事故致因因素的识别、评价和控制
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摘要
事故致因因素包括能量物质或载体、物的不安全状态和人的不安全行为、管理因素三个层面。系统安全认为危险源是导致事故的根源,但目前关于危险源的定义尚不统一,主流的危险源理论有三种,这三种理论哪一种更适合在实际中应用,是迫切需要解决的问题。
本文从分析当前主流的危险源理论入手,首先阐述了3种危险源理论的基本内容和研究现状;简要介绍了目前主流的事故致因理论,提出了事故致因因素系统模型,论述了3类事故致因因素(能量物质或载体、物的不安全状态和人的不安全行为、管理因素)之间的关系。
其次,从危险源的识别、风险评价和控制三方面对现阶段的三种危险源理论进行了研究。主要论述了两类危险源理论中第二类危险源的风险评价;三类危险源理论中第三类危险源的识别;管理因素的控制;得出3种危险源理论的优缺点。并结合实例对能量单元理论进行了应用。
最后,阐述了危险源风险评价和系统风险评价的关系。论述了3类事故致因因素重要度的评价方法和重要度的应用;并结合实例说明重要度评价的应用。
Accident-causing factors include energy material or carrier, unsafe state of thing and unsafe behavior of person, and management aspect. The viewpoint of system safety is hazard is the source of accidents. But the definition of hazard is not uniform. There are three hazard theories,which one is more adaptive to apply is a problem needed to solve imminently.
First of all, this paper analyzes the three hazard theories; then illustrates the basic content and current development of three hazard theories, and briefly introduced the mainstream accident-causing theories. The system model of accident-causing factor is put forward, which discusses the relation of accident-causing factors(energy material or carrier, unsafe state of thing and unsafe behavior of person, and management aspect).
Secondly the three hazard theories are analyzed according to the identification & assessment & control of hazard. Mainly illustrates the assessment of second hazard, the identification of third hazard, the control of management aspect. The advantage and disadvantage of three theories are put forward. The energy unit theory is applied to a real example.
In the end, the relation of hazard risk assessment and system risk assessment is analyzed. Then this paper discusses the method and application of importance assessment of three kind of accident-causing factor. The importance assessment is applied to a real example.
本文从分析当前主流的危险源理论入手,首先阐述了3种危险源理论的基本内容和研究现状;简要介绍了目前主流的事故致因理论,提出了事故致因因素系统模型,论述了3类事故致因因素(能量物质或载体、物的不安全状态和人的不安全行为、管理因素)之间的关系。
其次,从危险源的识别、风险评价和控制三方面对现阶段的三种危险源理论进行了研究。主要论述了两类危险源理论中第二类危险源的风险评价;三类危险源理论中第三类危险源的识别;管理因素的控制;得出3种危险源理论的优缺点。并结合实例对能量单元理论进行了应用。
最后,阐述了危险源风险评价和系统风险评价的关系。论述了3类事故致因因素重要度的评价方法和重要度的应用;并结合实例说明重要度评价的应用。
Accident-causing factors include energy material or carrier, unsafe state of thing and unsafe behavior of person, and management aspect. The viewpoint of system safety is hazard is the source of accidents. But the definition of hazard is not uniform. There are three hazard theories,which one is more adaptive to apply is a problem needed to solve imminently.
First of all, this paper analyzes the three hazard theories; then illustrates the basic content and current development of three hazard theories, and briefly introduced the mainstream accident-causing theories. The system model of accident-causing factor is put forward, which discusses the relation of accident-causing factors(energy material or carrier, unsafe state of thing and unsafe behavior of person, and management aspect).
Secondly the three hazard theories are analyzed according to the identification & assessment & control of hazard. Mainly illustrates the assessment of second hazard, the identification of third hazard, the control of management aspect. The advantage and disadvantage of three theories are put forward. The energy unit theory is applied to a real example.
In the end, the relation of hazard risk assessment and system risk assessment is analyzed. Then this paper discusses the method and application of importance assessment of three kind of accident-causing factor. The importance assessment is applied to a real example.
引文
[1]隋鹏程,陈宝智,隋旭编著.安全原理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.4
[2]何学秋,林柏泉,田水承等.安全工程学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2000
[3]“易燃、易爆、有毒重大危险源辨识评价技术的研究”研究报告,1995.10.
[4]罗云,徐德蜀等.注册安全工程师手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.8:226～228
[5]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局发布. GB/T28001—2001.职业健康安全管理体系规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社出版,2001.12
[6]Occupational Safety and Health Administration,U.S. Department of Labor. Job Hazard Analysis[EB/OL]
[7]陈宝智.危险源辨识、控制及评价[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1996
[8]田水承.第三类危险源辨识与控制研究[D].北京理工大学2001(7)
[9]陈全.事故致因因素和危险源理论分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2009,19(10):67～71
[10]钱新明,陈宝智.危险源辨识与安全分析[J].劳动保护科学技术,1994,14(6):7～10
[11]汪元辉.安全系统工程[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1999.10
[12]张力.概率安全评价中人因可靠性分析技术研究[D].湖南大学2004(3)
[13]田水承,李红霞,王莉等.从三类危险源理论看煤矿事故的频发[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(1):10～15
[14]NRI MORT User’s Manual[Z]. The Noordwijk Risk Initiative Foundation.
[15]沈斐敏.安全系统工程理论与应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2001.6
[16]刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智编.安全评价方法应用指南[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.4
[17]国家安全生产监督管理总局编.安全评价[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,第3版
[18]陈宝智.安全原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002
[19]吴宗之,高进东,魏利军编著.危险评价方法及其应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001
[20]吴宗之,高进东.重大危险源辨识与控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001
[21]赵宏展,徐向东.危险源的概念辨析[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(1):65～70
[22]孙斌.危险源理论研究进展[J].中国煤炭,2007,33(2):63～65
[23]孙斌.基于第三类危险源的风险管理计划研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,15(9):100～103
[24]丁新国,赵云胜.危险源与危险源分类的研究[J].安全与环境工程,2005,12(3):87～90
[25]李争峰.对危险源辨识、风险评价技术方法的应用探讨[J].石油化工安全技术,2005,12(3):3～5
[26]白勤虎,白芳,何金梅等.生产系统的状态与危险源结构[J].中国安全科学学报,2000,(5):71～75
[27]王敏.事故发生原理及安全对策[J].安全与健康,2002,(9):30～32
[28]陈森尧.危险源辨识评价基本概念研究笔记[J].劳动保护科学技术,1997,(2):25～27
[29]陈宝智,吴敏.事故致因理论与安全理念[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2008,4(1):42～46
[30]李万帮,肖东生.事故致因理论述评[J].南华大学学报(社会科学版),2007,8(1):57～61
[31]叶建纲.安全系统工程理论在实践中的应用[J].甘肃冶金,2002,(01)
[32]冯宏祥.基于系统安全工程学的港航通航安全评价[J].中国水运,2007,5(5):12～13
[33]白勤虎,吴子稳.系统安全·系统安全工程·系统安全分析及评价[J].华东经济管理,1994年第6期
[34]刘茂.危险源的辨识及危险性分析[J].石油化工安全技术,1996,12(2):17～19
[35] Nancy Leveson. A New Accident Model for Engineering Safer Systems. Safety Science,2004,42:237～270
[36] Josef S.Sheirf. On risk&risk analysis [J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety
[37] Rasmussen J. Risk management in a dynamic society: a modelling problem. Safety Science, 1997, 27(2/3): 183～213
[38]Bernard D.Goldstein. Topics in Hazard Identification: Oxygenated Fuels, Safety Assessment, Hematological Neoplasms, and the Precautionary Principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2002,8(6): 1223～1228
[39] Gregory Carter, Simon D.Smith. Safety Hazard Identification on Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2006, 2: 197～205
[40] Ajay Kumar. Analyzing System safety. Pollution Engineering, 2000, 6: 46～49
[41] S. Sabanov, O. Nikitin, J.-R. Pastarus. Risk Assessment of Feasibility of Roadheaders in Estonian Underground Mining. Oil Shale, 2008, 25(2): 153～162
[42]Steven R. Trammell, Donald K. Lorenzo, Brett J. Davis. Integrated Hazards Analysis. Professional Safety, 2004,5: 29～37
[43]Karen L. Hulebak, Wayne Schlosser. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP)History and Concept- ual Overview. Risk Analysis, 2002, 22(3): 547～552
[44] W. H. Guo, Y. L. Xu, M.ASCE. Safety Analysis of Moving Road Vehicles on a Long Bridge under Crosswind. Journal Of Engineering Mechanics, 2006, 4: 438～446
[45]Taylar, Franci. Safety Analysis: Principles & Practices in Occupational Safety, 2nd Edition. Professional Safety, 2003, 8: 12～49
[46]E. Scott geller. Behavioral Safety Analysis: a necessary precursor to Corrective Action. Professional Safety, 2000, 3: 29～32
[47] James E. Roughton, Nathan Crutchfield. Job Hazard Analysis: A Guide for Voluntary Compliance & Beyond. Professional Safety, 2008, 4: 56
[48]Richard Lawley. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point: what’s in a name? Food Engineering & Ingredients, 2007, 9: 18
[49]Moscow. Methodology of Complicated System Hazard Analysis by The Use of Sharp and Fuzzy Sets. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. 2005,41(7–8): 391～395
[50]Jose Miguel Soriano, Inmaculada Prieto, Juan Carlos Molto. A review of the application of the hazard analysis and critical control point system to salads served in the restaurant of Valencia University. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2005,40: 333～336
[2]何学秋,林柏泉,田水承等.安全工程学[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2000
[3]“易燃、易爆、有毒重大危险源辨识评价技术的研究”研究报告,1995.10.
[4]罗云,徐德蜀等.注册安全工程师手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.8:226～228
[5]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局发布. GB/T28001—2001.职业健康安全管理体系规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社出版,2001.12
[6]Occupational Safety and Health Administration,U.S. Department of Labor. Job Hazard Analysis[EB/OL]
[7]陈宝智.危险源辨识、控制及评价[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1996
[8]田水承.第三类危险源辨识与控制研究[D].北京理工大学2001(7)
[9]陈全.事故致因因素和危险源理论分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2009,19(10):67～71
[10]钱新明,陈宝智.危险源辨识与安全分析[J].劳动保护科学技术,1994,14(6):7～10
[11]汪元辉.安全系统工程[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1999.10
[12]张力.概率安全评价中人因可靠性分析技术研究[D].湖南大学2004(3)
[13]田水承,李红霞,王莉等.从三类危险源理论看煤矿事故的频发[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(1):10～15
[14]NRI MORT User’s Manual[Z]. The Noordwijk Risk Initiative Foundation.
[15]沈斐敏.安全系统工程理论与应用[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2001.6
[16]刘铁民,张兴凯,刘功智编.安全评价方法应用指南[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.4
[17]国家安全生产监督管理总局编.安全评价[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,第3版
[18]陈宝智.安全原理[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2002
[19]吴宗之,高进东,魏利军编著.危险评价方法及其应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001
[20]吴宗之,高进东.重大危险源辨识与控制[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001
[21]赵宏展,徐向东.危险源的概念辨析[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(1):65～70
[22]孙斌.危险源理论研究进展[J].中国煤炭,2007,33(2):63～65
[23]孙斌.基于第三类危险源的风险管理计划研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,15(9):100～103
[24]丁新国,赵云胜.危险源与危险源分类的研究[J].安全与环境工程,2005,12(3):87～90
[25]李争峰.对危险源辨识、风险评价技术方法的应用探讨[J].石油化工安全技术,2005,12(3):3～5
[26]白勤虎,白芳,何金梅等.生产系统的状态与危险源结构[J].中国安全科学学报,2000,(5):71～75
[27]王敏.事故发生原理及安全对策[J].安全与健康,2002,(9):30～32
[28]陈森尧.危险源辨识评价基本概念研究笔记[J].劳动保护科学技术,1997,(2):25～27
[29]陈宝智,吴敏.事故致因理论与安全理念[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2008,4(1):42～46
[30]李万帮,肖东生.事故致因理论述评[J].南华大学学报(社会科学版),2007,8(1):57～61
[31]叶建纲.安全系统工程理论在实践中的应用[J].甘肃冶金,2002,(01)
[32]冯宏祥.基于系统安全工程学的港航通航安全评价[J].中国水运,2007,5(5):12～13
[33]白勤虎,吴子稳.系统安全·系统安全工程·系统安全分析及评价[J].华东经济管理,1994年第6期
[34]刘茂.危险源的辨识及危险性分析[J].石油化工安全技术,1996,12(2):17～19
[35] Nancy Leveson. A New Accident Model for Engineering Safer Systems. Safety Science,2004,42:237～270
[36] Josef S.Sheirf. On risk&risk analysis [J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety
[37] Rasmussen J. Risk management in a dynamic society: a modelling problem. Safety Science, 1997, 27(2/3): 183～213
[38]Bernard D.Goldstein. Topics in Hazard Identification: Oxygenated Fuels, Safety Assessment, Hematological Neoplasms, and the Precautionary Principle. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2002,8(6): 1223～1228
[39] Gregory Carter, Simon D.Smith. Safety Hazard Identification on Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2006, 2: 197～205
[40] Ajay Kumar. Analyzing System safety. Pollution Engineering, 2000, 6: 46～49
[41] S. Sabanov, O. Nikitin, J.-R. Pastarus. Risk Assessment of Feasibility of Roadheaders in Estonian Underground Mining. Oil Shale, 2008, 25(2): 153～162
[42]Steven R. Trammell, Donald K. Lorenzo, Brett J. Davis. Integrated Hazards Analysis. Professional Safety, 2004,5: 29～37
[43]Karen L. Hulebak, Wayne Schlosser. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP)History and Concept- ual Overview. Risk Analysis, 2002, 22(3): 547～552
[44] W. H. Guo, Y. L. Xu, M.ASCE. Safety Analysis of Moving Road Vehicles on a Long Bridge under Crosswind. Journal Of Engineering Mechanics, 2006, 4: 438～446
[45]Taylar, Franci. Safety Analysis: Principles & Practices in Occupational Safety, 2nd Edition. Professional Safety, 2003, 8: 12～49
[46]E. Scott geller. Behavioral Safety Analysis: a necessary precursor to Corrective Action. Professional Safety, 2000, 3: 29～32
[47] James E. Roughton, Nathan Crutchfield. Job Hazard Analysis: A Guide for Voluntary Compliance & Beyond. Professional Safety, 2008, 4: 56
[48]Richard Lawley. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point: what’s in a name? Food Engineering & Ingredients, 2007, 9: 18
[49]Moscow. Methodology of Complicated System Hazard Analysis by The Use of Sharp and Fuzzy Sets. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. 2005,41(7–8): 391～395
[50]Jose Miguel Soriano, Inmaculada Prieto, Juan Carlos Molto. A review of the application of the hazard analysis and critical control point system to salads served in the restaurant of Valencia University. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2005,40: 333～336