阵列天线单元间耦合的分析计算及补偿
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摘要
本文研究了阵列天线的互耦问题，重点分析了由对称阵子单元和微带贴片单元组成的天线阵列的互耦问题。
用谱分析法，把阵元问的互耦用阵列的归一化阻抗矩阵来描述，推导了均匀线阵的最佳权矢量及信号干扰噪声比的表达式，仿真计算了互耦对自适应天线阵列的信号干扰噪声比的影响，给出了一种校正互耦的方法，数值模拟了校正的效果。用矩量法计算了几个信号同时照射时对称阵子均匀直线阵的电流分布，用直接数据域算法推导了此接收阵列的恢复期望信号的表达式，举例说明了互耦对阵列天线性能的影响，数值模拟了在弱干扰和强干扰下，互耦造成系统性能下降的情况并分析了原因。根据互耦对系统的作用机制，给出了补偿互耦影响的方法，把用此方法和用开路电压补偿法得出的恢复期望信号做了比较，补偿效果明显优于开路电压法。
用矩量法计算了同轴馈电的矩形微带贴片阵列的电流分布，在求解广义阻抗矩阵时，给出了一种解析方法与数值方法相结合的方法。分析了计算耦合矩阵的不同方法和各自适用的条件，用其中的一种算法算出的耦合矩阵，只与天线阵列的物理特性有关，不随阵列扫描角的变化而变化。给出了一种补偿互耦的方法。这种计算和补偿互耦的方法不限于微带阵列，它可以应用到任意类型任意排列的小型天线阵中。
The mutual coupling in antenna arrays is studied with emphasis on the arrays composed of dipoles and rectangular microstrip patches respectively.
The mutual coupling between elements is expressed in terms of the normalized impedance matrix of the uniform linear array, the concise expressions for the optimized weight of the LMS algorithm and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio are given. The effect of mutual coupling on the performance of the SINR is illustrated with two examples, a method for compensating the mutual coupling is present, the compensation effect of this method is verified by example. Analyze the linear dipole array with uniform element spacing using the method of moments (MoM), derive the analytical expression for the recovered signal with the Direct Data Domain method, demonstrate the effect of the mutual coupling on the performance of the antenna array by examples, the degradation of the system caused by the mutual coupling is simulated and analyzed in two different electromagnetic environments such as the weak and strong interference. According to the effect mechanism of mutual coupling on the system, a method of mutual coupling compensation in antenna arrays is proposed, A comparison of compensation results between the proposed method and the conventional method is made.
Analyze the rectangular microstrip patch array using Green functions method, resolve the integral equation by the method of moment, propose a method for resolving the MoM impedance matrix, which is a combine of analytical method and numerical method. Analyze the conventional method for resolving the coupling matrix and give out an improved method at the same time, the improved method is just relative to the physics characteristics and not change with the scan angle. Propose a method for mutual coupling compensation which is not limit to microstrip arrays and can be used in any small antenna arrays of arbitrary type and arrange.
用谱分析法，把阵元问的互耦用阵列的归一化阻抗矩阵来描述，推导了均匀线阵的最佳权矢量及信号干扰噪声比的表达式，仿真计算了互耦对自适应天线阵列的信号干扰噪声比的影响，给出了一种校正互耦的方法，数值模拟了校正的效果。用矩量法计算了几个信号同时照射时对称阵子均匀直线阵的电流分布，用直接数据域算法推导了此接收阵列的恢复期望信号的表达式，举例说明了互耦对阵列天线性能的影响，数值模拟了在弱干扰和强干扰下，互耦造成系统性能下降的情况并分析了原因。根据互耦对系统的作用机制，给出了补偿互耦影响的方法，把用此方法和用开路电压补偿法得出的恢复期望信号做了比较，补偿效果明显优于开路电压法。
用矩量法计算了同轴馈电的矩形微带贴片阵列的电流分布，在求解广义阻抗矩阵时，给出了一种解析方法与数值方法相结合的方法。分析了计算耦合矩阵的不同方法和各自适用的条件，用其中的一种算法算出的耦合矩阵，只与天线阵列的物理特性有关，不随阵列扫描角的变化而变化。给出了一种补偿互耦的方法。这种计算和补偿互耦的方法不限于微带阵列，它可以应用到任意类型任意排列的小型天线阵中。
The mutual coupling in antenna arrays is studied with emphasis on the arrays composed of dipoles and rectangular microstrip patches respectively.
The mutual coupling between elements is expressed in terms of the normalized impedance matrix of the uniform linear array, the concise expressions for the optimized weight of the LMS algorithm and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio are given. The effect of mutual coupling on the performance of the SINR is illustrated with two examples, a method for compensating the mutual coupling is present, the compensation effect of this method is verified by example. Analyze the linear dipole array with uniform element spacing using the method of moments (MoM), derive the analytical expression for the recovered signal with the Direct Data Domain method, demonstrate the effect of the mutual coupling on the performance of the antenna array by examples, the degradation of the system caused by the mutual coupling is simulated and analyzed in two different electromagnetic environments such as the weak and strong interference. According to the effect mechanism of mutual coupling on the system, a method of mutual coupling compensation in antenna arrays is proposed, A comparison of compensation results between the proposed method and the conventional method is made.
Analyze the rectangular microstrip patch array using Green functions method, resolve the integral equation by the method of moment, propose a method for resolving the MoM impedance matrix, which is a combine of analytical method and numerical method. Analyze the conventional method for resolving the coupling matrix and give out an improved method at the same time, the improved method is just relative to the physics characteristics and not change with the scan angle. Propose a method for mutual coupling compensation which is not limit to microstrip arrays and can be used in any small antenna arrays of arbitrary type and arrange.
引文
[1] R.L.Riegler and R.T.Compton, Jr, An adaptive array for interference rejection, Proc. IEEE, vol.61, no.6, pp.748-758, June 1973.
[2] I.J.Gupta and A.A.Ksienski, Effect of Mutual Coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays, IEEE Trans.Vol.AP-31, pp.785-791, Sept.(1983)
[3] M.Zhang, K.Hirasawa, and K.Fujimoto, Bandwidth consideration of mutual coupling effects on adaptive array performance, IEEE Trans. vol.AP-35, no.3, pp.337-339, Mar. 1987.
[4] T.K.Sarkar and N.Sangruji, An Adaptive nulling system for a narrow-band signal with a look-direction constraint utilizing the conjugate gradient method, IEEE Trans.Vol.AP-37, pp.940-944, July 1989.
[5] T.K.Sarkar, S.Nagaraja and M.C.Wicks, A deterministic direct data domain approach to signal estimation utilizing uniform 2-D arrays, Digital Signal Qrocessing, A Review Journal, vol. 8, no.2, pp. 114-125, April 1998.
[6] K.M.Pasala and E.M.Friel, Mutual coupling effects and their reduction in wideband direction of arrival estimation, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol.30, no.4, pp.1116-1122, April 1994.
[7] Jedlicka, R.; Poe, M.; Carver, K.; Measured mutual coupling between microstrip antennas ,Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre-1988] ,Volume: 29 Issue: 1, Jan 1981 pp. 147-149.
[8] K.C., Gupta, A. Benalla, Microstrip antenna design, Artech House, 1988. pp.245-247
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[10] Van Lil, E.; Van De Capelle, A.;Transmission line model for mutual coupling between microstrip antennas, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre-1988],Volume: 32 Issue: 8, Aug 1984, pp. 816-821.
[11] Miyashia, K.Hariu, I.Chiba and S.mano, Approximate pormula for mutual coupling between linearly polarized circullar microstrip antennas, National Convention Records of IEICE, B-62, September 1990
[12] N.G. Alexopoulos and I.E. Rana, Mutual coupling impedance computation between printed dipoles, IEEE Trans. A.E, vol.29, Jan. 1981, pp. 106-111.
[13] M.Malkomes, Mutual coupling between microstrip patch antennas, Electronics Letters, June 1982, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp.520-522.
[14] PASALA, K.M.,and FRIEL, E.M.: Mutual coupling effects and their reduction in wideband direction of arrival estimation, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., lectron. Syst., pp. 1116-1122
[15] GUPTA, I.J., and KSIENSKI, A.A.,: Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays, IEEE Trans. A.E, 1983.31, pp. 785-791
[16] AUMANN, H.M., FENN, A.J., and WILLWERTH, F.G.:Phased array antenna calibration and pattern prediction using mutual coupling measurements, IEEE Trans. A.E, 1989.37, pp.844-851.
[17] R.F.Harrington,Field Computation by Moment Methods, New York, 1968.
[18] 李世智，电磁辐射与散射问题的矩量法，电子工业出版社，北京，1985．
[19] T.Itoh and W.Menzel, A Full-Wave Analysis Method for Open Microstrip Structures, IEEE Trans. Vol.AP-29, pp.63-67, Jan.(1981).
[20] 张钧等，微带天线理论与工程，国防工业出版社，1988．
[21] 石镇，自适应天线原理，国防工业出版社，1991年．
[22] 胡怡红，林莘，信号处理，人民邮电出版社，1999年10月。
[23] A.R.Djordjevic et al., Analysis of wire antennas and scatters: software and user's manual.Norwood, MA:Artech House, 1995.
[24] 康行健，无线原理与设计，国防工业出版社，1995年。
[25] C.C.Yeh, M.L.Leou, and D.R.Ucci, Bearing estimations with mutual coupling present, IEEE Trans. vol.AP-37, no. 10, pp.1332-1335, Oct. 1989.
[26] S.-Opera and C.A.Balanis, Analytical technique to evaluate the asymptotic part of impedance matrix of Sommerfeld-type integrals, IEEE Trans.Vol.AP-45,
pp.798-805, May 1997.
[27] David M.Pozar, Input impedance and mutual coupling of Rectangular microstrip antennas, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-30, no.6, pp. 1191-1196, Nov. 1982.
[28] David M.Pozar, Finite phased arrays of rectangular microstrip patches, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-34, no.5, pp.658-665, May 1986.
[29] 李庆扬等，数值分析，华中理工大学出版社，1999年．
[30] David M.Pozar, Analysis of finite phased arrays of printed dipoles, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-33, no.10, pp. 1045-1053, Oct. 1985.
[31] H.Steyskal, J.S.Herd, Mutual coupling compensation in small array antenna, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-38, no.12, pp.1971-1975, Dec 1990.
[32] P.Darwood, P.N.Fletcher, G.S.Hilton, Mutual coupling compensation in small planar array antenna, IEE Proc.-Microw.AP, vol. 145, no. 1, pp. 1-6, Feb. 1998.
[33] Raviraj S.Adve, Tapan Kumar Sarkar, Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on direct data domain adaptive algorithms, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-48, no. 1, pp.86-94, Jan. 2000.
[2] I.J.Gupta and A.A.Ksienski, Effect of Mutual Coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays, IEEE Trans.Vol.AP-31, pp.785-791, Sept.(1983)
[3] M.Zhang, K.Hirasawa, and K.Fujimoto, Bandwidth consideration of mutual coupling effects on adaptive array performance, IEEE Trans. vol.AP-35, no.3, pp.337-339, Mar. 1987.
[4] T.K.Sarkar and N.Sangruji, An Adaptive nulling system for a narrow-band signal with a look-direction constraint utilizing the conjugate gradient method, IEEE Trans.Vol.AP-37, pp.940-944, July 1989.
[5] T.K.Sarkar, S.Nagaraja and M.C.Wicks, A deterministic direct data domain approach to signal estimation utilizing uniform 2-D arrays, Digital Signal Qrocessing, A Review Journal, vol. 8, no.2, pp. 114-125, April 1998.
[6] K.M.Pasala and E.M.Friel, Mutual coupling effects and their reduction in wideband direction of arrival estimation, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol.30, no.4, pp.1116-1122, April 1994.
[7] Jedlicka, R.; Poe, M.; Carver, K.; Measured mutual coupling between microstrip antennas ,Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre-1988] ,Volume: 29 Issue: 1, Jan 1981 pp. 147-149.
[8] K.C., Gupta, A. Benalla, Microstrip antenna design, Artech House, 1988. pp.245-247
[9] K.C., Gupta, A. Benalla, Microstrip antenna design, Artech House, 1988. pp 248-253.
[10] Van Lil, E.; Van De Capelle, A.;Transmission line model for mutual coupling between microstrip antennas, Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre-1988],Volume: 32 Issue: 8, Aug 1984, pp. 816-821.
[11] Miyashia, K.Hariu, I.Chiba and S.mano, Approximate pormula for mutual coupling between linearly polarized circullar microstrip antennas, National Convention Records of IEICE, B-62, September 1990
[12] N.G. Alexopoulos and I.E. Rana, Mutual coupling impedance computation between printed dipoles, IEEE Trans. A.E, vol.29, Jan. 1981, pp. 106-111.
[13] M.Malkomes, Mutual coupling between microstrip patch antennas, Electronics Letters, June 1982, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp.520-522.
[14] PASALA, K.M.,and FRIEL, E.M.: Mutual coupling effects and their reduction in wideband direction of arrival estimation, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., lectron. Syst., pp. 1116-1122
[15] GUPTA, I.J., and KSIENSKI, A.A.,: Effect of mutual coupling on the performance of adaptive arrays, IEEE Trans. A.E, 1983.31, pp. 785-791
[16] AUMANN, H.M., FENN, A.J., and WILLWERTH, F.G.:Phased array antenna calibration and pattern prediction using mutual coupling measurements, IEEE Trans. A.E, 1989.37, pp.844-851.
[17] R.F.Harrington,Field Computation by Moment Methods, New York, 1968.
[18] 李世智，电磁辐射与散射问题的矩量法，电子工业出版社，北京，1985．
[19] T.Itoh and W.Menzel, A Full-Wave Analysis Method for Open Microstrip Structures, IEEE Trans. Vol.AP-29, pp.63-67, Jan.(1981).
[20] 张钧等，微带天线理论与工程，国防工业出版社，1988．
[21] 石镇，自适应天线原理，国防工业出版社，1991年．
[22] 胡怡红，林莘，信号处理，人民邮电出版社，1999年10月。
[23] A.R.Djordjevic et al., Analysis of wire antennas and scatters: software and user's manual.Norwood, MA:Artech House, 1995.
[24] 康行健，无线原理与设计，国防工业出版社，1995年。
[25] C.C.Yeh, M.L.Leou, and D.R.Ucci, Bearing estimations with mutual coupling present, IEEE Trans. vol.AP-37, no. 10, pp.1332-1335, Oct. 1989.
[26] S.-Opera and C.A.Balanis, Analytical technique to evaluate the asymptotic part of impedance matrix of Sommerfeld-type integrals, IEEE Trans.Vol.AP-45,
pp.798-805, May 1997.
[27] David M.Pozar, Input impedance and mutual coupling of Rectangular microstrip antennas, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-30, no.6, pp. 1191-1196, Nov. 1982.
[28] David M.Pozar, Finite phased arrays of rectangular microstrip patches, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-34, no.5, pp.658-665, May 1986.
[29] 李庆扬等，数值分析，华中理工大学出版社，1999年．
[30] David M.Pozar, Analysis of finite phased arrays of printed dipoles, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-33, no.10, pp. 1045-1053, Oct. 1985.
[31] H.Steyskal, J.S.Herd, Mutual coupling compensation in small array antenna, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-38, no.12, pp.1971-1975, Dec 1990.
[32] P.Darwood, P.N.Fletcher, G.S.Hilton, Mutual coupling compensation in small planar array antenna, IEE Proc.-Microw.AP, vol. 145, no. 1, pp. 1-6, Feb. 1998.
[33] Raviraj S.Adve, Tapan Kumar Sarkar, Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on direct data domain adaptive algorithms, IEEE Trans.vol.AP-48, no. 1, pp.86-94, Jan. 2000.