MIMO技术在无线Ad hoc网络中的应用研究
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摘要
无线Ad hoc网络是一种非常具有发展前景的自组织网络,尤其是在战术应用和宽带无线接入系统中。而MIMO技术是未来无线通信设备的核心技术,其技术特点将为无线Ad hoc网络带来网络容量、时延、公平性、覆盖距离和可靠性等性能的大幅提升,尤其是共道干扰下的MIMO并行通信能力和多包接收能力,可以通过物理层的方法增加邻域内同时通信的链路,因此在战术通信中具有重要的应用价值,甚至可以改变现役通装设备的通信体制。本文在分析总结了MIMO技术在Ad hoc网络中应用的现状和亟待解决的关键问题的基础上,针对目前在无线Ad hoc网络中应用MIMO的共道干扰抑制能力、空间分集和空间复用等重要问题,进行了深入的研究和大量的仿真实验,取得了以下几个方面的研究成果:
1.提出了一种改进的并行通信MIMO Ad hoc网络容量模型;
由于通过MIMO干扰抑制的方法可以增加无线Ad hoc网络邻域内同时通信的链路,因此共道干扰抑制下的并行传输模式在战术Ad hoc网络中具有重要的应用价值。目前仅有一个容量模型对所有节点装配了MIMO系统并工作在并行传输模式的Ad hoc网络进行了网络容量分析,但是其网络模型模糊,缺少必要的物理传播模型和一些实际的网络参数约束。本文提出了一种改进的网络容量数学模型,引入经典电波传播模型来分析收发节点间距离以及期望节点与干扰节点间距离对网络容量的影响,首次将网络大小、网络节点分布密度、节点间距离和接收机解包功率门限等重要网络参数纳入网络容量数学模型,使网络容量模型能反映物理信道和网络的变化,提高了模型的准确性。
2.剖析了MIMO空间分集对无线Ad hoc网络隐藏和暴露终端问题的影响,并获取了在不同网络运行参数下不同性能选择的最佳分集应用模式;
现在大多数对MIMO空间分集的研究都集中在物理层上,而没有考虑到复杂的网络层面。本文研究MIMO空间分集对于移动Ad hoc网络带来的性能提升,包括速率、时延、覆盖范围、路由效率和吞吐量等指标,首次分析了空间分集的应用对分布式Ad hoc网络隐藏终端和暴露终端问题的影响;探讨了使用空间分集增益来增加覆盖范围与提高速率这两者之间的折中,我们使用Ad hoc网络经典的MAC协议和路由协议来进行仿真研究,获取了在不同网络运行参数下不同性能选择的最佳应用模式,这些结论将为MIMO Ad hoc网络运行模式和自适应传输策略的设计提供有益的指导,具有很好的实际参考价值。
3.提出了一种利用MIMO多包接收能力的多天线MAC协议;
目前无线Ad hoc网络的单信道MAC协议都被设计成在同一时刻一跳范围内只能允许一对用户通信,而MIMO空间复用技术在Ad hoc网络中的应用,为其MAC层协议设计提供了新的思路。本文提出了一种的利用MIMO多包接收能力的多天线MAC新协议(MAMA协议),给出了基于该协议的物理层考虑,协议的帧结构和运行过程,对协议的吞吐量、时延和公平性进行了理论分析和仿真。新协议实现了邻域内多点对点的同时通信,提供了一种新的通信模式,加快了战场态势信息的收集和传递速度。
4.提出了一种解决OFDM系统帧同步方差问题的方法;
在利用并行通信能力和多包接收能力的MAC协议运行过程中,收发机的信号同步是保证MIMO信号可以被成功检测的前提。因此为了研究分布式Ad hoc网络中MIMO-OFDM收发机的定时同步技术,本文首先从OFDM系统的定时同步问题入手,针对传统OFDM定时同步算法中的方差问题,利用度量函数几何特征提出了一种解决OFDM帧同步方差问题的新方法,引入了无穷小因子,使定时同步性能在多径信道下得到较大的提高。
5.提出了一种基于正交变周期训练序列的分布式MIMO-OFDM定时同步算法;
针对MIMO-OFDM收发机在分布式Ad hoc网络中的应用,提出了一种基于正交变周期训练序列的分布式Ad hoc网络MIMO-OFDM定时同步算法(OVPSP),该算法提出了一种新的多天线定时同步训练序列设计方法,每根发射天线的训练序列取自彼此正交的序列母本,且不同天线采用不同的序列周期。由于这种方法可以有效对抗多径衰落和天线间干扰,因此新算法显著提高了定时同步在多径信道下的性能,解决了传统分布式MIMO-OFDM系统定时同步算法在多径信道下精确符号同步估计正确率低的问题。
Wireless Ad hoc networks have found wide application in wireless communication systems, especially in military communication and broadband wireless communication systems. On the other hand, Multi input Multi output (MIMO) is one of core technologies in future wireless communication system. Its main features can greatly improve the performance of wireless Ad hoc networks, such as network throughput, delay, fairness, coverage, reliability and so on. Especially the capabilities of parallel transmission and multi-packet reception,MIMO can increase the number of communication links by the PHY way. Therefore, it is significant to the tactical communication. Even it may change the communication modes of communication equipments in active service. In this thesis, we firstly make a summary of the main ways to obtain the performance improvement of Ad hoc network by MIMO and show the primary questions needed to be answered and the key technologies applying MIMO to Ad hoc networks. We investigate the problems of utilizing spatial diversity, spatial multiplexing and interference suppression of MIMO in Ad hoc networks. Through in-depth study and a mass of simulations, we achieved the following contributions and innovations:
1. Proposes and verifies an improved capacity model of MIMO Ad hoc network with parallel communiating
MIMO can increase the number of communication links by interference suppression in a neighbor of wireless Ad hoc networks. It makes the parallel transmission of MIMO a promising candidate for wide use in tactical Ad hoc networks. Up to now there is only one model analyzing the network capacity operating on parallel transmission mode equipped with MIMO allover the network. But its network model is ambiguous. It is lack of the necessary propagation model and constraints of actual networks. This thesis proposes an improved mathematic model of network capacity, in which we introduce a classical propagation model to analysis the effect of the distance between transmitter and receiver and the distance between excepted receive node and interference node on the network capacity. This is the first model which considers the effect of the total area of the network, average density of nodes, distance between nodes and power threshold of receiving successive packet. These considered factors enable the new model to reflect the changes of channels and networks. By the way, the veracity of capacity model is improved significantly.
2. Evaluates the effects of diversity gain on hidden terminal and exposed terminal problem in Ad hoc network for the first time and achieves the optimal application modes for different performance choices
At present, most of the researches on spatial diversity are focused on the physical layer without taking into consideration the intricacies of a network-wide deployment. The thesis analyzes the improvement of main performance index of mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) by diversity gain including transmission bit rates, delay, coverage, routing efficiency and throughput. The effects of diversity gain on hidden terminal and exposed terminal problem in Ad hoc network are evaluated for the first time. We discuss the trade-offs between coverage and bit rates improved by the diversity gain of MIMO. Simulation of the total network is performed with employing traditional MAC and route protocols. The optimal application modes for different performance choices are achieved from the simulation results employing different network parameters. These conclusions can provide helpful guidance in designing operation scheduler of network and adaptive transmission strategy.
3. Proposes a novel MAC protocol employing the multi-packet reception (MPR) of MIMO
Traditional MAC protocols allow only one pair of communicating nodes in a neighborhood of single-channel Ad hoc networks. Now the SM of MIMO provides a new way for MAC design. We propose a novel MAC protocol employing the multi-packet reception (MPR) of MIMO. In this protocol, exchanges of RTS/SCTS control packets are used to reserve the physical channel. The channel reserve, finite state machine and operation of this protocol are introduced in detail. Furthermore, we present the theory models of normalized saturation throughput for the new protocol. Multipoint-to-point communication is realized in a neighborhood of Ad hoc networks. This is a new communication mode which can speed up the collection and transfer of battlefield information in tactical Ad hoc networks.
4. Proposes a novel method to slove the variance problem of coarse timing synchronization for OFDM systems
During the implementation of protocols utilizing the parallel communication and MPR of MIMO, the timing synchronization is a prerequisite for successfully detecting. For the study on timing synchronization of MIMO-OFDM used in the distributed Ad hoc networks, this thesis begins with the timing synchronization of OFDM system. With consideration of the timing variance problem, we propose a new method to reduce the variance based on geometry character of synchronization metric. Because of the introducing of an infinitesimal, this method significantly improves the performance of timing synchronization in multi-path channel.
5. Proposes a timing synchronization algorithm based on orthogonal variable- period sequences for MIMO-OFDM system in distributed Ad hoc networks
For the application of MIMO-OFDM transceiver in distributed Ad hoc networks, we propose a timing synchronization algorithm which presents a novel design method of timing synchronization training sequences, so called“orthogonal variable-period sequences”. The training sequence structure of every transmitting antenna is formed with several variable-period modulatable sequences which are taken from different orthogonal sequences. This method can effectively eliminate multi-path fading and Multiple Antennas Interference (MAI) and greatly improves the performance of timing synchronization in multi-path channel. The proposed algorithm solves the problem of very low probability of correct fine timing in traditional synchronization algorithm under multi-path channel.
1.提出了一种改进的并行通信MIMO Ad hoc网络容量模型;
由于通过MIMO干扰抑制的方法可以增加无线Ad hoc网络邻域内同时通信的链路,因此共道干扰抑制下的并行传输模式在战术Ad hoc网络中具有重要的应用价值。目前仅有一个容量模型对所有节点装配了MIMO系统并工作在并行传输模式的Ad hoc网络进行了网络容量分析,但是其网络模型模糊,缺少必要的物理传播模型和一些实际的网络参数约束。本文提出了一种改进的网络容量数学模型,引入经典电波传播模型来分析收发节点间距离以及期望节点与干扰节点间距离对网络容量的影响,首次将网络大小、网络节点分布密度、节点间距离和接收机解包功率门限等重要网络参数纳入网络容量数学模型,使网络容量模型能反映物理信道和网络的变化,提高了模型的准确性。
2.剖析了MIMO空间分集对无线Ad hoc网络隐藏和暴露终端问题的影响,并获取了在不同网络运行参数下不同性能选择的最佳分集应用模式;
现在大多数对MIMO空间分集的研究都集中在物理层上,而没有考虑到复杂的网络层面。本文研究MIMO空间分集对于移动Ad hoc网络带来的性能提升,包括速率、时延、覆盖范围、路由效率和吞吐量等指标,首次分析了空间分集的应用对分布式Ad hoc网络隐藏终端和暴露终端问题的影响;探讨了使用空间分集增益来增加覆盖范围与提高速率这两者之间的折中,我们使用Ad hoc网络经典的MAC协议和路由协议来进行仿真研究,获取了在不同网络运行参数下不同性能选择的最佳应用模式,这些结论将为MIMO Ad hoc网络运行模式和自适应传输策略的设计提供有益的指导,具有很好的实际参考价值。
3.提出了一种利用MIMO多包接收能力的多天线MAC协议;
目前无线Ad hoc网络的单信道MAC协议都被设计成在同一时刻一跳范围内只能允许一对用户通信,而MIMO空间复用技术在Ad hoc网络中的应用,为其MAC层协议设计提供了新的思路。本文提出了一种的利用MIMO多包接收能力的多天线MAC新协议(MAMA协议),给出了基于该协议的物理层考虑,协议的帧结构和运行过程,对协议的吞吐量、时延和公平性进行了理论分析和仿真。新协议实现了邻域内多点对点的同时通信,提供了一种新的通信模式,加快了战场态势信息的收集和传递速度。
4.提出了一种解决OFDM系统帧同步方差问题的方法;
在利用并行通信能力和多包接收能力的MAC协议运行过程中,收发机的信号同步是保证MIMO信号可以被成功检测的前提。因此为了研究分布式Ad hoc网络中MIMO-OFDM收发机的定时同步技术,本文首先从OFDM系统的定时同步问题入手,针对传统OFDM定时同步算法中的方差问题,利用度量函数几何特征提出了一种解决OFDM帧同步方差问题的新方法,引入了无穷小因子,使定时同步性能在多径信道下得到较大的提高。
5.提出了一种基于正交变周期训练序列的分布式MIMO-OFDM定时同步算法;
针对MIMO-OFDM收发机在分布式Ad hoc网络中的应用,提出了一种基于正交变周期训练序列的分布式Ad hoc网络MIMO-OFDM定时同步算法(OVPSP),该算法提出了一种新的多天线定时同步训练序列设计方法,每根发射天线的训练序列取自彼此正交的序列母本,且不同天线采用不同的序列周期。由于这种方法可以有效对抗多径衰落和天线间干扰,因此新算法显著提高了定时同步在多径信道下的性能,解决了传统分布式MIMO-OFDM系统定时同步算法在多径信道下精确符号同步估计正确率低的问题。
Wireless Ad hoc networks have found wide application in wireless communication systems, especially in military communication and broadband wireless communication systems. On the other hand, Multi input Multi output (MIMO) is one of core technologies in future wireless communication system. Its main features can greatly improve the performance of wireless Ad hoc networks, such as network throughput, delay, fairness, coverage, reliability and so on. Especially the capabilities of parallel transmission and multi-packet reception,MIMO can increase the number of communication links by the PHY way. Therefore, it is significant to the tactical communication. Even it may change the communication modes of communication equipments in active service. In this thesis, we firstly make a summary of the main ways to obtain the performance improvement of Ad hoc network by MIMO and show the primary questions needed to be answered and the key technologies applying MIMO to Ad hoc networks. We investigate the problems of utilizing spatial diversity, spatial multiplexing and interference suppression of MIMO in Ad hoc networks. Through in-depth study and a mass of simulations, we achieved the following contributions and innovations:
1. Proposes and verifies an improved capacity model of MIMO Ad hoc network with parallel communiating
MIMO can increase the number of communication links by interference suppression in a neighbor of wireless Ad hoc networks. It makes the parallel transmission of MIMO a promising candidate for wide use in tactical Ad hoc networks. Up to now there is only one model analyzing the network capacity operating on parallel transmission mode equipped with MIMO allover the network. But its network model is ambiguous. It is lack of the necessary propagation model and constraints of actual networks. This thesis proposes an improved mathematic model of network capacity, in which we introduce a classical propagation model to analysis the effect of the distance between transmitter and receiver and the distance between excepted receive node and interference node on the network capacity. This is the first model which considers the effect of the total area of the network, average density of nodes, distance between nodes and power threshold of receiving successive packet. These considered factors enable the new model to reflect the changes of channels and networks. By the way, the veracity of capacity model is improved significantly.
2. Evaluates the effects of diversity gain on hidden terminal and exposed terminal problem in Ad hoc network for the first time and achieves the optimal application modes for different performance choices
At present, most of the researches on spatial diversity are focused on the physical layer without taking into consideration the intricacies of a network-wide deployment. The thesis analyzes the improvement of main performance index of mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) by diversity gain including transmission bit rates, delay, coverage, routing efficiency and throughput. The effects of diversity gain on hidden terminal and exposed terminal problem in Ad hoc network are evaluated for the first time. We discuss the trade-offs between coverage and bit rates improved by the diversity gain of MIMO. Simulation of the total network is performed with employing traditional MAC and route protocols. The optimal application modes for different performance choices are achieved from the simulation results employing different network parameters. These conclusions can provide helpful guidance in designing operation scheduler of network and adaptive transmission strategy.
3. Proposes a novel MAC protocol employing the multi-packet reception (MPR) of MIMO
Traditional MAC protocols allow only one pair of communicating nodes in a neighborhood of single-channel Ad hoc networks. Now the SM of MIMO provides a new way for MAC design. We propose a novel MAC protocol employing the multi-packet reception (MPR) of MIMO. In this protocol, exchanges of RTS/SCTS control packets are used to reserve the physical channel. The channel reserve, finite state machine and operation of this protocol are introduced in detail. Furthermore, we present the theory models of normalized saturation throughput for the new protocol. Multipoint-to-point communication is realized in a neighborhood of Ad hoc networks. This is a new communication mode which can speed up the collection and transfer of battlefield information in tactical Ad hoc networks.
4. Proposes a novel method to slove the variance problem of coarse timing synchronization for OFDM systems
During the implementation of protocols utilizing the parallel communication and MPR of MIMO, the timing synchronization is a prerequisite for successfully detecting. For the study on timing synchronization of MIMO-OFDM used in the distributed Ad hoc networks, this thesis begins with the timing synchronization of OFDM system. With consideration of the timing variance problem, we propose a new method to reduce the variance based on geometry character of synchronization metric. Because of the introducing of an infinitesimal, this method significantly improves the performance of timing synchronization in multi-path channel.
5. Proposes a timing synchronization algorithm based on orthogonal variable- period sequences for MIMO-OFDM system in distributed Ad hoc networks
For the application of MIMO-OFDM transceiver in distributed Ad hoc networks, we propose a timing synchronization algorithm which presents a novel design method of timing synchronization training sequences, so called“orthogonal variable-period sequences”. The training sequence structure of every transmitting antenna is formed with several variable-period modulatable sequences which are taken from different orthogonal sequences. This method can effectively eliminate multi-path fading and Multiple Antennas Interference (MAI) and greatly improves the performance of timing synchronization in multi-path channel. The proposed algorithm solves the problem of very low probability of correct fine timing in traditional synchronization algorithm under multi-path channel.
引文
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