloan Management Review, Spring 2002, Volume 43, Number 3, p.14.
[100] Anoop Madhok, Anupama Phene. The Co-evolutional Advantage: Strategic
Management Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm [J]. International Journal of the
参考文献 69
Economics of Business. Vol. 8, No. 2, 2001, pp. 243- 256.
[101] 戈峰.现代生态学［M］.北京：科学出版社，2002.10.
[102] Schivelbusch, W. The Railway Journey [M], University of California Press, 1977.
[103] Maslov, Sergei; Sneppen, Kim. Specificity and Stability in Topology of Protein
Networks [J]. Science, 5/3/2002, Vol. 296 Issue 5569, p910, 4p.
[104] Harald Mahrer, Roman Brandtweiner. The Supply Side is Loosing
Ground—Austrian Top-500 companies are ignoring the e-commerce challeng [R].
Proceedings of the 2nd Bitworld Conference, Cape Town 1999.
[105] Cynthia A. Lengnick-Hall, James A. Wolff . Similarities and contradictions in the
core logic of three strategy research streams [J]. Strategic Management Journal,
Dec99, Vol. 20 Issue 12, p1109, 24p
[106] 沈小峰、吴彤、曾国屏，自组织的哲学――一种新的自然观和科学观[M]. 北
京：中共中央党校出版社,1992.11.
[107] Nason, J. D., E. A. Herre, and J. L. Hamrick. The breeding structure of a tropical
keystone plant resource [J]. Nature, 2/12/98, Vol. 391 Issue 6668, p685, 3p
[108] 曾国屏，自组织的自然观[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1996.11.
[109] 孔林. 是谁生下“小灵通”这个“怪胎”？ [N]. 中国经济时报，2003.8.13.
[1101] Co-Evolve. FP6 Project Proposal Brochure.
http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk:16080/complexity/Front/Co-Evolve.pdf.
[111] Michael Schulz, Scott Borg, David McIntosh .Journey to the Enterprise of the
Future [J]. Center for Business Innovation Journal, Issue 7, 2001.
[112] 许亮，王若. 论现代企业商业生态系统的建立[J]. 昆明理工大学学报, 1998.8.
[113] M. J. Xavier. Preparing for the Evolution [J]. Business Line, July 2000.
[114] 徐博艺，杨冬梅，姜丽红. 电子商务环境下新商务生态系统研究[J]. 决策借
鉴，2002.4
[115] 胡皓，楼慧心. 自组织理论与社会发展研究[M]. 上海：上海科技教育出版社，
2002.12.
[116] 吴彤、曾国屏．自组织思想：观念演变、方法与问题[A]．系统科学与工程
研究[C]．许国志主编．上海：上海科技教育出版社．2000 年．85-99．
[117] Graupner Sven, Kotov Vadim, Trinks Holger, Andrzejak Artur. Control
Architecture for Service Grids in a Federation of Utility Data Centers [J].
http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-235.html，2002.9.6.
[118] Peter Bentley. Digital Biology[M]. Simon & Schuster, New York, 2001.p106.
[119] Haken H.Information and Self-organization: A Macroscopic Approach to
Complex Systems [J]. Berlin & New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.p11.
70 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
[120] 吴彤. 市场与计划：自组织和他组织[J]. 内蒙古大学学报（哲学社会科学版），
1995.3
[121] Haken H. Synergetics. An Introduction: Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions and
Self-organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology [M]. Berlin & New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1983.p191.
[122] W. C. Schieve and peter M. Allen edit. Self-Organization and Dissipative
Structures—Applications in the Physical and Social Sciences [M]. University of
Texas Press, 1982.
[123] White, Michael C., Marin, Daniel B., Brazeal, Deborah etc(1997). The evolution
of organizations: Suggestions from complexity theory about the interplay between
natural selection and adaptation [J]. Human Relations, November, Vol. 50, No. 11,
pps. 1383-1401.
[124] Georgantzas, Nicholas C. Virtual enterprise networks: the fifth element of
corporate governance [J]. Human Systems Management, 2001, Vol. 20 Issue 3,
p171, 18p, 3 charts, 4 diagrams, 5 graphs, 1bw.
[125] Pyka, Andreas, Windrum, Paul. The Self-organization of strategic alliances [J].
Economics of Innovation & New Technology, Jun2003, Vol. 12 Issue 3, p245, 24p.
[126] Stamps David. The self-organizing system (cover story) [J]. Trainin, Apr97, Vol.
34 Issue 4, p30, 7p, 5c.
[127] Tapscott Don. Collaborate With the Potential Enemy [J]. Intelligent Enterprise,
8/10/2001, Vol. 4 Issue 12, p14, 2p
[128] 吴彤. 复杂性范式的兴起[J]. 科学技术与辩证法，2001.12
[129] 师汉民. 从他组织走向自组织——关于制造哲理的沉思[J]. 中国机械工程，
第 11 卷，第 1~2 期（合刊）, pp. 79~84, 2000. 2.
[130] 曾国屏. 走向综合的系统科学――读《开创复杂性研究的新学科》[J]. 系统
辩证学学报，1994.4.
[131] Nicolis G,Prigogine I. Self-organization in non-equilibrium system, from
dissipative structures to order through fluctuations [M].New York:Wiley,1977.p60.
[132] Li Jinghai, Wen Lixiong, Cui Heping, et al. Dissipative structure in gas-solid
two-phase flow [J]. Chem Eng Sci, 1998, 53(19): 3367～3379
[133] 沈小峰，胡岗，姜璐. 耗散结构理论的建立[J]. 自然辩证法研究，1986.2(6)：
45-49.
[134] 黄昕，潘军. 关于汽车工业生态系统的几点思考[J]. 商业研究，2002.4.
[135] 曾国屏. 自组织理论与辩证法基本规律[J]. 晋阳学刊，1996.1.
[136] 曾国屏. 论系统自组织演化过程[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1998.1
参考文献 71
[137] 陈世香. 行政的生态系统分析及其对机构改革的启示[J]. 探索，1998.3：
P52-55.
[138] Garvin, David A. building a learning organization [J]. Harvard Business Review,
00178012, Jul/Aug93, Vol. 71, Issue 4.
[139] 沈小峰，胡岗，姜璐编著. 耗散结构论[M]. 上海：人民出版社，1987.
[140] 仇保兴.发展小企业集群要避免的陷阱——过度竞争所致的“柠檬市场” [J].
北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1999.1.p25-29.
[141] 沈小峰、吴彤、曾国屏，自组织的哲学――一种新的自然观和科学观[M]. 北
京：中共中央党校出版社,1992.11.
[142] 普利高津. 从存在到演化[M]. 上海：上海科学技术出版社，1986，P97.
[143] 吴彤. 科学哲学视野中的客观复杂性[J]. 系统辩证学学报，2001.10
[144] 湛垦华，孟宪俊，张强. 涨落与系统自组织[J]. 中国社会科学，1989（4）：
173-184.
[145] 吴彤. 非线性动力学混沌理论方法及其意义[J]. 清华大学学报(哲学社会科
学版), 2000.3.
[146] 吴彤. 耗散结构理论的自组织方法论研究[J]. 科学技术与辩证法，1998.12.
[147] 吴彤. 改革的实践与当代自组织科学理论[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1994.4.
[148] Michael Rothschild. Evolution at Warp Speed [J]. Upside Magazine. February
1996.
[149] 吴彤. 论协同学理论方法――自组织动力学方法及其应用[J]. 内蒙古社会科
学（汉文版），2000.11.
[150] 曾国屏. 竞争和协同：系统发展的动力和源泉[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1996.7.
[151] 艾根·舒斯特尔. 超循环论[M]. 上海：上海人民出版社，1990：58
[152] 吴彤，乔宏刚，汪立群. 论“科研合作研究”性质及其意义――一个科研合
作与其对象相关性研究[J]. 大自然探索，1996.4
[153] Fulk Janet. Global network organizations: Emergence and future prospects [J].
Human Relations, Jan2001, Vol. 54 Issue 1, p91, 9p.
[154] Koza, Mitchell P.Lewin, Arie Y. The Co-evolution of Strategic Alliances [J].
Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences,
May/Jun98, Vol. 9 Issue 3, p255, 10p.
[155] K·普瑞斯等. 以合作求竞争[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，1998：103.
[156] 安德鲁等编著. 战略协同（第二版）[M]. 北京：机械工业出版社, 2000:2-3.
[157] 曾国屏. 非线性科学哲学研究的发展、现状和几个问题[J]. 科学技术与辩证
法，1996.6.
[158] 吴彤. 欠发达地区的社会特征与文明建设[J]. 科学·经济·社会，1998.2.
72 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
[159] 曾国屏. 系统进化观与可持续发展[J]. 清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版），
1996.2.
[160] Hamel, G.; Doz, Y.L. Collaborate with your competitors & win [J]. Harvard
Business Review, Jan/Feb89, Vol. 67 Issue 1, p133, 6p.
[161] Voets, Henk J. L, Biggiero, Lucio. Globalization and Self-organization: the
Consequences of Decentralization for Industrial Organization [J]. International
Review of Sociology, Mar2000, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p73, 10p.
[162] Petzinger Jr., Thomas. Self-organization will free employees to act like bosses [J].
Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 1/3/97, Vol. 229 Issue 2, pB1, 1bw.
[163] H·哈肯著. 信息与自组织[M]. 成都：四川教育出版社，1988:56.
[164] 吴彤. 生长的旋律－－自组织演化的科学[M]. 济南：同东教育出版社，1996：
2-3.
[165] 吴彤. 自组织方法论研究[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社，2001.
[166] 吴延涪. 新自然史――自组织理论与自然系统的演化[M]. 北京：化学工业出
版社，1993：73.
[167] 魏宏森，曾国屏. 试论系统的层次性原理[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1995.1.
[168] 曾国屏，李正风主编. 世界各国创新系统－－知识的生产、扩散与利用[M].
济南：山东教育出版社，1999：8.
[169] E·拉兹洛. 进化――广义综合理论[M]. 北京：社会科学文献出版社，1998.
[170] 熊子仙. 自然选择与植物多样性――自然选择新图景的启示[J]. 云南师范大
学学报，2002.11
[171] 严胜柒，张云峰. 自然选择新图景[J]. 自然辩证法研究，2000，16（5）：6-10.
[172] http://global.acer.com/s_chinese/about/organization.htm
[173] 林欣宏. 施振榮：多元專精但又分權是企業生存之道[J]. 管理雜誌, 2000 年
11 月號第 317 期.
[174] 許麗卿. 宏基施振榮絕不撈過界[N]. 聯合早報，20/8/2000
[175] 高明智. 聯網組織提升企業競爭力[J]. 管理雜誌, 2000.7，第 313 期.
参考文献
[1] William Bridges. Leading the de-jobbed organization [A]. In F. Hesselbein, M.
Goldsmith & R. Beckhard (Eds.), Leader of the future [C] (pp.1 l-24).San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 57, 605-608.
[2] Marco Iansiti, Roy Levien. The New Operational Dynamics of Business Ecosystems:
Implications for Policy, Operations and Technology Strategy [Z]. Harvard
Business School Working Paper Series, No. 03-030, 2002.
[3] Mowery D. Industrial Collaboration in the Commercial Aircraft Industry [J].
UNLTC vol. 13: Cooperative Forms of Transnational Corporation Activity, edited
by Buckley, 1994.
[4] Quinn, James Brian, Hilmer, Frederick G. Strategic outsourcing [J].Sloan
Management Review, Summer94, Vol. 35 Issue 4, p43, 13p.
[5] Van der Heijden. Kees, Maccoby Michael, Hama Noriko etc. Strategy and the Art of
Reinventing Value [J]. Harvard Business Review. Sep/Oct93, Vol. 71 Issue 5, p39.
[6] Adrian Ryans, Roger More, Donald Barelay, Terry Deutscher. Winning Market
Leadership: Strategic Market Planning for Technology-Driven Businesses [M].
John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. December, 1999. p4.
[7] Mark R Testa. A model for organizational-based 360 degree leadership assessment
[J] . Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Bradford; 2002, Vol. 23,
Issue 5/6. pp260-268.
[8] Anonymous. Relationships key to growth: Gartner [J]. Financial Executive,Dec
2002, Vol.18, Issue.9, 08954186.
[9] Finegold D. Creating Self-Sustaining High-Skill Ecosystems[J]. Oxford Review of
Economic Policy,15,1,1999, pp.1-22.
[10] James F. Moore. A framework for strategy making [J]. Upside. Foster City, Jul
1996, Vol. 8, Issue 7.
[11] James F. Moore. The Rise of A New Corporate Form [J]. Washington Quarterly,
0163660X, Winter98, Vol. 21, Issue1, pp167-181.
[12] 陈国权.组织与环境的关系及组织学习[J]. 管理科学学报，2001.10.
[13] http://www.hbs.edu/units/tom/research.html
[14] Moore. Geoffrey A. Crossing the Chasm [M]. New York, NY: HarperBusiness,
1995.p68.
[15] Boeker W. Organizational strategy: An ecological perspective [J]. Academy of
64 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
Management Journal. 1991, 34(3): 613-635.
[16] James F. Moore. Predators and prey: A new ecology of competition [J]. Harvard
Business Review, May/Jun93, Vol. 71 Issue 3, p75, 9p.
[17] 吴建材,王安民,谢永平. 商业生态系统的本质：协同进化及其机制研究[J].外国
经济与管理. 已录用.
[18] James F. Moore.竞争的衰亡――商业生态系统时代的领导与战略［M］.北京: 北
京出版社，1999.1.
[19] Ginsberg, Ari, Whitehill, Martin. New Age strategic planning: Bridging theory and
practice [J]. Long Range Planning, Feb97, Vol. 30 Issue 1, p125, 4p
[20] Marshall Van Alstyne. The State of Network Organization: A Survey in Three
Fameworks [J]. Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce,
1997, Vol. 7 Issue 2/3, p83, 69p.
[21] Talalayevsky, Alexander. Coordination cost evaluation of network configurations
[J]. Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce, 1997, Vol. 7
Issue 2/3, p185, 15p.
[22] Chee Ching. Network Organizations and Information Technology: Introduction to
the Special Issue on the Network Organizations [J]. Journal of Organizational
Computing & Electronic Commerce, 1997, Vol. 7 Issue 2/3, p79, 3p.
[23] Kemal A. Delic，Umeshwar Dayal. The Rise of the Intelligent Enterprise [J]. ACM
Ubiquity, vol. 3, no. 45. December 30, 2002.
[24] Michael J. Mazarr. Global Trends 2005: An Owner's Manual for the Next Decade
[M]. St. Martin's Press, June 1999.
[25] 吴建材,谢永平.共同进化时代的企业核心竞争力策略［J］.西安电子科技大学
学报（社会科学版），2003.1.
[26] 孔文. 移动通信生态系统的演化[J]. 世界电信. 2002.1.
[27] 吴建材，王安民，谢永平. 基于自组织理论的商业生态系统管理模式.待发.
[28] Gossain Sanjiv. Cracking the collaboration code [J]. Journal of Business Strategy,
Nov/Dec2002, Vol. 23 Issue 6, p20, 6p.
[29] Tapscott Don. Playing to new rules [J]. Director. Mar2002, Vol. 55 Issue 8, p44.
[30] 欧志明，张建华. 企业网络组织的演进及类型研究[J]. 决策借鉴，2002.2.
[31] 范建平，梁嘉骅. 企业生态系统及其复杂性探讨[J]. 科技导报，2002.3.
[32] Normann Richard，Ramirez Rafael. From value chain to value constellation:
designing interactive strategy [J]. Harvard Business Review. 00178012, Jul/Aug93,
Vol. 71, Issue 4.
[33] 施振荣. 联网组织——知识经济的经营之道. 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，
参考文献 65
2000.
[34] James F. Moore. How Companies Have Sex [J]. Fast Company, October/November,
1996, p. 66.
[35] Daniel Z. Sui .Economy as Ecosystems.
http://geog.tamu.edu/~sui/articles/EconomyAsEcosystems.pdf
[36] Tapscott Don. Collaborate With the Potential Enemy [J]. Intelligent Enterprise..
8/10/2001, Vol. 4 Issue 12, p14, 2p.
[37] McKelvey, Bill. Complexity Theory in Organization Science: Seizing the Promise
or Becoming a Fad? [J]. Emergence. 1999, Vol. 1 Issue 1, p5, 28p.
[38] Wysocki Jr., Bernard. Self-Organization: The Next Big Thing? (cover story) [J].
Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition. 07/10/2000, Vol. 236 Issue 5, pA1, 0p.
[39] Biggiero, Lucio. Self-organizing processes in building entrepreneurial networks: a
theoretical and empirical investigation [J]. Human Systems Managemen, 2001, Vol.
20 Issue 3, p209, 14p, 4 diagrams, 1bw.
[40] Steve Ditlea. Mother Knows Best [J]. Context, Fall 1998..
[41] 王兴元. 名牌生态系统成员构成特点及其利益平衡[J]. 商业研究，2000.10.
[42] 王兴元. 名牌生态系统的竞争与合作研究[J]. 南开管理评论，2000.6.
[43] Barry Rabkin and David Bradford. Marketplace as Ecosystem: The Compelling
Role of Technology [J]. LOMA’s RESOURCE, August 2002.
[44] Marco Iansiti, Roy Levien. Keynotes and Dominators: Framing Operating and
Technology Strategy in a Business Ecosystem [J]. Harvard Business School
Working Paper Series, No. 03-061.
[45] Tapscott Don. The Web Still Reigns [J]. Intelligent Enterprise. 5/7/2001, Vol. 4
Issue 7, p16, 2p.
[43] 黄昕，潘军. 关于汽车工业生态系统的几点思考[J]. 商业研究，2002.4.
[46] Harald Mahrer, Roman Brandtweiner. The Supply Side is Loosing
Ground—Austrian Top-500 companies are ignoring the e-commerce challeng [R].
Proceedings of the 2nd Bitworld Conference, Cape Town 1999.
[47] Robert W. Rycroft,Don E. Kash, Innovation Policy for Complex Technologies [J].
Issues in Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, (Fall 1999), pp. 73- 79.
[48] W. Brian Arthur. Why Do Things Become More Complex? [J]. Scientific American
268, no. 5 (May 1993): 144.
[49] Robert U. Ayres. Toward a Non-linear Dynamics of Technological Progress [J].
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 24 (June 1994):3569.
[50] Richard Florida. The New Industrial Revolution [J]. Futures 23, no. 6 (July/ August
66 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
1991): 559576.
[51] Mike Hobday. Product Complexity, Innovation and Industrial Organization [J].
Research Policy 26, no. 6 (February 1998): 689710.
[52] Richard R. Nelson. The Role of Firm Differences in an Evolutionary Theory of
Technical Advance [J]. Science and Public Policy 18, no. 6 (December 1991): 347-
352.
[53] 施振荣. io 超分工整合: 愿景如何实现. 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2000.
[54] 施振榮. 世紀是超分工整合時代 [J]. 臺灣：聯合報, 2000.4.24.
[55] Von Hippel Eric. The Impact of ‘Sticky Data’ on Innovation and Problem Solving
[J]. Management Science, 40 (4) (1994): 429-439.
[56] Gossain Sanjiv, Kandiah Gajen. Reinventing Value: The New Business Ecosystem
[J]. Strategy & Leadership, Nov/Dec98, Vol. 26, Issue 5.
[57] Flynn Julia. British Telecom: Notes From the Ant Colony [J]. Business Week,
00077135, 06/23/97, Issue 3532.
[58] 周鸿铎等著. 网络经济. 北京广播学院出版社，2001 年.
[59] Bonabeau, Eric, Marco Dorigo, and Guy Thereaulaz. Swarm Intelligence: From
Natural to Artificial Systems .Cambridge[M]. UK: Oxford University Press, 1999.
[60] Pedersen, Soren Thing. Open Source and the Network Society[Z].Dept. of
Information and Media Science, University of Aarhus (2002).
[61] 林润辉，李维安.网络组织――更具环境适应能力的新型组织模式[J].南开管理
评论，2000.3.
[62] Arthur, W. Brian. Increasing Returns and the New World of Business [J]. Harvard
Business Review, 00178012, Jul/Aug96, Vol. 74, Issue 4.
[63] Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Collaborative advantage: The art of alliances [J]. Harvard
Business Review, 00178012, Jul/Aug94, Vol. 72, Issue 4.
[64] Arvid Parkhe. Interfirm Diversity Organiztional Learning, and Longevity in Global
Strategic Alliances [J]. Journal of International Business Studies,
Vol.4,1991,pp.583-598.
[65] Makino, Shige, Delios, Andrew. Local knowledge transfer and performance
implications for alliance formation in Asia [J]. Journal of International Business
Studies, 00472506, 1996 Special Issue, Vol. 27, Issue 5
[66] M.Porter，竞争优势[M]. 华夏出版社，1997.
[67] P. Gugler, J. H. Dunning. Technology-Based Cross-Border Alliances [A], in R.
Culpan (Ed.) Multinational Strategic Alliances [C]. International Business Press,
New York, 1993.
参考文献 67
[68] Young, Dale, Carr, Houston H., Rainer, Jr., R. Kelly. Strategic Implications of
Electronic Linkages [J]. Information Systems Management, 10580530, Winter99,
Vol. 16, Issue 1
[69] Senn, James A. business-to-business e-commerce [J]. Information Systems
Management, 10580530, Spring2000, Vol. 17, Issue 2
[70] M.J. Xavier. India: Real benefits of virtual clusters [J]. The Hindu Business Line,
Wednesday, December 06, 2000.
[71] Farhoomand AF, Ng PSP and Yue J. The Building of a New Business Ecosystem:
Sustaining National Competitive Advantage through Electronic Commerce [J],
Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, Vol. 11, No. 4,
2001, pp. 285-303.
[72] 任佩瑜，张莉，宋勇，基于复杂性科学的管理熵、管理耗散结构理论及其在
企业组织与决策中的作用[J]. 管理世界，2001.6
[73] 吴彤，复杂性研究中的若干问题和意义[J]. 系统辩证学学报，2002.10
[74] 朱亚辉.企业竞争策略的仿生化研究[D]. 北京工业大学，2002.5.
[75] 邢煜芝. 竞争排斥法则的管理学借用[J]. 企业改革与管理，2002(12).
[76] 曹康林. 企业的生态位现象[J]. 中国中小企业，2002.7.
[77] Collis, David J., Montgomery, Cynthia A. Competing on Resources: Strategy in the
1990s [J]. Harvard Business Review, 00178012, Jul/Aug95, Vol. 73, Issue 4.
[78] Altieri M A. Vegetation designs for insect-habitat management [J]. Environmental
Management, 1983, 7(1):3-7.
[79] Grabher, G. & Stark D. Organising diversity: evolutionary theory [J]. Regional
Studies, Jul97, Vol. 31 Issue 5, p532, 12p.
[80] Saviotti, P. P. & Mani, G. S. (1995) Competition, variety and technological
evolution: a replicator dynamics model [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 5,
369?92
[81] Metcalfe, J.S. Evolutionary economics and technology policy [J]. Economic
Journal, Jul94, Vol. 104 Issue 425, p931, 14p
[82] Stirling, A. (1998) On the economics and analysis of diversity. Brighton, SPRU,
http://www.susx.ac.uk/spru/publications/imprint/sewps/sewp28/sew p28.html.
[83] Andriani, Pierpaolo. Diversity, Knowledge and Complexity Theory: Some
Introductory Issues [J]. International Journal of Innovation Management, Jun2001,
Vol. 5 Issue 2, p257, 18p.
[84] Baldwin, C. Y., K. B. Clark. Modularity in Design: An Analysis Based on the
Theory of Real Options [Z]. Harvard Business School Working Paper, 1994.
68 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
[85] Albert, Reka, Hawoong Jeong, and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi. Error and Attack
Tolerance of Complex Networks [J]. Nature, 7/27/2000, Vol. 406 Issue 6794, p378.
[86] Tilman, D., J.A. Downing. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands [J]. Nature,
1/27/94, Vol. 367 Issue 6461, p363, 3p.
[87] Loreau, M.; Naeem, S.; Inchausti, P.; Bengtsson, J. etc. Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Functioning: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges [J]. Science, 10/26/2001,
Vol. 294 Issue 5543, p804, 5p.
[88] Brown, James H.; Whitham, Thomas G. Complex Species Interactions and the
Dynamics of Ecological Systems: Long-Term Experiments [J]. Science, 7/27/2001,
Vol. 293 Issue 5530, p643, 8p.
[89] 吴彤. 自组织、被组织？――一种管理方法研究[J]. 科学管理研究，1996.4
[90] 吴彤. 从自组织观看“李约瑟问题” [J]. 自然辩证法通讯，1997.3.
[91] Lewin, Roger, Teresa Parker, and Birute Regine. Complexity Theory and the
Organization: Beyond the Metaphor [J]. Complexity, 1998.3 (4), 36-40.
[92] Birute Regine, Roger Lewin. Management practice based on complexity science.
http://www.thesoulatwork.com/pubs/manage.html.
[93] Hanmin Shi. Research On Multi-Agent System With Application To Distributed
And Networked Manufacturing [Z], keynote paper on The 5th International
Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in practice, Proceedings, pp.
9~14, Nanjing, China, 10th ~ 12th, September, 1998.
[94] http://www.xztvu.edu.cn/kfy/teaching/kj/2000b/zhengzhi/ziliao-4.htm
[95] Erich jantsch. 曾国屏译. 自组织的宇宙观[M]. 北京：中国社会科学出版社，
1992.
[96] Mark R Testa. A model for organizational-based 360 degree leadership assessment
[J] . Leadership & Organization Development Journal. Bradford; 2002, Vol. 23,
Issue 5/6. pp260-268.
[97] Pan, Yigang, Tse, David K. cooperative strategies between foreign firms in An
Overseas Country [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 00472506, 1996
Special Issue, Vol. 27, Issue 5.
[98] Barry Rabkin, David Bradford. Evolution Theory [J]. Best's Review，Best's Review,
Aug2002, Vol. 103 Issue 4, p43, 3p.
[99] Fiona Murray. Building Scientific Networks for Effective Innovation [J]. MIT
Sloan Management Review, Spring 2002, Volume 43, Number 3, p.14.
[100] Anoop Madhok, Anupama Phene. The Co-evolutional Advantage: Strategic
Management Theory and the Eclectic Paradigm [J]. International Journal of the
参考文献 69
Economics of Business. Vol. 8, No. 2, 2001, pp. 243- 256.
[101] 戈峰.现代生态学［M］.北京：科学出版社，2002.10.
[102] Schivelbusch, W. The Railway Journey [M], University of California Press, 1977.
[103] Maslov, Sergei; Sneppen, Kim. Specificity and Stability in Topology of Protein
Networks [J]. Science, 5/3/2002, Vol. 296 Issue 5569, p910, 4p.
[104] Harald Mahrer, Roman Brandtweiner. The Supply Side is Loosing
Ground—Austrian Top-500 companies are ignoring the e-commerce challeng [R].
Proceedings of the 2nd Bitworld Conference, Cape Town 1999.
[105] Cynthia A. Lengnick-Hall, James A. Wolff . Similarities and contradictions in the
core logic of three strategy research streams [J]. Strategic Management Journal,
Dec99, Vol. 20 Issue 12, p1109, 24p
[106] 沈小峰、吴彤、曾国屏，自组织的哲学――一种新的自然观和科学观[M]. 北
京：中共中央党校出版社,1992.11.
[107] Nason, J. D., E. A. Herre, and J. L. Hamrick. The breeding structure of a tropical
keystone plant resource [J]. Nature, 2/12/98, Vol. 391 Issue 6668, p685, 3p
[108] 曾国屏，自组织的自然观[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1996.11.
[109] 孔林. 是谁生下“小灵通”这个“怪胎”？ [N]. 中国经济时报，2003.8.13.
[1101] Co-Evolve. FP6 Project Proposal Brochure.
http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk:16080/complexity/Front/Co-Evolve.pdf.
[111] Michael Schulz, Scott Borg, David McIntosh .Journey to the Enterprise of the
Future [J]. Center for Business Innovation Journal, Issue 7, 2001.
[112] 许亮，王若. 论现代企业商业生态系统的建立[J]. 昆明理工大学学报, 1998.8.
[113] M. J. Xavier. Preparing for the Evolution [J]. Business Line, July 2000.
[114] 徐博艺，杨冬梅，姜丽红. 电子商务环境下新商务生态系统研究[J]. 决策借
鉴，2002.4
[115] 胡皓，楼慧心. 自组织理论与社会发展研究[M]. 上海：上海科技教育出版社，
2002.12.
[116] 吴彤、曾国屏．自组织思想：观念演变、方法与问题[A]．系统科学与工程
研究[C]．许国志主编．上海：上海科技教育出版社．2000 年．85-99．
[117] Graupner Sven, Kotov Vadim, Trinks Holger, Andrzejak Artur. Control
Architecture for Service Grids in a Federation of Utility Data Centers [J].
http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2002/HPL-2002-235.html，2002.9.6.
[118] Peter Bentley. Digital Biology[M]. Simon & Schuster, New York, 2001.p106.
[119] Haken H.Information and Self-organization: A Macroscopic Approach to
Complex Systems [J]. Berlin & New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.p11.
70 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
[120] 吴彤. 市场与计划：自组织和他组织[J]. 内蒙古大学学报（哲学社会科学版），
1995.3
[121] Haken H. Synergetics. An Introduction: Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions and
Self-organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology [M]. Berlin & New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1983.p191.
[122] W. C. Schieve and peter M. Allen edit. Self-Organization and Dissipative
Structures—Applications in the Physical and Social Sciences [M]. University of
Texas Press, 1982.
[123] White, Michael C., Marin, Daniel B., Brazeal, Deborah etc(1997). The evolution
of organizations: Suggestions from complexity theory about the interplay between
natural selection and adaptation [J]. Human Relations, November, Vol. 50, No. 11,
pps. 1383-1401.
[124] Georgantzas, Nicholas C. Virtual enterprise networks: the fifth element of
corporate governance [J]. Human Systems Management, 2001, Vol. 20 Issue 3,
p171, 18p, 3 charts, 4 diagrams, 5 graphs, 1bw.
[125] Pyka, Andreas, Windrum, Paul. The Self-organization of strategic alliances [J].
Economics of Innovation & New Technology, Jun2003, Vol. 12 Issue 3, p245, 24p.
[126] Stamps David. The self-organizing system (cover story) [J]. Trainin, Apr97, Vol.
34 Issue 4, p30, 7p, 5c.
[127] Tapscott Don. Collaborate With the Potential Enemy [J]. Intelligent Enterprise,
8/10/2001, Vol. 4 Issue 12, p14, 2p
[128] 吴彤. 复杂性范式的兴起[J]. 科学技术与辩证法，2001.12
[129] 师汉民. 从他组织走向自组织——关于制造哲理的沉思[J]. 中国机械工程，
第 11 卷，第 1~2 期（合刊）, pp. 79~84, 2000. 2.
[130] 曾国屏. 走向综合的系统科学――读《开创复杂性研究的新学科》[J]. 系统
辩证学学报，1994.4.
[131] Nicolis G,Prigogine I. Self-organization in non-equilibrium system, from
dissipative structures to order through fluctuations [M].New York:Wiley,1977.p60.
[132] Li Jinghai, Wen Lixiong, Cui Heping, et al. Dissipative structure in gas-solid
two-phase flow [J]. Chem Eng Sci, 1998, 53(19): 3367～3379
[133] 沈小峰，胡岗，姜璐. 耗散结构理论的建立[J]. 自然辩证法研究，1986.2(6)：
45-49.
[134] 黄昕，潘军. 关于汽车工业生态系统的几点思考[J]. 商业研究，2002.4.
[135] 曾国屏. 自组织理论与辩证法基本规律[J]. 晋阳学刊，1996.1.
[136] 曾国屏. 论系统自组织演化过程[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1998.1
参考文献 71
[137] 陈世香. 行政的生态系统分析及其对机构改革的启示[J]. 探索，1998.3：
P52-55.
[138] Garvin, David A. building a learning organization [J]. Harvard Business Review,
00178012, Jul/Aug93, Vol. 71, Issue 4.
[139] 沈小峰，胡岗，姜璐编著. 耗散结构论[M]. 上海：人民出版社，1987.
[140] 仇保兴.发展小企业集群要避免的陷阱——过度竞争所致的“柠檬市场” [J].
北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1999.1.p25-29.
[141] 沈小峰、吴彤、曾国屏，自组织的哲学――一种新的自然观和科学观[M]. 北
京：中共中央党校出版社,1992.11.
[142] 普利高津. 从存在到演化[M]. 上海：上海科学技术出版社，1986，P97.
[143] 吴彤. 科学哲学视野中的客观复杂性[J]. 系统辩证学学报，2001.10
[144] 湛垦华，孟宪俊，张强. 涨落与系统自组织[J]. 中国社会科学，1989（4）：
173-184.
[145] 吴彤. 非线性动力学混沌理论方法及其意义[J]. 清华大学学报(哲学社会科
学版), 2000.3.
[146] 吴彤. 耗散结构理论的自组织方法论研究[J]. 科学技术与辩证法，1998.12.
[147] 吴彤. 改革的实践与当代自组织科学理论[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1994.4.
[148] Michael Rothschild. Evolution at Warp Speed [J]. Upside Magazine. February
1996.
[149] 吴彤. 论协同学理论方法――自组织动力学方法及其应用[J]. 内蒙古社会科
学（汉文版），2000.11.
[150] 曾国屏. 竞争和协同：系统发展的动力和源泉[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1996.7.
[151] 艾根·舒斯特尔. 超循环论[M]. 上海：上海人民出版社，1990：58
[152] 吴彤，乔宏刚，汪立群. 论“科研合作研究”性质及其意义――一个科研合
作与其对象相关性研究[J]. 大自然探索，1996.4
[153] Fulk Janet. Global network organizations: Emergence and future prospects [J].
Human Relations, Jan2001, Vol. 54 Issue 1, p91, 9p.
[154] Koza, Mitchell P.Lewin, Arie Y. The Co-evolution of Strategic Alliances [J].
Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences,
May/Jun98, Vol. 9 Issue 3, p255, 10p.
[155] K·普瑞斯等. 以合作求竞争[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，1998：103.
[156] 安德鲁等编著. 战略协同（第二版）[M]. 北京：机械工业出版社, 2000:2-3.
[157] 曾国屏. 非线性科学哲学研究的发展、现状和几个问题[J]. 科学技术与辩证
法，1996.6.
[158] 吴彤. 欠发达地区的社会特征与文明建设[J]. 科学·经济·社会，1998.2.
72 商业生态系统本质和进化机制的研究
[159] 曾国屏. 系统进化观与可持续发展[J]. 清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版），
1996.2.
[160] Hamel, G.; Doz, Y.L. Collaborate with your competitors & win [J]. Harvard
Business Review, Jan/Feb89, Vol. 67 Issue 1, p133, 6p.
[161] Voets, Henk J. L, Biggiero, Lucio. Globalization and Self-organization: the
Consequences of Decentralization for Industrial Organization [J]. International
Review of Sociology, Mar2000, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p73, 10p.
[162] Petzinger Jr., Thomas. Self-organization will free employees to act like bosses [J].
Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 1/3/97, Vol. 229 Issue 2, pB1, 1bw.
[163] H·哈肯著. 信息与自组织[M]. 成都：四川教育出版社，1988:56.
[164] 吴彤. 生长的旋律－－自组织演化的科学[M]. 济南：同东教育出版社，1996：
2-3.
[165] 吴彤. 自组织方法论研究[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社，2001.
[166] 吴延涪. 新自然史――自组织理论与自然系统的演化[M]. 北京：化学工业出
版社，1993：73.
[167] 魏宏森，曾国屏. 试论系统的层次性原理[J]. 系统辩证学学报，1995.1.
[168] 曾国屏，李正风主编. 世界各国创新系统－－知识的生产、扩散与利用[M].
济南：山东教育出版社，1999：8.
[169] E·拉兹洛. 进化――广义综合理论[M]. 北京：社会科学文献出版社，1998.
[170] 熊子仙. 自然选择与植物多样性――自然选择新图景的启示[J]. 云南师范大
学学报，2002.11
[171] 严胜柒，张云峰. 自然选择新图景[J]. 自然辩证法研究，2000，16（5）：6-10.
[172] http://global.acer.com/s_chinese/about/organization.htm
[173] 林欣宏. 施振榮：多元專精但又分權是企業生存之道[J]. 管理雜誌, 2000 年
11 月號第 317 期.
[174] 許麗卿. 宏基施振榮絕不撈過界[N]. 聯合早報，20/8/2000
[175] 高明智. 聯網組織提升企業競爭力[J]. 管理雜誌, 2000.7，第 313 期.