超宽带无线传感器网络节能与中继协作通信技术策略研究
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摘要
为了满足无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks, WSNs)中无线数据传输服务质量的要求,以及尽可能地消除恶劣的无线传播环境对通信性能产生的影响,WSNs需要采用有效的节能策略和新的通信技术来保证可靠的服务、有效的覆盖、高效的传输。功率控制策略通过控制减少传感器节点的冗余功耗,可以有效地降低能量开销,延长工作寿命而被认为是一项高效的节能策略。无线中继协作技术作为改善和提高无线通信性能的最有效手段之一,借助中继站(或者中继节点)的转发来改善无线信号的传输质量,实现改善源信号强度较弱地区的覆盖质量以及对盲区的补充覆盖,有效提高系统的吞吐量,特别是网络边缘用户和盲区用户的吞吐量。鉴于中继协作通信技术在未来网络中的重要地位和潜在的商业价值,工业界和学术界针对该技术已经展开了广泛深入的研究,其标准化工作也已经取得实质性的进展。
本文首先回顾分析了WSNs发展历史,网络特点以及其节能策略的研究状态：然后追溯回顾了中继协作通信技术的发展历史,分析讨论了现如今中继协作通信技术的研究热点内容和状态,指出了其中存在的不足和局限性。
本文工作主要包括两个方面：节能策略和中继协作通信技术。鉴于超宽带(ultra wideband, UWB)在无线信道中传输时,其信道模型为Log-normal衰落,本文中有关中继协作通信技术的内容均基于Log-normal衰落环境。
对于节能策略,本文针对WSNs的网络结构特点和UWB技术特征,提出了一个基于簇结构的传输功率优化选择算法,然后给出了其实现方案并评估了其实现代价。
接下来,本文主要围绕工作于Log-normal衰落环境的中继协作系统的性能建模与分析开展研究。鉴于现有研究基本上均假设目标研究系统工作于Rayleigh等衰落信道而忽略了Log-normal衰落(主要指室外的大尺度衰落效应以及室内无线通信存在的遮蔽效应)产生的影响且UWB信号的衰落统计特征服从Log-normal分布,本文研究分析了多种自适应传输策略、UWB两跳中继系统、多中继UWB中继协作通信系统、链式多跳中继系统、以及多支路多跳中继系统在Log-normal衰落信道中的通信性能。本文有关无线(中继/协作)系统性能建模与分析的工作主要包括如下几个方面：
1.提出了三种不同的自适应传输策略,即最优实时功率与速率自适应策略,恒功率最优速率自适应策略以及恒速率截断信道倒置策略,在Log-normal衰落信道中的信道容量分析模型并推导出了遍历容量的封闭表达式；
2.分析了门限数字中继策略在Log-normal衰落信道中的误码率性能并推导出了端到端误码率的封闭表达式；
3.在考虑中继节点和目的节点处接收信号经历多用户干扰的前提下,分析并研究了放大转发和译码转发跳时UWB中继协作通信系统在Log-normal衰落信道中的通信性能,推导出了这两种不同中继策略下跳时UWB中继协作系统的误比特概率和中断概率的封闭表达式；
4.针对单中继跳时UWB中继协作系统,研究分析了中断概率和ε-中断容量性能并推导出了相应的封闭表达式；然后,在多中继场景中,研究了三种不同的中继选择策略(最优S-R链路策略,最优R-D链路策略,最优S-R-D链路策略)下的中断概率性能并推导出了相应的封闭表达式；
5.提出了放大转发多支路多跳中继系统在Log-normal衰落信道中端到端通信性能的分析模型,指出了系统端到端信噪比的统计分布性能。然后,在此基础上分别推导出了采用最大比合并与选择合并策略情况下的平均误码概率、中断概率以及遍历容量的封闭表达式。最后,推导出了译码转发多跳链式中继系统的端到端误码率的表达式。
To satify the QoS (Quality of Service) of the traffic transmission and to combat wireless propagation environment's negective effects on wirelss transmission, it is now highly necessary for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to employ novel methods to realize reliable services, effective coverage and efficient transmissions. Power control is an efficient energy conservation method, which aims to cutting down the power overhead to achieve energy saving and prolonging sensor's lifetime. Wirelss cooperative relay technology has been regarded as a promising way to improve wireless communication systems'perfromances. Due to the adventages of the signal forwarding function at relays, the coverage on the regions with poor signal strength can be improved and blind spots can be covered by using wirelss relay and cooperation technology, which results in the improved systems'throughput, especially for the cell-edge and blind-spot users. Movitated by the the important role and potential commercial value in the future networks, industry and academia have carried out extensive and deep researches on wirelss relay and cooperation technology, the standardli-zation work of which has achieved substantial progresses.
First, a comprehensive survey on the development history, network characteristcs of WSN, and the research status of the energy conservation in WSNs is presented. Next, the development history of wirelss cooperative relay technology is reviewed, and then the research status and issues in this field has been analyzed.
In this work, two items are mainly focused on: energy conservation scheme and cooperative relay technology. As observed that the characteristic of UWB signal fading obeys Log-normal distribution, all the performance modeling and anlysis of wirelss coopera-tive relay systems are carried on over Log-normal fading channels.
A cluster-based power control scheme for UWB WSNs was proposed under the consideration on the unique properities of WSNs and UWB technology. Also, the implement-tation scheme and implementation cost have been introdced.
As it is easy to see that the researchers alway asume that the object systems work in normal fading environments, such as Rayleigh fading channels, ingnoring the effect of large-scale fading in outdoor scenarios and the shadowing in both in/outdoor scenarios. As observing there are some insuffieieneies and limitations among the existed works, the performance of various adaptive transmission schemes, time hopping ultra-wideband (TH UWB) two-ways wirelss relay systems, multi-relay TH UWB wireless cooperative relay systems, multi-hop chain relay systems and multi-branch multi-hop relay system over Log-normal fading channels have been studied, respectively. The main contributions of this work are listed as follows:
1. Analytical models to estimate the capacity of log-normal channels are presented for three adaptive transmission schemes:(i) optimal simultaneous power and rate adaptation,(ii) optimal rate adaptation with constant transmit power, and (iii) truncated channel inversion with fixed rate. Closed-form approximation expressions for capacity under these adaptive transmission schemes are derived.
2. An accurate analytical model is proposed to study the performance of threshold digital relaying schemes in cooperative systems over log-normal fading channels. The analytical expression for the average end-to-end bit error rate has been derived.
3. An analytical model was proposed to study the performance of cooperative links for TH UWB systems under two relay models:amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF). The effects of multiuser interference are considered when deriving closed-form expressions for outage probability and average bit error probability (ABEP).
4. The outage behavior of the relay-based communication channel of TH UWB systems was studied. Specifically, outage probability and ε-outage capacity in single relay network scenarios and outage probability in multiple relays network scenarios have been analyzed, respectively. The simulation and numerical results show that increasing transmission power is not an efficient way to improve outage probability due to the effect of multi-user interference at relays and the destination.
5. Analytical models have been proposed for studying the performance of AF relaying multi-branch multi-hop wireless relaying systems (M2WRS) over Log-normal fading channels. The presented analytical models are for estimating the end-to-end performance of the M2WRS with maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) schemes. In particular, the closed-form expressions for the parameters of the distribution have been derived for the end-to-end SNR of an AF relaying multi-hop chain link. Then, Accurate analytical expressions have been developed for ABEP, outage probability and ergodic capacity under MRC and SC schemes, respectively. Finally, a theoretical model for the end-to-end bit error rate (BER) performance of DF relaying multi-hop chain systems (MCSs) has been proposed. The expression of the end-to-end BER has been derived and can be used to estimate the end-to-end BER of DF relaying MCSs.
本文首先回顾分析了WSNs发展历史,网络特点以及其节能策略的研究状态：然后追溯回顾了中继协作通信技术的发展历史,分析讨论了现如今中继协作通信技术的研究热点内容和状态,指出了其中存在的不足和局限性。
本文工作主要包括两个方面：节能策略和中继协作通信技术。鉴于超宽带(ultra wideband, UWB)在无线信道中传输时,其信道模型为Log-normal衰落,本文中有关中继协作通信技术的内容均基于Log-normal衰落环境。
对于节能策略,本文针对WSNs的网络结构特点和UWB技术特征,提出了一个基于簇结构的传输功率优化选择算法,然后给出了其实现方案并评估了其实现代价。
接下来,本文主要围绕工作于Log-normal衰落环境的中继协作系统的性能建模与分析开展研究。鉴于现有研究基本上均假设目标研究系统工作于Rayleigh等衰落信道而忽略了Log-normal衰落(主要指室外的大尺度衰落效应以及室内无线通信存在的遮蔽效应)产生的影响且UWB信号的衰落统计特征服从Log-normal分布,本文研究分析了多种自适应传输策略、UWB两跳中继系统、多中继UWB中继协作通信系统、链式多跳中继系统、以及多支路多跳中继系统在Log-normal衰落信道中的通信性能。本文有关无线(中继/协作)系统性能建模与分析的工作主要包括如下几个方面：
1.提出了三种不同的自适应传输策略,即最优实时功率与速率自适应策略,恒功率最优速率自适应策略以及恒速率截断信道倒置策略,在Log-normal衰落信道中的信道容量分析模型并推导出了遍历容量的封闭表达式；
2.分析了门限数字中继策略在Log-normal衰落信道中的误码率性能并推导出了端到端误码率的封闭表达式；
3.在考虑中继节点和目的节点处接收信号经历多用户干扰的前提下,分析并研究了放大转发和译码转发跳时UWB中继协作通信系统在Log-normal衰落信道中的通信性能,推导出了这两种不同中继策略下跳时UWB中继协作系统的误比特概率和中断概率的封闭表达式；
4.针对单中继跳时UWB中继协作系统,研究分析了中断概率和ε-中断容量性能并推导出了相应的封闭表达式；然后,在多中继场景中,研究了三种不同的中继选择策略(最优S-R链路策略,最优R-D链路策略,最优S-R-D链路策略)下的中断概率性能并推导出了相应的封闭表达式；
5.提出了放大转发多支路多跳中继系统在Log-normal衰落信道中端到端通信性能的分析模型,指出了系统端到端信噪比的统计分布性能。然后,在此基础上分别推导出了采用最大比合并与选择合并策略情况下的平均误码概率、中断概率以及遍历容量的封闭表达式。最后,推导出了译码转发多跳链式中继系统的端到端误码率的表达式。
To satify the QoS (Quality of Service) of the traffic transmission and to combat wireless propagation environment's negective effects on wirelss transmission, it is now highly necessary for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to employ novel methods to realize reliable services, effective coverage and efficient transmissions. Power control is an efficient energy conservation method, which aims to cutting down the power overhead to achieve energy saving and prolonging sensor's lifetime. Wirelss cooperative relay technology has been regarded as a promising way to improve wireless communication systems'perfromances. Due to the adventages of the signal forwarding function at relays, the coverage on the regions with poor signal strength can be improved and blind spots can be covered by using wirelss relay and cooperation technology, which results in the improved systems'throughput, especially for the cell-edge and blind-spot users. Movitated by the the important role and potential commercial value in the future networks, industry and academia have carried out extensive and deep researches on wirelss relay and cooperation technology, the standardli-zation work of which has achieved substantial progresses.
First, a comprehensive survey on the development history, network characteristcs of WSN, and the research status of the energy conservation in WSNs is presented. Next, the development history of wirelss cooperative relay technology is reviewed, and then the research status and issues in this field has been analyzed.
In this work, two items are mainly focused on: energy conservation scheme and cooperative relay technology. As observed that the characteristic of UWB signal fading obeys Log-normal distribution, all the performance modeling and anlysis of wirelss coopera-tive relay systems are carried on over Log-normal fading channels.
A cluster-based power control scheme for UWB WSNs was proposed under the consideration on the unique properities of WSNs and UWB technology. Also, the implement-tation scheme and implementation cost have been introdced.
As it is easy to see that the researchers alway asume that the object systems work in normal fading environments, such as Rayleigh fading channels, ingnoring the effect of large-scale fading in outdoor scenarios and the shadowing in both in/outdoor scenarios. As observing there are some insuffieieneies and limitations among the existed works, the performance of various adaptive transmission schemes, time hopping ultra-wideband (TH UWB) two-ways wirelss relay systems, multi-relay TH UWB wireless cooperative relay systems, multi-hop chain relay systems and multi-branch multi-hop relay system over Log-normal fading channels have been studied, respectively. The main contributions of this work are listed as follows:
1. Analytical models to estimate the capacity of log-normal channels are presented for three adaptive transmission schemes:(i) optimal simultaneous power and rate adaptation,(ii) optimal rate adaptation with constant transmit power, and (iii) truncated channel inversion with fixed rate. Closed-form approximation expressions for capacity under these adaptive transmission schemes are derived.
2. An accurate analytical model is proposed to study the performance of threshold digital relaying schemes in cooperative systems over log-normal fading channels. The analytical expression for the average end-to-end bit error rate has been derived.
3. An analytical model was proposed to study the performance of cooperative links for TH UWB systems under two relay models:amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF). The effects of multiuser interference are considered when deriving closed-form expressions for outage probability and average bit error probability (ABEP).
4. The outage behavior of the relay-based communication channel of TH UWB systems was studied. Specifically, outage probability and ε-outage capacity in single relay network scenarios and outage probability in multiple relays network scenarios have been analyzed, respectively. The simulation and numerical results show that increasing transmission power is not an efficient way to improve outage probability due to the effect of multi-user interference at relays and the destination.
5. Analytical models have been proposed for studying the performance of AF relaying multi-branch multi-hop wireless relaying systems (M2WRS) over Log-normal fading channels. The presented analytical models are for estimating the end-to-end performance of the M2WRS with maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) schemes. In particular, the closed-form expressions for the parameters of the distribution have been derived for the end-to-end SNR of an AF relaying multi-hop chain link. Then, Accurate analytical expressions have been developed for ABEP, outage probability and ergodic capacity under MRC and SC schemes, respectively. Finally, a theoretical model for the end-to-end bit error rate (BER) performance of DF relaying multi-hop chain systems (MCSs) has been proposed. The expression of the end-to-end BER has been derived and can be used to estimate the end-to-end BER of DF relaying MCSs.
引文
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