面阵数字波束形成算法研究
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摘要
数字波束形成（DBF）技术可显著提高阵列天线的性能，这些性能包括：快速自适应波束置零、超低副瓣、密集多波束、自适应空时处理、高分辨测向和大容量有限带宽通信等等。数字收发组件高额的成本，限制了DBF技术的普遍应用。但随着近几年电子器件技术、微波组件技术和高速数字处理设备技术的发展， DBF技术在相控阵雷达中的应用获得越来越广泛的重视，其应用也不再限于一维或子阵水平。二维面阵收发自适应数字波束形成系统的研究将是今后数字化雷达研究的热点之一。
面阵的数字波束形成算法是面阵DBF技术的关键，本文在现有的一维数字波束形成算法基础上，研究了二维面阵的数字波束形成算法，主要工作有：
① 面阵的幅度相位全控制自适应数字波束形成算法——对角加载QRD-SMI算法的研究；
② 两种面阵唯相位(Phase-Only)数字波束形成算法——小相位扰动约束算法和期望方向增益最大约束算法的研究；
③ 面阵的数字多波束形成算法——二维FFT多波束的研究，以及FFT在可编程逻辑器件中的实现。
The technology of digital beamforming (DBF) can dramatically increase array antenna performances. These performances include fast adaptive pattern nulling, ultra-low sidelobes, closely spaced multiple beams, adaptive space-time processing, high resolution direction fiding(DF) and increased capacity for band-limited communications systems. The application of DBF is limited by the high cost of digital receiver/transmitter elements. Over the years, as the technology of electronic components, microwave ICs and high speed digital processor continue to improve, DBF 's practical value for phased array radar is increasing rapidly, and the application of DBF is not limited in one-dimension or subarray level. The research of adaptive digital beamforming (ADBF) system for 2D planar array will be one of the emphases of digital radar.
The DBF algorithms are essence of the DBF technology. DBF algorithms for 2D planar array based on the algorithms for 1D array are discussed in this paper. The author's main contributions include
① Research of the adaptive digital beamforming algorithm, which control both amplitude and phase of each array element: diagonal loading QRD-SMI algorithm.
② Research of two Phase-Only DBF algorithms: small phase perturbation restriction algorithm and maximum gain of the expected direction restriction algorithm.
③ Research of multiple beams algorithm for planar array: 2D-FFT multiple beams. And the realization of FFT with CPLD.
面阵的数字波束形成算法是面阵DBF技术的关键，本文在现有的一维数字波束形成算法基础上，研究了二维面阵的数字波束形成算法，主要工作有：
① 面阵的幅度相位全控制自适应数字波束形成算法——对角加载QRD-SMI算法的研究；
② 两种面阵唯相位(Phase-Only)数字波束形成算法——小相位扰动约束算法和期望方向增益最大约束算法的研究；
③ 面阵的数字多波束形成算法——二维FFT多波束的研究，以及FFT在可编程逻辑器件中的实现。
The technology of digital beamforming (DBF) can dramatically increase array antenna performances. These performances include fast adaptive pattern nulling, ultra-low sidelobes, closely spaced multiple beams, adaptive space-time processing, high resolution direction fiding(DF) and increased capacity for band-limited communications systems. The application of DBF is limited by the high cost of digital receiver/transmitter elements. Over the years, as the technology of electronic components, microwave ICs and high speed digital processor continue to improve, DBF 's practical value for phased array radar is increasing rapidly, and the application of DBF is not limited in one-dimension or subarray level. The research of adaptive digital beamforming (ADBF) system for 2D planar array will be one of the emphases of digital radar.
The DBF algorithms are essence of the DBF technology. DBF algorithms for 2D planar array based on the algorithms for 1D array are discussed in this paper. The author's main contributions include
① Research of the adaptive digital beamforming algorithm, which control both amplitude and phase of each array element: diagonal loading QRD-SMI algorithm.
② Research of two Phase-Only DBF algorithms: small phase perturbation restriction algorithm and maximum gain of the expected direction restriction algorithm.
③ Research of multiple beams algorithm for planar array: 2D-FFT multiple beams. And the realization of FFT with CPLD.
引文
[1] I. S. Reed etc. ，“Rapid Convergence Rate in Adaptive Arrays" IEEE Trans on AES vol 10 , No．6, Nov 1974
[2] Blair D．Carlson，“Covariance Matrix Estimation Errors and Diagonal Loading in Adaptive Arrays"，IEEE Trans on AES , vol 24，No．4，July 1988
[3] C. A. Baird and G. G. Rassweiler, "Adaptive sidelobe nulling using digitally controlled phase-shifters," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-24, pp. 638-649, 1976.
[4] Hans Steyskal, "Simple Method for Pattern Nulling by Phase Perturbation "，IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP(31, No. 1, pp. 163(166, January. 1983.
[5] Robert A. Shore , "The Use of Nonlinear Programming Technique for Phase(Only Null Synthesis ", IEEE AP Int . Symp . Digest, pp. 207(210, 1983 .
[6] Robert A. Shore, "A proof of the odd-symmetry of the phases for minimum weight perburbation Phase(Only null systhesis ", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP(32, No. 5, pp. 528(530, May. 1984 .
[7] Robert A. Shore, "Nulling at symmetric pattern location with phaseonly weight control"， IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,Vol. 32, 530–533, May 1984.
[8] Hans Steyskal、Robert A. Shore and Randy L. Haupt, "Methods for Null Control and Their Effects on the Radiation Pattern ", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP(34, No. 3, pp. 404(409, March. 1986 .
[9] Y. C. Guo, and J. X. Li., "Real phase-only nulling algorithm (REPONA) for pattern synthesis", 1990 IEEE AP-S International Symposium Degest, pp.1704(1707.
[10] F.R Castella and J.R.Kuttler, "Optimised array antenna nulling with phase(Only control " , IEE Proceedings(F, Vol. 138, No. 3, pp. 241(246, June. 1991.
[11] S. Lundgren and J. R. Sanford, "A new technique for phase-only nulling with equispaced arrays", IEEE conference papers 1995
[12] Steven T. Smith, "Optimum Phase-Only Adaptive Nulling", IEEE Transactions on signal processing, Vol. 47, No. 7, July 1999
[13] Vescovo R.,"Null control for linear arrays by phase-only or amplitude only", Antennas and Propagation Society, IEEE International Symposium, Vol.3, pp.2044(2047, 1999
[14] 龚耀寰，“自适应滤波（第二版）”，电子科技大学，2003
[15] 张光义，“相控阵雷达系统”，国防工业出版社，1994
[16] 李正良等，《矩阵理论及应用》，电子科技大学出版社，1996
[17] 徐士良编，《C常用算法程序集》，清华大学出版社，1996
[18] 侯伯亨，顾新，VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计，西安电子科大出版社，1999
[19] 李广军，孟宪元，可编程ASIC设计及应用，电子科技大学出版社，2000
[20] 徐志军，徐光辉，CPLD/FPGA的开发与应用，北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[21] 龚耀寰等，“自适应接收干扰置零高速处理算法”，国防科学技术报告，2000
[22] 龚耀寰等，“自适应发射干扰置零算法”，国防科学技术报告，2000
[23] 皱理和，“数字信号处理（上）”，西安交通大学
[24] 张贤达，“现代信号处理（第二版）”，清华大学出版社，2002
[25] 罗叙明，“自适应干扰置零并行处理技术”，硕士毕业论文，1998
[26] 朱派友,“收发全自适应数字波束形成系统并行算法及软件”，硕士毕业论文，2001
[27] 张靖,“雷达唯相位发射自适应数字波束形成技术研究”，硕士毕业论文，2002
[2] Blair D．Carlson，“Covariance Matrix Estimation Errors and Diagonal Loading in Adaptive Arrays"，IEEE Trans on AES , vol 24，No．4，July 1988
[3] C. A. Baird and G. G. Rassweiler, "Adaptive sidelobe nulling using digitally controlled phase-shifters," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-24, pp. 638-649, 1976.
[4] Hans Steyskal, "Simple Method for Pattern Nulling by Phase Perturbation "，IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP(31, No. 1, pp. 163(166, January. 1983.
[5] Robert A. Shore , "The Use of Nonlinear Programming Technique for Phase(Only Null Synthesis ", IEEE AP Int . Symp . Digest, pp. 207(210, 1983 .
[6] Robert A. Shore, "A proof of the odd-symmetry of the phases for minimum weight perburbation Phase(Only null systhesis ", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP(32, No. 5, pp. 528(530, May. 1984 .
[7] Robert A. Shore, "Nulling at symmetric pattern location with phaseonly weight control"， IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation,Vol. 32, 530–533, May 1984.
[8] Hans Steyskal、Robert A. Shore and Randy L. Haupt, "Methods for Null Control and Their Effects on the Radiation Pattern ", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP(34, No. 3, pp. 404(409, March. 1986 .
[9] Y. C. Guo, and J. X. Li., "Real phase-only nulling algorithm (REPONA) for pattern synthesis", 1990 IEEE AP-S International Symposium Degest, pp.1704(1707.
[10] F.R Castella and J.R.Kuttler, "Optimised array antenna nulling with phase(Only control " , IEE Proceedings(F, Vol. 138, No. 3, pp. 241(246, June. 1991.
[11] S. Lundgren and J. R. Sanford, "A new technique for phase-only nulling with equispaced arrays", IEEE conference papers 1995
[12] Steven T. Smith, "Optimum Phase-Only Adaptive Nulling", IEEE Transactions on signal processing, Vol. 47, No. 7, July 1999
[13] Vescovo R.,"Null control for linear arrays by phase-only or amplitude only", Antennas and Propagation Society, IEEE International Symposium, Vol.3, pp.2044(2047, 1999
[14] 龚耀寰，“自适应滤波（第二版）”，电子科技大学，2003
[15] 张光义，“相控阵雷达系统”，国防工业出版社，1994
[16] 李正良等，《矩阵理论及应用》，电子科技大学出版社，1996
[17] 徐士良编，《C常用算法程序集》，清华大学出版社，1996
[18] 侯伯亨，顾新，VHDL硬件描述语言与数字逻辑电路设计，西安电子科大出版社，1999
[19] 李广军，孟宪元，可编程ASIC设计及应用，电子科技大学出版社，2000
[20] 徐志军，徐光辉，CPLD/FPGA的开发与应用，北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[21] 龚耀寰等，“自适应接收干扰置零高速处理算法”，国防科学技术报告，2000
[22] 龚耀寰等，“自适应发射干扰置零算法”，国防科学技术报告，2000
[23] 皱理和，“数字信号处理（上）”，西安交通大学
[24] 张贤达，“现代信号处理（第二版）”，清华大学出版社，2002
[25] 罗叙明，“自适应干扰置零并行处理技术”，硕士毕业论文，1998
[26] 朱派友,“收发全自适应数字波束形成系统并行算法及软件”，硕士毕业论文，2001
[27] 张靖,“雷达唯相位发射自适应数字波束形成技术研究”，硕士毕业论文，2002