无线传感器网络路由协议的研究与改进
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摘要
无线传感器网络是在各种应用需要之下应运产生的一种新技术,由于它能使人们的生活和工作发生根本性的变革,因此被认为是本世纪最具有影响力的新技术之一。无线通信技术、传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理技术是无线传感器网络产生的基石。无线传感器网络技术广泛地应用于军事、医疗护理、灾难预防、家居生活等各种领域,具有极高的研究价值和应用价值。
本文主要介绍了无线传感器网络的定义、与传统网络相比较的特点、应用范围和国内和国外的研究状况,阐述了无线传感器网络的结构组成、协议栈和评价无线传感器网络性能优劣的准则,介绍了无线传感器网络路由协议由于特殊的应用环境而带来的特点,分析比较了针对不同的应用环境研究设计的几种具有代表的路由协议的优势和存在的问题;通过分析LEACH具有的优缺点和进行自适应数据融合的优势,提出了一种新的路由协议——基于自适应数据融合的LEACH路由协议(AF-LEACH)。LEACH协议没有考虑到节点采集的数据之间的相关冗余性,不论数据之间的相关性大还是小,都进行数据融合,可是这样也许会额外增添融合能耗,减少传感器节点有限的能量。本文结合数据融合的有关知识及自适应数据融合的优势,将自适应数据融合的概念引入到分簇式路由协议中,综合考虑数据传输的能量消耗和数据融合自身的能量消耗,使感知数据沿着能耗低的路由迁移,对各个节点采集的数据进行自适应数据融合,减少了网络能耗,使传感器网络能高效地利用有限的能量资源,达到了延长无线传感器网络生命周期的目的。
最后,采用NS-2仿真工具进行仿真实验,模拟了AF-LEACH和典型的分簇式路由协议的运行情况,分析对比了它们的生存周期和网络总能耗实验数据,仿真结果显示,AF-LEACH有效地节约了网络能耗,增长了网络生命周期。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a new technology which can satisfy various application needs, and it can make people's life and work radically change, therefore WSN is considered to be one of most influential new technology this century. The wireless communication technology, the sensor technology, the embedded computing technology and the distributed information processing technology are the cornerstone of wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor network technology is widely used in various fields such as military, medical care, disaster prevention, household life, etc. It has extreme high value for study and application.
This paper mainly introduces the definition of wireless sensor network , the characteristic compared with the traditional networks, the application scope and domestic and foreign research status, and this paper expounds the wireless sensor network’s structure, protocol stack and evaluation criterion of wireless sensor network performance quality, and this paper introduces the wireless sensor network routing protocols characteristic under the different application environment, and compares and analyzes the advantages and problems of several representative of the routing protocols which are designed according to the different application environment. Through the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of LEACH and the advantage of adaptive data fusion, this paper puts forward a new routing protocols, which is named LEACH routing protocol based on adaptive data fusion (AF-LEACH). Without considering related redundancy of the data collected by the nodes in LEACH, and data fusion will be performed whether data correlation is big or small, but that may increase extra energy consumption and reduce the limited energy of sensor nodes. This article unifies the knowledge related data fusion and the advantage of adaptive data fusion and introduces the adaptive data fusion concept to the clustering routing protocols, comprehensively considering the energy consumption of data transmission and energy consumption of data fusion itself, make sense data migrate along the low energy consumption route, data fusion will be performed adaptively in sensor nodes, reduce the network energy, make the sensor networks efficiently use the limited energy resources, and to prolong the network lifetime of wireless sensor network.
Finally, we use NS-2 simulation tools to have a Simulation experiment, and to simulate the operation conditions of the AF-LEACH and typical clustering routing protocols, analyze and compare the network lifetime and the network total energy consumption of these protocol. The simulation results show that AF-LEACH effectively saves network energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime.
本文主要介绍了无线传感器网络的定义、与传统网络相比较的特点、应用范围和国内和国外的研究状况,阐述了无线传感器网络的结构组成、协议栈和评价无线传感器网络性能优劣的准则,介绍了无线传感器网络路由协议由于特殊的应用环境而带来的特点,分析比较了针对不同的应用环境研究设计的几种具有代表的路由协议的优势和存在的问题;通过分析LEACH具有的优缺点和进行自适应数据融合的优势,提出了一种新的路由协议——基于自适应数据融合的LEACH路由协议(AF-LEACH)。LEACH协议没有考虑到节点采集的数据之间的相关冗余性,不论数据之间的相关性大还是小,都进行数据融合,可是这样也许会额外增添融合能耗,减少传感器节点有限的能量。本文结合数据融合的有关知识及自适应数据融合的优势,将自适应数据融合的概念引入到分簇式路由协议中,综合考虑数据传输的能量消耗和数据融合自身的能量消耗,使感知数据沿着能耗低的路由迁移,对各个节点采集的数据进行自适应数据融合,减少了网络能耗,使传感器网络能高效地利用有限的能量资源,达到了延长无线传感器网络生命周期的目的。
最后,采用NS-2仿真工具进行仿真实验,模拟了AF-LEACH和典型的分簇式路由协议的运行情况,分析对比了它们的生存周期和网络总能耗实验数据,仿真结果显示,AF-LEACH有效地节约了网络能耗,增长了网络生命周期。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a new technology which can satisfy various application needs, and it can make people's life and work radically change, therefore WSN is considered to be one of most influential new technology this century. The wireless communication technology, the sensor technology, the embedded computing technology and the distributed information processing technology are the cornerstone of wireless sensor network. Wireless sensor network technology is widely used in various fields such as military, medical care, disaster prevention, household life, etc. It has extreme high value for study and application.
This paper mainly introduces the definition of wireless sensor network , the characteristic compared with the traditional networks, the application scope and domestic and foreign research status, and this paper expounds the wireless sensor network’s structure, protocol stack and evaluation criterion of wireless sensor network performance quality, and this paper introduces the wireless sensor network routing protocols characteristic under the different application environment, and compares and analyzes the advantages and problems of several representative of the routing protocols which are designed according to the different application environment. Through the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of LEACH and the advantage of adaptive data fusion, this paper puts forward a new routing protocols, which is named LEACH routing protocol based on adaptive data fusion (AF-LEACH). Without considering related redundancy of the data collected by the nodes in LEACH, and data fusion will be performed whether data correlation is big or small, but that may increase extra energy consumption and reduce the limited energy of sensor nodes. This article unifies the knowledge related data fusion and the advantage of adaptive data fusion and introduces the adaptive data fusion concept to the clustering routing protocols, comprehensively considering the energy consumption of data transmission and energy consumption of data fusion itself, make sense data migrate along the low energy consumption route, data fusion will be performed adaptively in sensor nodes, reduce the network energy, make the sensor networks efficiently use the limited energy resources, and to prolong the network lifetime of wireless sensor network.
Finally, we use NS-2 simulation tools to have a Simulation experiment, and to simulate the operation conditions of the AF-LEACH and typical clustering routing protocols, analyze and compare the network lifetime and the network total energy consumption of these protocol. The simulation results show that AF-LEACH effectively saves network energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime.
引文
[1]李晓维,WSN技术[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2007:1-7.
[2]尹安.无线传感器网络路由协议研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2009:11-14.
[3]仇庆丰.无线传感器网络路由协议的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳航空工业学院,2009:11-15.
[4]龚本灿.无线传感器网络路由技术研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2009:14-22.
[5] AKYILDIZ I F, SU W, SANKARASUBRAMANIAMY, et al.Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey Computer Networks [J].Computer Net- works,2002,38(4):393-422.
[6] MOHAMMAD I , MAD . Handbook of Sensor Networks : Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems[M].Washington:CRC PRESS, 2004:5-10.
[7]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,等.无线传感器网络(第一版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005:3-11.
[8]滕召胜,罗隆福.智能检测系统与数据融合(第一版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002:38-43.
[9] LACOSS R,WALTON R.Strawman Design for a DSN to Detect and Track Low Flying Aircraft[C].In Proceeding of Distributed Sensor Nets Conference,1978:41-42.
[10]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10):1717-1726.
[11]何宁,王漫,方购,等.面向无线传感器网络应用的传感器技术综述[J].计算机应用与软件,2002(24):91-94.
[12] GAYNOR M,MOULTON S,WELSH M,et al.Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks with the Grid[J].IEEE Internet Computing,2004:32-39.
[13] Internet-scale Resource-intensive Sensor Network Service[EB/OL].http: // www.intel-iris.net.
[14]杜晓明,陈岩.无线传感器网络研究现状与应用[J].北京工商大学学报(自然科学版),2008,26(1):41-44.
[15]中国计算机学会传感器网络专业委员会网站[EB/OL] . [2009-03-09].http:// www.snsornet.org.cn/index.htm.
[16]无线传感器网络的基础理论及关键技术研究.项目编号:2006CB30300 0.[EB/OL].[2008-03-30].http://wsn.973Program.org/default. aspx.
[17]程琰.无线传感器网络路由协议的研究与设计[D].北京:北京化工大学,2010:14-17.
[18] ESTRIN D,CULLER D,PISTER K,et al.Connecting the Physical World with Pervasive Networks[J].IEEE Pervasive Computing Archive,2002,1(1):59-69.
[19] DURRANT-W H.Data Fusion in Sensor Networks[C].Fourth Internatio- nal Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks,2005:42-48.
[20]罗能.无线传感器网络数据融合技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009:19-21.
[21] YONGJUN X, LINGYI L, et al.Low Power Processor Design for Wireless Sensor Network Applications.Wireless Communications [C]. Networking and Mobile Computing,2005,(2):921-924.
[22] SHAMIM PAKZAD, GREGORY FENVES, STEVEN GLASER.Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures Using Wireless Sensor Networks [J].Sensor Networks,2007:25-27.
[23] K.PISTER, B.HOHLT, J.JEONG, et al.A Sensor Network Infrastru-cture[J/OL].2003,http://www.bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/pro- jects/ivy.
[24] L.B.RUIZ, J.M.NOGUEIRA, A.A.F.LOUREIRO.MANNA:A Manage- ment Architecture Forwireless Sensor Networks[J] . Commu-nications Magazine,2003,41(02):116-125.
[25] HILL,D.CULLER.A Wireless Embedded Sensor Architecture for System-level Optimization[R].UC Berkeley Technical Report,2002:12-24.
[26] YOUNIS M. Energy-aware Routing in Cluster-based Sensor Networks [C].Proc of ACM International Symposium on Modeling,Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, 2002:129-136.
[27]李建中.无线传感器网络的研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(01):1-15.
[28]田文果,李立宏,向继东,等.传感器网络与自组织网络应用潜力分析[J].中兴通讯技术,2005,4(1):57-61.
[29] JAMAL N.AL-KARAKI, AHMED E.KAMAL.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks[C] . A Survey IEEE Wireless Communica tions,2004,6-28.
[30] K.AKAYA,M.YOUNIS.A Survey on Routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Elsevier Ad Hoc Network Journal,2005,(3):325-349.
[31]孙宝林,李腊元.Ad Hoc网络QOS多播路由协议[J].计算机学报,2004,27(10):1402-1407.
[32]唐勇,周明天.无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展[J].软件学报,2006,20(5):411-419.
[33]王琳.能量均衡的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议的研究[D].济南:山东大学,2009:18-20.
[34] HAAS Z J, HALPERN J Y, LI L.Gossip-based Ad Hoc Routing [C].In:Proceeding of the IEEE INFOCOM,New York,2002:1707-1716.
[35] INTANAGONWIWAT C, GOVINDAN R, ESTRIN D.Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking[J].IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking,2003,11(1):2-16.
[36] ADRIAN P,ROBERT S,VICTOR W,et al.SPINS:Security Protocols for Sensor Networks[J].Wireless Networks,2002,(8):521-534.
[37] HEINZELMAN W,CHANDRAKASAN A,BALAKRISHNAN H.Energy -Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro Sensor Networks [C].Proc.of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Int’l Conf.on System Sciences,Maui:IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014.
[38] LINDSEY S, RAGHAVENDRA C S.PEGASIS:Power-efficient Gather- ing in Sensor Information Systems[C].Proc of the IEEE Aerospace Conf, Montana: IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society,2002:125-1130.
[39] MANJESHWAR A,AGARWAL D P.TEEN:A Routing Protocol forEnhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].The 1st Internation- nal Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing,2001:2009-2015.
[40]郑勇,杨志义,李志刚.基于无线传感器网络的网内数据融合[J].计算应用研究,2006,4:243-245.
[41]张建明,宋迎清,周四望.无线传感器网络中数据汇聚技术的研究[J].计算机应用,2006,26(6):1273-1278.
[42] H.LUO,Y.LIU,S.K.DAS.Routing Correlated Data with Fusion Cost in Wireless Sensor Networks[J] .IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2006,5(11):1620-1632.
[43]胡海峰,杨震.无线传感器网络中基于移动代理的自适应数据融合路由算法[J].电子与信息学报,南京:南京邮电大学,2008:2254-2258.
[44] LUO H,LUO J,LIU Y,et al.Adaptive Data Fusion for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Wensor Networks[J]. IEEE Trans. on Computers,2006,55(10):1286-1299.
[45]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003:158-174.
[2]尹安.无线传感器网络路由协议研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2009:11-14.
[3]仇庆丰.无线传感器网络路由协议的研究[D].沈阳:沈阳航空工业学院,2009:11-15.
[4]龚本灿.无线传感器网络路由技术研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2009:14-22.
[5] AKYILDIZ I F, SU W, SANKARASUBRAMANIAMY, et al.Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey Computer Networks [J].Computer Net- works,2002,38(4):393-422.
[6] MOHAMMAD I , MAD . Handbook of Sensor Networks : Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems[M].Washington:CRC PRESS, 2004:5-10.
[7]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,等.无线传感器网络(第一版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005:3-11.
[8]滕召胜,罗隆福.智能检测系统与数据融合(第一版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002:38-43.
[9] LACOSS R,WALTON R.Strawman Design for a DSN to Detect and Track Low Flying Aircraft[C].In Proceeding of Distributed Sensor Nets Conference,1978:41-42.
[10]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10):1717-1726.
[11]何宁,王漫,方购,等.面向无线传感器网络应用的传感器技术综述[J].计算机应用与软件,2002(24):91-94.
[12] GAYNOR M,MOULTON S,WELSH M,et al.Integrating Wireless Sensor Networks with the Grid[J].IEEE Internet Computing,2004:32-39.
[13] Internet-scale Resource-intensive Sensor Network Service[EB/OL].http: // www.intel-iris.net.
[14]杜晓明,陈岩.无线传感器网络研究现状与应用[J].北京工商大学学报(自然科学版),2008,26(1):41-44.
[15]中国计算机学会传感器网络专业委员会网站[EB/OL] . [2009-03-09].http:// www.snsornet.org.cn/index.htm.
[16]无线传感器网络的基础理论及关键技术研究.项目编号:2006CB30300 0.[EB/OL].[2008-03-30].http://wsn.973Program.org/default. aspx.
[17]程琰.无线传感器网络路由协议的研究与设计[D].北京:北京化工大学,2010:14-17.
[18] ESTRIN D,CULLER D,PISTER K,et al.Connecting the Physical World with Pervasive Networks[J].IEEE Pervasive Computing Archive,2002,1(1):59-69.
[19] DURRANT-W H.Data Fusion in Sensor Networks[C].Fourth Internatio- nal Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks,2005:42-48.
[20]罗能.无线传感器网络数据融合技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009:19-21.
[21] YONGJUN X, LINGYI L, et al.Low Power Processor Design for Wireless Sensor Network Applications.Wireless Communications [C]. Networking and Mobile Computing,2005,(2):921-924.
[22] SHAMIM PAKZAD, GREGORY FENVES, STEVEN GLASER.Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures Using Wireless Sensor Networks [J].Sensor Networks,2007:25-27.
[23] K.PISTER, B.HOHLT, J.JEONG, et al.A Sensor Network Infrastru-cture[J/OL].2003,http://www.bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/pro- jects/ivy.
[24] L.B.RUIZ, J.M.NOGUEIRA, A.A.F.LOUREIRO.MANNA:A Manage- ment Architecture Forwireless Sensor Networks[J] . Commu-nications Magazine,2003,41(02):116-125.
[25] HILL,D.CULLER.A Wireless Embedded Sensor Architecture for System-level Optimization[R].UC Berkeley Technical Report,2002:12-24.
[26] YOUNIS M. Energy-aware Routing in Cluster-based Sensor Networks [C].Proc of ACM International Symposium on Modeling,Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems, 2002:129-136.
[27]李建中.无线传感器网络的研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(01):1-15.
[28]田文果,李立宏,向继东,等.传感器网络与自组织网络应用潜力分析[J].中兴通讯技术,2005,4(1):57-61.
[29] JAMAL N.AL-KARAKI, AHMED E.KAMAL.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks[C] . A Survey IEEE Wireless Communica tions,2004,6-28.
[30] K.AKAYA,M.YOUNIS.A Survey on Routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks[J].Elsevier Ad Hoc Network Journal,2005,(3):325-349.
[31]孙宝林,李腊元.Ad Hoc网络QOS多播路由协议[J].计算机学报,2004,27(10):1402-1407.
[32]唐勇,周明天.无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展[J].软件学报,2006,20(5):411-419.
[33]王琳.能量均衡的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议的研究[D].济南:山东大学,2009:18-20.
[34] HAAS Z J, HALPERN J Y, LI L.Gossip-based Ad Hoc Routing [C].In:Proceeding of the IEEE INFOCOM,New York,2002:1707-1716.
[35] INTANAGONWIWAT C, GOVINDAN R, ESTRIN D.Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking[J].IEEE/ACM Trans on Networking,2003,11(1):2-16.
[36] ADRIAN P,ROBERT S,VICTOR W,et al.SPINS:Security Protocols for Sensor Networks[J].Wireless Networks,2002,(8):521-534.
[37] HEINZELMAN W,CHANDRAKASAN A,BALAKRISHNAN H.Energy -Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro Sensor Networks [C].Proc.of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Int’l Conf.on System Sciences,Maui:IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014.
[38] LINDSEY S, RAGHAVENDRA C S.PEGASIS:Power-efficient Gather- ing in Sensor Information Systems[C].Proc of the IEEE Aerospace Conf, Montana: IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society,2002:125-1130.
[39] MANJESHWAR A,AGARWAL D P.TEEN:A Routing Protocol forEnhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].The 1st Internation- nal Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing,2001:2009-2015.
[40]郑勇,杨志义,李志刚.基于无线传感器网络的网内数据融合[J].计算应用研究,2006,4:243-245.
[41]张建明,宋迎清,周四望.无线传感器网络中数据汇聚技术的研究[J].计算机应用,2006,26(6):1273-1278.
[42] H.LUO,Y.LIU,S.K.DAS.Routing Correlated Data with Fusion Cost in Wireless Sensor Networks[J] .IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2006,5(11):1620-1632.
[43]胡海峰,杨震.无线传感器网络中基于移动代理的自适应数据融合路由算法[J].电子与信息学报,南京:南京邮电大学,2008:2254-2258.
[44] LUO H,LUO J,LIU Y,et al.Adaptive Data Fusion for Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Wensor Networks[J]. IEEE Trans. on Computers,2006,55(10):1286-1299.
[45]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003:158-174.