深入的事故调查与行人头部损伤防护措施研究
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摘要
易受伤害道路交通使用群体的损伤防护研究已逐步受到世界各国的关注。在中国,行人及骑自行车人是伤亡率极高的两个易受伤道路交通使用群体。
本文主要在于分析不同碰撞条件与行人头部动力学响应的联系,并同时对比了行人与骑自行车人头部动力学响应的异同,进一步分析了汽车前部结构中发动机罩系统对行人头部损伤的影响,并讨论相应的损伤防护措施。
首先,本文利用深入的事故调查研究中筛选的数据,重建了多起轿车-行人事故、轿车-骑自行车人,从而验证了仿真模型的有效性。基于验证模型建立参数分析模型,设定不同的汽车车速、行人/骑自行车人速度、碰撞位置及百分位人体模型,从而分析了这些参数对两者头部动力学响应的影响。研究表明,车辆速度、碰撞位置及百分位人体模型对行人及骑自行车人头部动力学响应较大。
之后,本文就发动机罩内外板厚度对头部损伤的影响进行了回归分析,并进一步讨论了发动机罩铰链的改进措施。研究结果表明,内板厚度参数对头部HIC值和侵入量的影响明显大于外板;通过线性回归的方法可得到HIC值、头部碰撞侵入量与发动机罩内外板厚度间的关系,从而为发动机内外板设计提供参考依据;合理的铰链结构改进可以有效地提高发动机罩系统的吸能能力,特别是降低铰链区域头部碰撞的HIC值。
最后,研究分析了主动式发动机罩的设计原理,提出了相应的机械设计及电子控制基本原理。并在此基础上,建立了主动式发动机罩弹出高度多刚体分析模型及头部碰撞有限元仿真模型,分析了主动式发罩对行人头部动力学响应及损伤的影响。研究表明,弹出高度的增加将减少行人头部与发动机罩碰撞的角度,从而使行人的头部动力学响应值朝有利于降低行人头部损伤风险的方向变化;主动式发动机罩具有明显的吸能缓冲效果,可有效地降低行人头部损伤的风险。
本文为轿车-行人碰碰撞中颅脑损伤防护技术的开发,提供了一套有效的分析思路及方法,仿真分析结果可作为车辆行人安全设计的参考依据。
Injury protection research on vulnerable road users has been arising more and more attention step by step. Pedestrian and bicyclist are two vulnerable road users with the high injury rate in road vehicle traffic accident in China.
The main aim of this thesis is to analyze relationship between different crash conditions and head kinematics responses, and compare the pedestrian and bicyclist head dynamics. Morover, this research analyze the influences of hood system on head-brain injury in car-pedestrian crash, and discuss relative injury protection measures on pedestrian safety.
First, many car-pedestrian and car-bicyclist accident reconstructions were carried out using selected accident data from an in-depth study for validating the simulation model. Based on the validated model, this paper set up the parameter analysis model as well as adopting different vehicle velocity, pedestrian or bicyclist velocity, crash position and percent Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model. Then, the influences of these parameters on pedestrian and bicyclist head dynamic responses were analyzed carefully. As the research results shown, vehicle velocity, pedestrian velocity, crash position and percent Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model can affect head dynamic responses largely.
Then, the current thesis analyzed the influence of thicknesses of outer and inner hood on head injury through regression analysis, moreover, discussed some improving measures on hood joint. The simulation results show that inner hood thickness can affect HIC and intruding value of pedestrian head more obviously compared with that of outer hood. Correlation of HIC and intruding value to thicknesses of outer and inner hood could be got through regression analysis. The results can provide references for vehicle hood design. In addition, reasonable improvement on hood joint can improve absorbing energy ability of hood system availably with decreasing HIC of head impact around joint area largely.
Finally, this research analyzed basic design theory of active hood and present corresponding mechanical design and electronic control theory. In that case, this paper analyzed the influences of active hood on head injury and head dynamic responses of pedestrian. As the research results shown, active hood can decrease the crash angle between head and hood, and make the value of head dynamic responses change to the direction of decreasing head injury risk. And it also decline risk of head injury largely.
This study provided some effective measures for pedestrian safety protection, which can be used as vehicle design reference.
本文主要在于分析不同碰撞条件与行人头部动力学响应的联系,并同时对比了行人与骑自行车人头部动力学响应的异同,进一步分析了汽车前部结构中发动机罩系统对行人头部损伤的影响,并讨论相应的损伤防护措施。
首先,本文利用深入的事故调查研究中筛选的数据,重建了多起轿车-行人事故、轿车-骑自行车人,从而验证了仿真模型的有效性。基于验证模型建立参数分析模型,设定不同的汽车车速、行人/骑自行车人速度、碰撞位置及百分位人体模型,从而分析了这些参数对两者头部动力学响应的影响。研究表明,车辆速度、碰撞位置及百分位人体模型对行人及骑自行车人头部动力学响应较大。
之后,本文就发动机罩内外板厚度对头部损伤的影响进行了回归分析,并进一步讨论了发动机罩铰链的改进措施。研究结果表明,内板厚度参数对头部HIC值和侵入量的影响明显大于外板;通过线性回归的方法可得到HIC值、头部碰撞侵入量与发动机罩内外板厚度间的关系,从而为发动机内外板设计提供参考依据;合理的铰链结构改进可以有效地提高发动机罩系统的吸能能力,特别是降低铰链区域头部碰撞的HIC值。
最后,研究分析了主动式发动机罩的设计原理,提出了相应的机械设计及电子控制基本原理。并在此基础上,建立了主动式发动机罩弹出高度多刚体分析模型及头部碰撞有限元仿真模型,分析了主动式发罩对行人头部动力学响应及损伤的影响。研究表明,弹出高度的增加将减少行人头部与发动机罩碰撞的角度,从而使行人的头部动力学响应值朝有利于降低行人头部损伤风险的方向变化;主动式发动机罩具有明显的吸能缓冲效果,可有效地降低行人头部损伤的风险。
本文为轿车-行人碰碰撞中颅脑损伤防护技术的开发,提供了一套有效的分析思路及方法,仿真分析结果可作为车辆行人安全设计的参考依据。
Injury protection research on vulnerable road users has been arising more and more attention step by step. Pedestrian and bicyclist are two vulnerable road users with the high injury rate in road vehicle traffic accident in China.
The main aim of this thesis is to analyze relationship between different crash conditions and head kinematics responses, and compare the pedestrian and bicyclist head dynamics. Morover, this research analyze the influences of hood system on head-brain injury in car-pedestrian crash, and discuss relative injury protection measures on pedestrian safety.
First, many car-pedestrian and car-bicyclist accident reconstructions were carried out using selected accident data from an in-depth study for validating the simulation model. Based on the validated model, this paper set up the parameter analysis model as well as adopting different vehicle velocity, pedestrian or bicyclist velocity, crash position and percent Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model. Then, the influences of these parameters on pedestrian and bicyclist head dynamic responses were analyzed carefully. As the research results shown, vehicle velocity, pedestrian velocity, crash position and percent Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model can affect head dynamic responses largely.
Then, the current thesis analyzed the influence of thicknesses of outer and inner hood on head injury through regression analysis, moreover, discussed some improving measures on hood joint. The simulation results show that inner hood thickness can affect HIC and intruding value of pedestrian head more obviously compared with that of outer hood. Correlation of HIC and intruding value to thicknesses of outer and inner hood could be got through regression analysis. The results can provide references for vehicle hood design. In addition, reasonable improvement on hood joint can improve absorbing energy ability of hood system availably with decreasing HIC of head impact around joint area largely.
Finally, this research analyzed basic design theory of active hood and present corresponding mechanical design and electronic control theory. In that case, this paper analyzed the influences of active hood on head injury and head dynamic responses of pedestrian. As the research results shown, active hood can decrease the crash angle between head and hood, and make the value of head dynamic responses change to the direction of decreasing head injury risk. And it also decline risk of head injury largely.
This study provided some effective measures for pedestrian safety protection, which can be used as vehicle design reference.
引文
[1] Peten M, et al. World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 2004, 1-2
[2] Jae-Wan Lee, Kyong-Han Yoon. Vehicle hood and bumper structure design to mitigate casualties of pedestrian accidents. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0105
[3]中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报(2006年度).公安部交通管理局,2007
[4]中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报(2007年度).公安部交通管理局,2008
[5] GIDAS– data from 1999 to 2001
[6] IHRA/P.S.WG. Summary of IHRA pedestrian safety WG activities (2003)±proposed test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passenger cars. In: The 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Tokyo, Janpan, 2003,Paper Number:580
[7] UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP, Pedestrian Traffic Accident Data,“http://www.unece. unece.org/trans/main/welcwp29.htm”, 2003
[8]许洪国.汽车事故工程.北京:人民交通出版社,2004
[9] Astrid Linder, Jikuang Yang, Laurie Sparke. Mathematical modelling of pedestrian crashes: Review of pedestrian models and parameter study of the influence of the sedan vehicle contour. http://www.rsconference.com/pdf/ RS040193 .pdf? check=1, 2005-4-6
[10] Yang, J.K., L?vsund, P., Cavallero, C., Bonnoit, J. A Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model for Simulation of Car-Pedestrian Impacts. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control,2000, Vol. 2(2),pp. 131-149
[11] AAAM. Abbreviated Injury Scale-2005 Revision. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Des Plaines, IL, USA. 2005
[12] Commission of the European Communities. Directive 2003/102/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 Relating to the Protection of the Pedestrians and Other Vulnerable Road Users in the Event of a Collision with a Motor Vehicle and Amending Council Directive 70/156/EEC. Commission of the European Communities, 2003
[13] Commission of the European Communities. Directive 2004/90/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 December 2003 on the technical prescriptions for the implementation of Article 3 of Directive 2003/102/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users before and in the event of a collision with a motor vehicle and amending Directive 70/156/EEC. Commission of the European Communities, 2003
[14] EEVC Working Group 17 Report. Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Affected by Passenger Cars. European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee, 1998
[15] Euro NCAP,“PEDESTRIAN TESTING PROTOCOL,”www.euron cap.com
[16]龚燕尧,朱大勇.行人保护法规及有利于行人保护的车身结构.北京汽车,2005,No.6: 29-34
[17] Rikard Fredriksson, Yngve Haland, Jikuang Yang. Evaluation of a new pedestrian head injury protection system with a sensor in the bumper and lifting the bonnet’s rear parts. In: The 17th ESV Conference. Amsterdam, 4-7 June 2001, Paper Number: 131
[18] Kuehn, Robert Froeming, Volker Schindler. Assessments of Vehicle Related Pedestrian Safety. Proc. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0044
[19] Christoph Kerkelling, Joachim Schafer, Dr.Grace-Mary Thompson. Structural hood and hinge concepts for pedestrian protection. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0304
[20] Thomas Wanke, Dr Grace Thompson, Christoph Kerkeling. Pedestrian measures for the OPEL ZAFIRA II. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0237
[21] Christian Pienecki, Richard Zeitouni. Technical solution for enhancing pedestrian protection. In: The 20th ESV Conference. Lyon, 18-21 June, 2007, Paper Number: 07-0307
[22]陈乐生,王以伦.多刚体动力学基础.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1995,11-14
[23] MADYMO Version6.2.1. Theory Manual. TNO Road-vehicles Research Institute,2004
[24]王国权编著.虚拟试验技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2004,2-8
[25]白金泽.LS–DYNA理论基础与实例分析.北京:科学出版社,2005
[26] John O. Hallquist.“LS–DYNA Theoretical Manual,”Livermore Software Technology Corp, Livermore, 1998
[27]徐国成,韩秋生,霍琨.人体解剖学彩色图谱.第一版.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社, 2003: 150-180
[28] Yang, J.K. Review of Injury Biomechanics in Car-Pedestrian Collisions. In:J. Vehicle Safety, 2005, Vol. 1, Nos. 1/2/3, 1-18
[29] Marion, D. W. Traumatic brain injury(颅脑创伤学).北京:人民卫生出版社, 2004,23-28
[30] Ommaya AK, Grubb RL, Naumann RA. Coup and Contre-coup Injury: Observation on the Mechanics of Visible Brain Injury in the Rhesus Monkey. In: J Neurosurg. 1997, Vol.35, 503-516
[31] Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematomas. In: J Trauma. 1982, Vol.22, 680-686
[32] Teasdale G, Mathew P. Mechanisms of Cerebral Concussion, Contusion, and Other Effects of Head Injury. In: YoumansJR, ed. Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996
[33]许伟.车辆碰撞事故中头部生物力学响应和损伤机理分析:[湖南大学博士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学,2007
[34] Lissner. H.R, Lebow M., Evans F.G. Experimental Studies on the relation between Acceleration and Intracranial Pressure Changes in Man. Surg.Gyn.Obst., 1960, V.111, 320-338
[35] Gadd C.W. Criteria for Injury Potential.Impact Acceleration Stress, Publication 977, NAS-NRC, 1962, 141-145
[36] Newman J, Shewchenko N and Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessement function /the maximum power index.In: Proc of 44th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Atlanta: Society of Automotive Engineers,2000,215-247
[37] Lowenhielm, P. Spain tolerance of the Vv. Cerebri sup. (bridging veins) calculated from head-on collision tests with Cadavers. Z. Rechtsmedizin,1974, Vol.75,pp.131-141
[38]李凡.轿车-行人碰撞中行人颅脑动力学相应及损伤防护的研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学,2006
[39] Yang, J.K. Effects of Vehicle Front Design Parameters on Pedestrian Head-brain Injury Protection. In: The 18th ESV Conference. Nagoya, 19-22 May, 2003, Paper Number: 289
[40] Luis Martinez, Luis J.Guerra, Gusavo Ferichola. Stiffness Corridors of the European Fleet For Pedestrian Simulation. In: The 20th ESV Conference. Lyon, 18-21 June, 2007, Paper Number: 07-0267
[41] Otte, D. Use of Throw Distances of Pedestrians and Bicyclists as Part of a Scientific Accident Reconstruction Method. In: 2004 SAE World Congress. Detroit, Michigan, 8-11 March, 2004, SAE Paper 2004-01-1216
[42] Burg, H.: Rekonstruktionsunterlagen auseiner Auswertung realer Unf?lle zwischen Zweirad- und Vierradfahrzeugen, Der Verkehrsunfall, Heft 9, 185-190, 1979
[43] Astrid Linder, Clay Douglas, et al. Mathematical Simulations of Real-world Pedestrian-vehicle Collisions. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0021
[44] Pritz, H. B. (1983). Experimental Investigation of Pedestrian Head Impacts on Hoods and Fenders of Production Vehicles. In:Pedestrian Impact Injury & Assessment, SAE Int. Congress and Exposition, P-121, SAE Paper 830055, 67–76
[45] Cavallero, C., Cesari, D., Ramet, M.(1983). Improvement of Pedestrian Safety: Influence of Shape of Passenger Car-Front Structures upon Pedestrian Kinematics and Injuries: Evaluation Based on 50 Cadaver Tests. In:Pedestrian Impact Injury & Assessment, SAE Int. Congress Exposition, P-121, SAE Paper 830624, 225–237
[46] Tetsuo M. Comparative analysis of vehicle–bicyclist and vehicle–pedestrian accidents in Japan. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2003(35):927-940
[47] Christian Pinecki, Richard Zeitouni. Technical solutions for enhancing the pedestrian protection. In: The 20th ESV Conference. Lyon, 18-21 June, 2007, Paper Number: 07-0307
[48] FHWA/NHTSA National Crash Analysis Center. Finite Element Model of Ford Taurus. 2001
[49] EEVC WG17. Pedestrian Headform models for LS-DYNNA. www.arup.com
[50] Christoph Kerkelling, Joachim Schafer,et al. Structural hood and hinge concepts for pedestrian protection. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0304
[51] Lee, J. W. Vehicle Hood and Bumper Structure Design to Mitigate Casualties of Pedestrian Accidents: [dissertation]. Seoul: Hanyang University, Seoul,2004
[52] K. Nagatomi, et al. Development and Full-Scale Dummy Tests of a Pop-UpHood System for Pedestrian Protection. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0113
[53] Keun Bae Lee, et al. The Study on Developing Active Hood Lift System for Decreasing Pedestrian Head Injury. In: The 20th ESV Conference. Lyon, 18-21 June, 2007, Paper Number: 07-0198
[54] Oliver Scherf. Development and Performance of Contact Sensors for Active Pedestrian Protection Systems. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0021
[55] Liu, X.J. and Yang, J.K. (2002): Development of Child Pedestrian Models and Evaluation with Accident Reconstruction. Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 3(4), pp. 321-329
[2] Jae-Wan Lee, Kyong-Han Yoon. Vehicle hood and bumper structure design to mitigate casualties of pedestrian accidents. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0105
[3]中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报(2006年度).公安部交通管理局,2007
[4]中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报(2007年度).公安部交通管理局,2008
[5] GIDAS– data from 1999 to 2001
[6] IHRA/P.S.WG. Summary of IHRA pedestrian safety WG activities (2003)±proposed test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passenger cars. In: The 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. Tokyo, Janpan, 2003,Paper Number:580
[7] UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP, Pedestrian Traffic Accident Data,“http://www.unece. unece.org/trans/main/welcwp29.htm”, 2003
[8]许洪国.汽车事故工程.北京:人民交通出版社,2004
[9] Astrid Linder, Jikuang Yang, Laurie Sparke. Mathematical modelling of pedestrian crashes: Review of pedestrian models and parameter study of the influence of the sedan vehicle contour. http://www.rsconference.com/pdf/ RS040193 .pdf? check=1, 2005-4-6
[10] Yang, J.K., L?vsund, P., Cavallero, C., Bonnoit, J. A Human-Body 3D Mathematical Model for Simulation of Car-Pedestrian Impacts. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control,2000, Vol. 2(2),pp. 131-149
[11] AAAM. Abbreviated Injury Scale-2005 Revision. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Des Plaines, IL, USA. 2005
[12] Commission of the European Communities. Directive 2003/102/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 Relating to the Protection of the Pedestrians and Other Vulnerable Road Users in the Event of a Collision with a Motor Vehicle and Amending Council Directive 70/156/EEC. Commission of the European Communities, 2003
[13] Commission of the European Communities. Directive 2004/90/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 December 2003 on the technical prescriptions for the implementation of Article 3 of Directive 2003/102/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to the protection of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users before and in the event of a collision with a motor vehicle and amending Directive 70/156/EEC. Commission of the European Communities, 2003
[14] EEVC Working Group 17 Report. Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Affected by Passenger Cars. European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee, 1998
[15] Euro NCAP,“PEDESTRIAN TESTING PROTOCOL,”www.euron cap.com
[16]龚燕尧,朱大勇.行人保护法规及有利于行人保护的车身结构.北京汽车,2005,No.6: 29-34
[17] Rikard Fredriksson, Yngve Haland, Jikuang Yang. Evaluation of a new pedestrian head injury protection system with a sensor in the bumper and lifting the bonnet’s rear parts. In: The 17th ESV Conference. Amsterdam, 4-7 June 2001, Paper Number: 131
[18] Kuehn, Robert Froeming, Volker Schindler. Assessments of Vehicle Related Pedestrian Safety. Proc. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0044
[19] Christoph Kerkelling, Joachim Schafer, Dr.Grace-Mary Thompson. Structural hood and hinge concepts for pedestrian protection. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0304
[20] Thomas Wanke, Dr Grace Thompson, Christoph Kerkeling. Pedestrian measures for the OPEL ZAFIRA II. In: The 19th ESV Conference. Washington DC, 6-7 June 2005, Paper Number: 05-0237
[21] Christian Pienecki, Richard Zeitouni. Technical solution for enhancing pedestrian protection. In: The 20th ESV Conference. Lyon, 18-21 June, 2007, Paper Number: 07-0307
[22]陈乐生,王以伦.多刚体动力学基础.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1995,11-14
[23] MADYMO Version6.2.1. Theory Manual. TNO Road-vehicles Research Institute,2004
[24]王国权编著.虚拟试验技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2004,2-8
[25]白金泽.LS–DYNA理论基础与实例分析.北京:科学出版社,2005
[26] John O. Hallquist.“LS–DYNA Theoretical Manual,”Livermore Software Technology Corp, Livermore, 1998
[27]徐国成,韩秋生,霍琨.人体解剖学彩色图谱.第一版.沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社, 2003: 150-180
[28] Yang, J.K. Review of Injury Biomechanics in Car-Pedestrian Collisions. In:J. Vehicle Safety, 2005, Vol. 1, Nos. 1/2/3, 1-18
[29] Marion, D. W. Traumatic brain injury(颅脑创伤学).北京:人民卫生出版社, 2004,23-28
[30] Ommaya AK, Grubb RL, Naumann RA. Coup and Contre-coup Injury: Observation on the Mechanics of Visible Brain Injury in the Rhesus Monkey. In: J Neurosurg. 1997, Vol.35, 503-516
[31] Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematomas. In: J Trauma. 1982, Vol.22, 680-686
[32] Teasdale G, Mathew P. Mechanisms of Cerebral Concussion, Contusion, and Other Effects of Head Injury. In: YoumansJR, ed. Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1996
[33]许伟.车辆碰撞事故中头部生物力学响应和损伤机理分析:[湖南大学博士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学,2007
[34] Lissner. H.R, Lebow M., Evans F.G. Experimental Studies on the relation between Acceleration and Intracranial Pressure Changes in Man. Surg.Gyn.Obst., 1960, V.111, 320-338
[35] Gadd C.W. Criteria for Injury Potential.Impact Acceleration Stress, Publication 977, NAS-NRC, 1962, 141-145
[36] Newman J, Shewchenko N and Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessement function /the maximum power index.In: Proc of 44th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Atlanta: Society of Automotive Engineers,2000,215-247
[37] Lowenhielm, P. Spain tolerance of the Vv. Cerebri sup. (bridging veins) calculated from head-on collision tests with Cadavers. Z. Rechtsmedizin,1974, Vol.75,pp.131-141
[38]李凡.轿车-行人碰撞中行人颅脑动力学相应及损伤防护的研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学,2006
[39] Yang, J.K. Effects of Vehicle Front Design Parameters on Pedestrian Head-brain Injury Protection. In: The 18th ESV Conference. Nagoya, 19-22 May, 2003, Paper Number: 289
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