柑橘果实采后酸腐病侵染规律及防治技术的研究
摘要
酸腐病是柑橘贮运中最常见、最难防治的病害之一,由此带来的损失也是巨大的。但目前,国内外对酸腐病害的侵染机制及生物防治研究甚少,因而开展柑橘G citri-aurantii侵染规律及安全的防治技术的研究对于降低损失,增加农民收入具有重要意义。
本文对柑橘G. citri-aurantii的侵染途径及侵染时期进行了初步的研究,并对从柑橘果实表面及根际土壤中分离获得的采后致病G. citri-aurantii不同菌株间的形态学特征、致病力及生物学特性等方面进行了鉴定,研究了不同拮抗菌、天然植物提取物及低剂量杀菌剂等对柑橘采后病害(主要是酸腐病害)的防治效果,并初步探讨了其可能产生的抑菌机理。主要研究结果如下：
1对柑橘不同侵染途径的研究结果表明,在柑橘的苞片、花器、根、茎及叶上均没有分离到柑橘G. citri-aurantii;在柑橘果皮分离到多株G citri-aurantii;在根际土壤中分离到一株G. citri-aurantii。
2对柑橘果实发育期带菌的分离结果表明,在果实发育过程中,从幼果期、转色期和成熟期的柑橘果实中没有分离到G citri-aurantii。这说明,G.citri-aurantii可能是柑橘采后在运输和贮藏过程中通过伤口进行侵染从而导致果实发病。
3应用rDNA-ITS分子标记分析和传统真菌形态学鉴定相结合的方法,对从不同产地、不同品种的柑橘上分离获得的能引起柑橘贮藏期间腐烂的7株酸腐菌(G_1、G_2、G_4、G_10、G_27、G_50、T_10)进行了鉴定。结果表明：这7株菌株均属于酸腐菌(G. citri-aurantii)。
4对分离到的7株G. citri-aurantii的致病性进行了研究,发现G50对柑橘果实致病能力最强,条件适宜的情况下,从果实发病到全果腐烂只要7d-10d时间；其次为G_2、G_4、G_10、G_27、T_10;而G1的致病力最弱,接种后的柑橘贮藏在26℃下,在第四天的发病率仅为20%,在随后的贮藏时间内,发病率不变,病斑直径略有增加。成熟度、伤口和带菌量是柑橘采后致病的关键因子。
5对不同菌株的生物学特性的研究结果表明,在同一培养基上培养,平均日生长速率、菌落颜色、以及菌落厚度不同菌株之间没有显著不同。G.citri-aurantii生长温度范围为5-35℃,菌丝体生长和孢子形成适宜温度为15-30℃。孢子致死温度试验表明：G. citri-aurantii致死温度在80-85℃。
6用百里香精油、肉豆蔻精油、桉树精油、鼠尾草精油和温郁金精油对柑橘主要采后病原菌在体外熏蒸和直接接触抑菌效果进行了研究。结果发现采用熏蒸法进行抑菌试验时,百里香精油对柑橘三种主要致病菌表现了较好的抑菌效果,桉树精油的抑菌效果次之,肉豆蔻精油、鼠尾草精油和温郁金精油只对柑橘G.citri-aurantii有抑制效果。当采用直接接触法进行抑菌试验时,百里香精油显示了较强的抑菌活性,温郁金精油次之,鼠尾草精油、桉树精油和肉豆蔻精油对柑橘G citri-aurantii没有抑菌活性。
7用百里香精油以直接接触的方法处理柑橘果实时,对柑橘三种采后病害均显示较好的抑制效果。在体外试验中发现,碳酸钠能够加强百里香精油的抑菌效果。在体内试验中,百里香精油与适量浓度的碳酸钠结合时,能显著的提高植物精油的抑菌效果,而且能够完全的抑制柑橘酸腐病害的发生。
8在26℃培养温度下,1×lO~6CFU/mL的三种拮抗酵母悬浮液均能够显著的抑制病菌孢子浓度为1×10~6个/mL时柑橘果实酸腐病(G. citri-aurantii)的发生。三种拮抗酵母菌对柑橘青霉病和绿霉病也有一定的抑制效果。而且拮抗酵母与低浓度的杀菌剂混合使用,可增强拮抗酵母对柑橘酸腐病害的抑制效果。
9拮抗菌在室温下能迅速在柑橘果实伤口定植,接种酵母菌28h后,数量可增加20倍以上。拮抗菌和病菌孢子的接种时间与生物防治效果有关,先接种拮抗菌的抑菌效果显著的好于同时或后于病菌接种的效果。
10柑橘果实采后酸腐病害防治中试结果表明,R. paludigenum与50μl/L维鲜或400μl/L百里香精油与1%的Na_2CO_3结合使用能显著提高对柑橘果实采后酸腐病害的防治效果。
In this paper, we studied infection path and period of Geotrichum citri-aurantii and morphological characters, pathogenicity, part of biological characteristics of different isolates of Geotrichum spp which were isolated from citrus fruit surface and in rhizosphere soil. Worthwhile, we researched the inhibition effects and mechanisms of different antagonists, plant extracts and low dose fungicides against citrus postharvest diseases, especially sour rot. Main conclusions were drawn as follows:
1 The results about infection path showed that Geotrichum spp could not be found on foliage, bract, blossom, and stalk of citrus. We isolated several Geotrichum spps on the surface of citrus which was the most major and important carrier. A G. citri-aurantii was isolated from the rhizosphere soil.
2 We isolated no Geotrichum spps from citrus surface at different growth phase. The isolation results showed that Geotrichum spps may infect citrus fruits and make them rot by wounds in transport and storge.
3 Seven typical pathogenic strains includingG_1, G_2, G_4, G_10, G_27, G_50, T_10, which were isolated from the surface of citrus fruits in different areas, were identified as Geotrichum spp by morphological characters and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis.
4 The incidence and development of development of disease were determined by pathogen, host, environment and interaction of each other. Those factors (including pathogen capacity, the way and period of infection, temperature and humidity of environment and so on) influenced disease development. It showed that sour rot incidence and severity both increased when temperature increased during citrus storage. Pathogenicity of G. citri-aurantii (G50) was the best, the incidence disease could be whole only for 5-7d while in suitable conditions. Sequentially was G. citri-aurantii (G2、G_4、G_10、G_27、T_10). G. citri-aurantii (Gi) was the worst. The sour rot of inoculated citrus fruits was only 20%after 4 days at 26℃, then the number of sour rot would not change while the diameter increased a bit. Wound, degree of maturity, and inoculation quantity of spores would increase succession of infection, and it is the key factors for the incidence and development of disease.
5 The results indicate that there were not significant difference in growth characteristics (including growth rate, color of colony and thickness of colony) in PDA media. The growth temperature range from 10℃to 70℃the hyphal could survived, and the suitable temperature for mycelia growth and spores germination was 15℃to 30℃. In the deadly temperature test, the result showed that the strains were died from 80℃to 85℃.
6 Thyme oil had strong fumigant toxicity followed by eucalyptus oil to all three postharvest pathogens in citrus fruits. Nutmeg oil, sage oil and curcuma wenyujin presented weak fumigant toxicity to Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum while they exhibited a moderate action to G. citri-aurantii (G50). Thyme oil exhibited strong contact antifungal activities against the tested fungi. Curcuma wenyujin exhibited a moderate contact action while nutmeg oil, sage oil and eucalyptus oil present no contact antifungal activity to G. citri-aurantii (G50).
7 Thyme oil showed a significant inhibitory effect against all three pathogens in citrus fruits. It reduced the percentage of decayed citrus caused by fungal pathogens. The antifungal effect of thyme oil against G. citri-aurantii (G50) was enhanced significantly by combining with Na_2CO_3 in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, sour rot could be completely inhibited by 1600μl/L thyme oil with 0.5%Na_2CO_3.
8 Antagonists Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, and Rhodotorula glutinis at 1x1O~6 CFU/mL could effectively control sour rot disease in citrus fruits at 26℃. They also could control green and blue mold diseases.In addition, the antifungal effect of R. paludigenum against G. citri-aurantii (G50) was enhanced significantly by combining with low doses fungicide.
9 Rapid colonizations of all three yeast antagonists in wounds were observed at 26℃. The population increased more than 20 folds after 28 h inoculation compared to the start point. Efficacy of yeasts against sour rot disease was maintained when applied simultaneously with or before G. citri-aurantii, but when applied after spores, biocontrol efficacy was significantly reduced.
10 On pilot-scale experiment tests, R. paludigenum and thyme oil had great biocontrol activity against sour rot of citrus fruits,1×10~8 CFU/mL R. paludigenum in combination with low doses fungicide (50μl/L) or 400μl/L thyme oil in combination with 1%Na_2CO_3 showed great biocontrol activity to sour rot in citrus fruits, which showed potential of biocontrol agents to control the postharvest decay of citrus fruits.
本文对柑橘G. citri-aurantii的侵染途径及侵染时期进行了初步的研究,并对从柑橘果实表面及根际土壤中分离获得的采后致病G. citri-aurantii不同菌株间的形态学特征、致病力及生物学特性等方面进行了鉴定,研究了不同拮抗菌、天然植物提取物及低剂量杀菌剂等对柑橘采后病害(主要是酸腐病害)的防治效果,并初步探讨了其可能产生的抑菌机理。主要研究结果如下：
1对柑橘不同侵染途径的研究结果表明,在柑橘的苞片、花器、根、茎及叶上均没有分离到柑橘G. citri-aurantii;在柑橘果皮分离到多株G citri-aurantii;在根际土壤中分离到一株G. citri-aurantii。
2对柑橘果实发育期带菌的分离结果表明,在果实发育过程中,从幼果期、转色期和成熟期的柑橘果实中没有分离到G citri-aurantii。这说明,G.citri-aurantii可能是柑橘采后在运输和贮藏过程中通过伤口进行侵染从而导致果实发病。
3应用rDNA-ITS分子标记分析和传统真菌形态学鉴定相结合的方法,对从不同产地、不同品种的柑橘上分离获得的能引起柑橘贮藏期间腐烂的7株酸腐菌(G_1、G_2、G_4、G_10、G_27、G_50、T_10)进行了鉴定。结果表明：这7株菌株均属于酸腐菌(G. citri-aurantii)。
4对分离到的7株G. citri-aurantii的致病性进行了研究,发现G50对柑橘果实致病能力最强,条件适宜的情况下,从果实发病到全果腐烂只要7d-10d时间；其次为G_2、G_4、G_10、G_27、T_10;而G1的致病力最弱,接种后的柑橘贮藏在26℃下,在第四天的发病率仅为20%,在随后的贮藏时间内,发病率不变,病斑直径略有增加。成熟度、伤口和带菌量是柑橘采后致病的关键因子。
5对不同菌株的生物学特性的研究结果表明,在同一培养基上培养,平均日生长速率、菌落颜色、以及菌落厚度不同菌株之间没有显著不同。G.citri-aurantii生长温度范围为5-35℃,菌丝体生长和孢子形成适宜温度为15-30℃。孢子致死温度试验表明：G. citri-aurantii致死温度在80-85℃。
6用百里香精油、肉豆蔻精油、桉树精油、鼠尾草精油和温郁金精油对柑橘主要采后病原菌在体外熏蒸和直接接触抑菌效果进行了研究。结果发现采用熏蒸法进行抑菌试验时,百里香精油对柑橘三种主要致病菌表现了较好的抑菌效果,桉树精油的抑菌效果次之,肉豆蔻精油、鼠尾草精油和温郁金精油只对柑橘G.citri-aurantii有抑制效果。当采用直接接触法进行抑菌试验时,百里香精油显示了较强的抑菌活性,温郁金精油次之,鼠尾草精油、桉树精油和肉豆蔻精油对柑橘G citri-aurantii没有抑菌活性。
7用百里香精油以直接接触的方法处理柑橘果实时,对柑橘三种采后病害均显示较好的抑制效果。在体外试验中发现,碳酸钠能够加强百里香精油的抑菌效果。在体内试验中,百里香精油与适量浓度的碳酸钠结合时,能显著的提高植物精油的抑菌效果,而且能够完全的抑制柑橘酸腐病害的发生。
8在26℃培养温度下,1×lO~6CFU/mL的三种拮抗酵母悬浮液均能够显著的抑制病菌孢子浓度为1×10~6个/mL时柑橘果实酸腐病(G. citri-aurantii)的发生。三种拮抗酵母菌对柑橘青霉病和绿霉病也有一定的抑制效果。而且拮抗酵母与低浓度的杀菌剂混合使用,可增强拮抗酵母对柑橘酸腐病害的抑制效果。
9拮抗菌在室温下能迅速在柑橘果实伤口定植,接种酵母菌28h后,数量可增加20倍以上。拮抗菌和病菌孢子的接种时间与生物防治效果有关,先接种拮抗菌的抑菌效果显著的好于同时或后于病菌接种的效果。
10柑橘果实采后酸腐病害防治中试结果表明,R. paludigenum与50μl/L维鲜或400μl/L百里香精油与1%的Na_2CO_3结合使用能显著提高对柑橘果实采后酸腐病害的防治效果。
In this paper, we studied infection path and period of Geotrichum citri-aurantii and morphological characters, pathogenicity, part of biological characteristics of different isolates of Geotrichum spp which were isolated from citrus fruit surface and in rhizosphere soil. Worthwhile, we researched the inhibition effects and mechanisms of different antagonists, plant extracts and low dose fungicides against citrus postharvest diseases, especially sour rot. Main conclusions were drawn as follows:
1 The results about infection path showed that Geotrichum spp could not be found on foliage, bract, blossom, and stalk of citrus. We isolated several Geotrichum spps on the surface of citrus which was the most major and important carrier. A G. citri-aurantii was isolated from the rhizosphere soil.
2 We isolated no Geotrichum spps from citrus surface at different growth phase. The isolation results showed that Geotrichum spps may infect citrus fruits and make them rot by wounds in transport and storge.
3 Seven typical pathogenic strains includingG_1, G_2, G_4, G_10, G_27, G_50, T_10, which were isolated from the surface of citrus fruits in different areas, were identified as Geotrichum spp by morphological characters and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) analysis.
4 The incidence and development of development of disease were determined by pathogen, host, environment and interaction of each other. Those factors (including pathogen capacity, the way and period of infection, temperature and humidity of environment and so on) influenced disease development. It showed that sour rot incidence and severity both increased when temperature increased during citrus storage. Pathogenicity of G. citri-aurantii (G50) was the best, the incidence disease could be whole only for 5-7d while in suitable conditions. Sequentially was G. citri-aurantii (G2、G_4、G_10、G_27、T_10). G. citri-aurantii (Gi) was the worst. The sour rot of inoculated citrus fruits was only 20%after 4 days at 26℃, then the number of sour rot would not change while the diameter increased a bit. Wound, degree of maturity, and inoculation quantity of spores would increase succession of infection, and it is the key factors for the incidence and development of disease.
5 The results indicate that there were not significant difference in growth characteristics (including growth rate, color of colony and thickness of colony) in PDA media. The growth temperature range from 10℃to 70℃the hyphal could survived, and the suitable temperature for mycelia growth and spores germination was 15℃to 30℃. In the deadly temperature test, the result showed that the strains were died from 80℃to 85℃.
6 Thyme oil had strong fumigant toxicity followed by eucalyptus oil to all three postharvest pathogens in citrus fruits. Nutmeg oil, sage oil and curcuma wenyujin presented weak fumigant toxicity to Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum while they exhibited a moderate action to G. citri-aurantii (G50). Thyme oil exhibited strong contact antifungal activities against the tested fungi. Curcuma wenyujin exhibited a moderate contact action while nutmeg oil, sage oil and eucalyptus oil present no contact antifungal activity to G. citri-aurantii (G50).
7 Thyme oil showed a significant inhibitory effect against all three pathogens in citrus fruits. It reduced the percentage of decayed citrus caused by fungal pathogens. The antifungal effect of thyme oil against G. citri-aurantii (G50) was enhanced significantly by combining with Na_2CO_3 in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, sour rot could be completely inhibited by 1600μl/L thyme oil with 0.5%Na_2CO_3.
8 Antagonists Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, and Rhodotorula glutinis at 1x1O~6 CFU/mL could effectively control sour rot disease in citrus fruits at 26℃. They also could control green and blue mold diseases.In addition, the antifungal effect of R. paludigenum against G. citri-aurantii (G50) was enhanced significantly by combining with low doses fungicide.
9 Rapid colonizations of all three yeast antagonists in wounds were observed at 26℃. The population increased more than 20 folds after 28 h inoculation compared to the start point. Efficacy of yeasts against sour rot disease was maintained when applied simultaneously with or before G. citri-aurantii, but when applied after spores, biocontrol efficacy was significantly reduced.
10 On pilot-scale experiment tests, R. paludigenum and thyme oil had great biocontrol activity against sour rot of citrus fruits,1×10~8 CFU/mL R. paludigenum in combination with low doses fungicide (50μl/L) or 400μl/L thyme oil in combination with 1%Na_2CO_3 showed great biocontrol activity to sour rot in citrus fruits, which showed potential of biocontrol agents to control the postharvest decay of citrus fruits.
引文
Adikaram, N. D. De Silva, N. R. et al. (2006). Filarial antigens detected in urine using the immunochromatographic card test. Ceylon Med J 51(4):157-8.
Agrios, G.N. (1997). Plant Pathology (4ed.). Academic Press.
Agnioni, A., Cabras, P., Dhallewin, G., Pirisi, F. M., Reniero, F., Schirra, M. (1998). Synthesis and inhibitory activity of 7-geranoxy coumarin against Penicillium species in citrus fruits. Phytochem 47:1521-1525
Akimitsu, K., Isshiki, A., Ohtani, K., Yamamoto, H., Eshel, D., Prusky, D. (2004). Sugars and pH: A clue to the regulation of fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes in plants. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 65:271-275
Ainouche, M. L. and Bayer, R. J. (1997). On the origins of the tetraploid Bromus species (section Bromus, Poaceae):insights from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Genome 40(5):730-43.
Akgul, A. and Kivanc, M. (1988). Inhibitory effects of selected Turkish spices and oregano components on some foodborne fungi. Int J Food Microbiol 6(3):263-8.
Alkan, N. Fluhr, R. et al. (2008). Role of ammonia secretion and pH modulation on pathogenicity ofColletotrichum coccodes on tomato fruit. MolPlant Microbe Interact 21(8):1058-66.
Allaker, R. P. and C. W. Douglas. (2009). Novel anti-microbial therapies for dental plaque-related diseases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33(1):8-13.
Amiri, A., R. Dugas, et al. (2008). In vitro and in vitro activity of eugenol oil(Eugenia caryophylata) against four important postharvest apple pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 126(1-2):13-9.
Antony, S. J., P. Jurczyk, et al. (2006). Successful use of combination antifungal therapy in the treatment of coccidioides meningitis. J Natl Med Assoc 98(6):940-2.
Bae, J. M., E. J. Lee, et al. (2008). Citrus fruits intake and prostate cancer risk:a quantitative systematic review. J Prev Med Public Health 41(3):159-64.
Bajpai, V. K., A. Rahman, et al. (2008). In vitro inhibition of food spoilage and foodborne pathogenic bacteria by essential oil and leaf extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr. J Food Sci 73(6):M314-20.
Bajpai, V. K., A. Rahman, et al. (2008). Chemical composition and inhibitory parameters of essential oil and extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 125(2):117-22.
Bajpai, V. K., S. Shukla, et al. (2008). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil and various extract of Silene armeria L. Bioresour Technol 99(18):8903-8.
Bale, J. S., J. C. van Lenteren, et al. (2008). Biological control and sustainable food production. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363(1492):761-76.
Bandara, B. M., A. A. Gunatilaka, et al. (1988). Antifungal constituents of Limonia acidissima. PlantaMed 54(4):374-5.
Banwart, G. J. (1981). Basic Food Microbiology. AVI, Westport, CT.
Barel, S. (1991). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from a chillea fragrantissima. J Ethno Pharmacol 33:187-191
Barel, S., R. Segal, et al. (1991). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Achillea fragrantissima. J Ethnopharmacol 33(1-2):187-91.
Bassole,I. H., A. S. Ouattara, et al. (2003). Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Lippia chevalieri and Lippia multiflora from Burkina Faso. Phytochemistry 62(2):209-12.
Behnam, S., M. Farzaneh, et al. (2006). Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha piperita and Lavendula angustifolia on post-harvest phytopathogens. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 71(3 PtB):1321-6.
Bellerbeck, V. G., Roques, C. G., Bessiere, J. M., Fonvieille, J. L., Dargent, R. (2001). Effect of Cymbopogon nardus (L) W. Watson essential oil on the growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger. Can J Microbiol 47:9-17
Belletti, N., R. Lanciotti, et al. (2008). Antimicrobial efficacy of citron essential oil on spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in fruit-based salads. J Food Sci 73(7):M331-8.
Bennis, S., F. Chami, et al. (2004). Surface alteration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by thymol and eugenol. Lett Appl Microbiol 38(6):454-8.
Beno-Moualem, D. and D. Prusky. (2000). Early Events During Quiescent Infection Development by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Unripe Avocado Fruits. Phytopathology 90(5): 553-9.
Bii, C. C., G. M. Siboe, et al. (2000).Plant essential oils with promising antifungal activity. East Afr MedJ 77(6):319-22.
Bitam, F., M. Letizia Ciavatta, et al. (2008). Chemical characterisation of the terpenoid constituents of the Algerian plant Launaea arborescens. Phytochemistry 69(17):2984-92.
Broekaert, W. F., S. L. Delaure, et al. (2006). The role of ethylene in host-pathogen interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol 44:393-416.
Brown, G. E., Echert, J. W, (1988). Sour rot. In:Whiteside J O, Gransey SM, Timmer LW (eds) Compendium of citrus diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, pp 37-38
Bukovska, A., S. Cikos, et al. (2007). Effects of a combination of thyme and oregano essential oils on TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2007:23296.
Butler, E. E., Webster, R. K., Eckert, J. W. (1965). Taxonomy, pathogenecity and physiological properties of the fungus causing sour rot of citrus. Phytopathology 55:1262-1268
Butler, E., Fogle, D., Miranda, M. (1988). Galactomyces citri-aurantii:A newly found telemorph of Geotrichum citri-aurantii. The cause of sour rot of citrus fruit. Mycotaxon 33: 197-212
Calvo, J., V. Calvente, et al. (2007). Biological control of postharvest spoilage caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea in apple by using the bacterium Rahnella aquatilis. Int J Food Microbiol 113(3):251-7.
Campos-Herrera, R. and C. Gutierrez. (2009). Screening Spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. J Invertebr Pathol 100(2):100-5.
Carraminana, J. J., C. Rota, et al. (2008). Antibacterial efficiency of Spanish Satureja montana essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes among natural flora in minced pork. J Food Prot 71(3):502-8.
Chami, N., S. Bennis, et al. (2005). Study of anticandidal activity of carvacrol and eugenol in vitro and in vivo. Oral Microbiol Immunol 20(2):106-11.
Chang, H. T., Y. H. Cheng, et al. (2008). Antifungal activity of essential oil and its constituents from Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana Florin leaf against plant pathogenic fungi. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6266-70.
Chapman, A. V., T. P. Kuhar, et al. (2009). Integrating chemical and biological control of European corn borer in bell pepper. J Econ Entomol 102(1):287-95.
Chen, W. J., F. Delmotte, et al. (2007). At least two origins of fungicide resistance in grapevine downy mildew populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(16):5162-72.
Choi, S. Y., H. C. Ko, et al. (2007). Correlation between flavonoid content and the NO production inhibitory activity of peel extracts from various citrus fruits. Biol Pharm Bull 30(4): 772-8.
Chorianopoulos, N. G., E. D. Giaouris, et al. (2008). Disinfectant test against monoculture and mixed-culture biofilms composed of technological, spoilage and pathogenic bacteria: bactericidal effect of essential oil and hydrosol of Satureja thymbra and comparison with standard acid-base sanitizers. J Appl Microbiol 104(6):1586-96.
Chu, C. L., Liu, W. T., Zhou, T. (2001). Fumigation of sweet cherries with thymol and acetic acid to reduce post harvest brown rot and blue mold rot. Fruits 56:123-130
Chu, C. L., Liu, W. T., Zhou, T., Tsao, R., (1999). Control of post harvest gray mold rot of modified atmosphere packaged sweet cherries by fumigation with thymol and acetic acid. Can J Plant Sci 79:685-689
Cosentino, L. and J. A. Heddle. (1999). Effects of extended chronic exposures on endogenous and transgenic loci:implications for low-dose extrapolations.Environ Mol Mutagen 34(2-3): 208-15.
Cosentino, S., C. I. Tuberoso, et al. (1999). In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils.Lett Appl Microbiol 29(2):130-5.
Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, et al. (2000). The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil).J Appl Microbiol 88(1):170-5.
Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, et al. (2001). Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Appl Microbiol 91(3):492-7.
Cox, S. D., J. E. Gustafson, et al. (1998). Tea tree oil causes K+leakage and inhibits respiration in Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 26(5):355-8.
Creelman, R. A. and J. E. Mullet. (1997). Biosynthesis and Action of Jasmonates in Plants.Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:355-381.
Cressy, H. K., A. R. Jerrett, et al. (2003). A novel method for the reduction of numbers of Listeria monocytogenes cells by freezing in combination with an essential oil in bacteriological media. J Food Prot 66(3):390-5.
Cristani, M., M. D'Arrigo, et al. (2007). Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes:implications for their antibacterial activity.J Agric Food Chem 55(15):6300-8.
Dang, K. T., Z. Singh, et al. (2008). Impact of postharvest disease control methods and cold storage on volatiles, color development and fruit quality in ripe'kensington pride' mangoes. J Agric Food Chem 56(22):10667-74.
Dashwood, E. P., Fox, R. A. (1988). Infection of flowers and fruits of res raspberry by Botryris cinerea. Plant Pathol 37:423-430
Deng, B., S. Jessie, et al. (2007). Biological control does not imply paradox. Math Biosci 208(1): 26-32.
Deng, C., J. Ji, et al. (2006). Fast determination of curcumol, curdione and germacrone in three species of Curcuma rhizomes by microwave-assisted extraction followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1117(2):115-20.
Domergue, F., G. L. Helms, et al. (2000). Antifungal compounds from idioblast cells isolated from avocado fruits. Phytochemistry 54(2):183-9.
Droby, S., A. Eick, et al. (2008). Role of citrus volatiles in host recognition, germination and growth of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. Postharvest biology and technology 49:386-396.
Droby, S., L. Cohen, et al. (1996). Are biological antagonists an alternative to synthetic fungicides for preventing postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables? Rev Environ Health 11(1-2): 71-7.
Droby, S., M. E. Wisniewski, et al. (1997). Influence of CaCl2 on Penicillium digitatum, Grapefruit Peel Tissue, and Biocontrol Activity of Pichia guilliermondii. Phytopathology 87(3):310-5.
Droby, S., V. Vinokur, et al. (2002). Induction of Resistance to Penicillium digitatum in Grapefruit by the Yeast Biocontrol Agent Candida oleophila. Phytopathology 92(4):393-9.
Drori, N., Kramer-Haimovich, H., Rollins, J., Dinoor, A., Okon, Y., Pines, O., Prusky, D. (2003). External pH and nitrogen source affect secretion of pectate lyase by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:3258-3262.
Eckert, J. W., (1978). Postharvest disease of citrus fruit. Outlook Agric 9:225-259
El Ghaouth, A., Smilanick, J. L., Brown, G. E., Ippolito, A., Wilson, C.L. (2001). Control of decay of apple and citrus fruits in semicommercial tests with Candida saitoana and 2-Deoxy-D-glucose. Biological Control 20:96-101.
Elder, J. F., Jr. and B. J. Turner. (1995). Concerted evolution of repetitive DNA sequences in eukaryotes. Q Rev Biol 70(3):297-320.
Engelbertz, J., T. Schwenk, et al. (2008). Thyme extract, but not thymol, inhibits endothelin-induced contractions of isolated rat trachea.Planta Med 74(12):1436-40.
Eshel, D., Miyara, I., Ailinng, T., Dinoor, A., Prusky, D. (2002b). pH regulates endoglucanase expression and virulence of Alternaria alternate in persimmon fruits. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction 15:774-779.
Essghaier, B., M. L. Fardeau, et al. (2009). Biological control of grey mould in strawberry fruits by halophilic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 106(3):833-46.
Faleiros, R. R., D. G. Macoris, et al. (2002). Effect of intraluminal distention on microvascular perfusion in the equine small colon. Am J Vet Res 63(9):1292-7.
Feng, W. and X. Zheng. (2006). Control of Alternaria alternata by cassia oil in combination with potassium chloride or sodium chloride. J Appl Microbiol 101(6):1317-22.
Fernandez-Marin, H., J. K. Zimmerman, et al. (2009). Reduced biological control and enhanced chemical pest management in the evolution of fungus farming in ants.Proc Biol Sci.
Fisher, K. and C. A. Phillips. (2006). The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli 0157, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J Appl Microbiol 101(6):1232-40.
Fiume, G. and F. Fiume. (2008). Biological control of corky root in tomato. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 73(2):233-48.
Fleet, G. H. (2007). Yeasts in foods and beverages:impact on product quality and safety. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(2):170-5.
Fogliata, G. M., Torres, L. G. J., Ploper, L. D. (2001). Detection of imazalil-resistant strains of Penicillium digitatum Sacc. in citrus packing houses of Tacuman Province (Argentina) and their behaviour against current employed and alternative fungicides. Rev Ind Agr Tacuman 77:71-75
Fohrer, C, L. Fornecker, et al. (2006). Antifungal combination treatment:a future perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents 27 Suppl 1:25-30.
Fravel, D. R. (2005). Commercialization and implementation of biocontrol. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43:337-59.
Gill, A. O., Delaquis, P., Russo, P., Holley, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of antilisterial action of cilantro oil on vacuum packed ham. Int J Food Microbiol 73:83-92
Grogan, H. M. (2006). Fungicide control of mushroom cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum strains with different benzimidazole resistance profiles. Pest Manag Sci 62(2):153-61.
Gutierrez, J., C. Barry-Ryan, et al. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils using food model media:efficacy, synergistic potential and interactions with food components. Food Microbiol 26(2):142-50.
Guynot, M. E., A. J. Ramos, et al. (2003). Antifungal activity of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products. J Appl Microbiol 94(5):893-9.
Hadas, Y., I. Goldberg, et al. (2007). Involvement of Gluconic Acid and Glucose Oxidase in the Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum in Apples. Phytopathology 97(3):384-90.
Harpaz, S., L. Glatman, et al. (2003). Effects of herbal essential oils used to extend the shelf life of freshwater-reared Asian sea bass fish (Lates calcarifer). J Food Prot 66(3):410-7.
Hershenhorn, J., Dori,. S., Barash, I. (1992). Association of Geotrichum citri-aurantii with citrus groves in Israel. Phytoparasitica 20:31-36
Hirata, T., M. Fujii, et al. (2009). Identification and physiological evaluation of the components from citrus fruits as potential drugs for anti-corpulence and anticancer. Bioorg Med Chem 17(1):25-8.
Hsiao, K. K. (1995). Understanding the biology of beta-amyloid precursor proteins in transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 16(4):705-6.
Hu, Y., Y. Du, et al. (2008). Self-aggregation of water-soluble chitosan and solubilization of thymol as an antimicrobial agent. J Biomed Mater Res A.
Inouye, S., T. Tsuruoka, et al. (2000). Inhibitory effect of essential oils on apical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus by vapour contact. Mycoses 43(1-2):17-23.
Irkin, R. and M. Korukluoglu. (2009). Effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil to inhibit the growth of some filamentous fungi and yeasts. J Med Food 12(1):193-7.
Iten, F., R. Saller, et al. (2009). Additive Antmicrobial Effects of the Active Components of the Essential Oil of Thymus vulgaris-Chemotype Carvacrol. Planta Med.
Janisiewicz, W. J. and L. Korsten. (2002). Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits. Annu Rev Phytopathol 40:411-41.
Jardim, C. M., G. N. Jham, et al. (2008). Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L. J Chem Ecol 34(9):1213-8.
Jeger, M. J., P. Jeffries, et al. (2009). A generic theoretical model for biological control of foliar plant diseases. J Theor Biol 256(2):201-14.
Jones, R. D., K. M. English, et al. (2002). Pulmonary vasodilatory action of testosterone:evidence of a calcium antagonistic action. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 39(6):814-23.
Juliano, R. L. and H. Yoo. (2000). Aspects of the transport and delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2(3):297-303.
Karpanen, T. J., T. Worthington, et al. (2008). Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Antimicrob Chemother 62(5): 1031-6.
Katoh, H., Ohtani, K., Yamamoto, H., Akimitsu, K. (2007). Overexpression of a gene encoding a catabolite repression element in Alternaria citri causes severe symptoms of black rot in citrus fruit. Phytopathology 97:557-563
Kordali, S., A. Cakir, et al. (2008). Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresour Technol 99(18):8788-95.
Kowalczyk, M. C., Z. Walaszek, et al. (2009). Differential effects of several phytochemicals and their derivatives on murine keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo:implications for skin cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis.
Jones R. W., Prusky, D. (2002). Expression of an antifungal peptide in Saccharomyces:A new approach for biological control of the postharvest disease caused by Colletotrichum coccodes. Phytopathology 92:33-37.
Jutsum, A. R., (1988). Commercial application of biological control:status and prospects. Philos Trans R Soc London B,318:357-373
Kuster, S., N. Ludwig, et al. (2008). Thin PTFE-like membranes allow characterizing germination and mechanical penetration competence of pathogenic fungi. Acta Biomater 4(6): 1809-18.
Lachowicz, K. J., G. P. Jones, et al. (1998). The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora. Lett Appl Microbiol 26(3):209-14.
Lee, M. H., Bostock, R. (2007). Fruit exocarp phenols in relation to quiescence and development of Monilinia fructicola infections in Prunus spp.:A Role for Cellular Redox? Phytopathology 97:269-277.
Lee, Y. S., J. Kim, et al. (2008). Fumigant antifungal activity of essential oil components from Acorus gramineus against three phytopathogenic fungi. Z Naturforsch [C] 63(7-8):503-6.
Leistner, L. (1999). Combined methods for food preservation. In:Shafiurr Rahman M. (Ed.), Handbook of Food Preservation. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,457-485
Li, B. Q. and S. P. Tian. (2007). Effect of intracellular trehalose in Cryptococcus laurentii and exogenous lyoprotectants on its viability and biocontrol efficacy on Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Lett Appl Microbiol 44(4):437-42.
Lingk, W., (1991). Health risk evaluation of pesticide contaminations in drinking water. Gesunde Pflangen 43:21-25
Loizzo, M. R., A. M. Saab, et al. (2007). Composition and alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of essential oils from Cedrus libani. Fitoterapia 78(4):323-6.
Luo, C. X. and G. Schnabel. (2008). Adaptation to fungicides in Monilinia fructicola isolates with different fungicide resistance phenotypes. Phytopathology 98(2):230-8.
Mann, C. D., C. P. Neal, et al. (2009). Phytochemicals as potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in hepatocarcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 18(1):13-25.
Maor, R. and K. Shirasu. (2005). The arms race continues:battle strategies between plants and fungal pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 8(4):399-404.
Marotti, T., B. Burek, et al. (1994). Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced production of cytokines by methionine-enkephalin. Immunol Lett 40(1):43-7.
Marr, K. A., M. Boeckh, et al. (2004). Combination antifungal therapy for invasive Aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 39(6):797-802
Maruzzella, J. C. and M. Freundlich. (1959). Antimicrobial substances from resistant and non-resistant seeds. Nature 183(4666):972-3.
Maruzzella, J. C. and M. Freundlich. (1959). Antimicrobial substances from seeds. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc (Baltim) 48(6):356-8.
Maruzzella, J. C. and P. A. Henry. (1958). The antimicrobial activity of perfume oils. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc (Baltim) 47(7):471-6.
Massa, A. N., B. Beecher, et al. (2007). Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in wheat and wild relatives: molecular evidence for a multigene family. Theor Appl Genet 114(7):1239-47.
Meneau, I. and D. Sanglard (2005). Azole and fungicide resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. Med Mycol 43 Suppl 1:S307-11.
Morozoy, A. and S. Petrovskii. (2009). Excitable population dynamics, biological control failure, and spatiotemporal pattern formation in a model ecosystem. Bull Math Biol 71(4): 863-87.
Mullis, K., F. Faloona, et al. (1986). Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro:the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 51 Pt 1:263-73.
Nara, K.(2009). Spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi:ecological strategies for germination and dormancy. New Phytol 181(2):245-8.
Niem, J., I. Miyara, et al. (2007). Core rot development in red delicious apples is affected by susceptibility of the seed locule to Alternaria alternata colonization. Phytopathology 97(11):1415-21.
Nursten, H. E. and A. G. Ward. (1970). Quantification of food quality assessment. Community Health (Bristol) 1(4):215-24.
Oh, O. J., H. Y. Min, et al. (2007). Inhibition of inducible prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by curdione from Curcuma zedoaria. Arch Pharm Res 30(10):1236-9.
Palma-Guerrero, J., H. B. Jansson, et al. (2008). Effect of chitosan on hyphal growth and spore germination of plant pathogenic and biocontrol fungi. J Appl Microbiol 104(2):541-53.
Palou, L., J. Usall, et al. (2002). Evaluation of food additives and low-toxicity compounds as alternative chemicals for the control of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. Pest Manag Sci 58(5):459-66.
Park, I. K., J. N. Kim, et al. (2008). Toxicity of plant essential oils and their components against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera:Sciaridae). J Ecori Entomol 101(1):139-44.
Passoth, V., E. Fredlund, et al. (2006). Biotechnology, physiology and genetics of the yeast Pichia anomala. FEMS Yeast Res 6(1):3-13.
Pinto, M. S., F. P. Siqueira, et al. (2008). A wounding-induced PPO from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seedlings. Phytochemistry 69(12):2297-302.
Plaza, P., J. Usall, et al. (2004). The use of sodium carbonate to improve curing treatments against green and blue moulds on citrus fruits. Pest Manag Sci 60(8):815-21.
Popovici, J., C. Bertrand, et al. (2008). Chemical composition of essential oil and headspace-solid microextracts from fruits of Myrica gale L. and antifungal activity. Nat Prod Res 22(12): 1024-32.
Porat, R., D. Pavoncello, et al. (2002). Identification of a grapefruit cDNA belonging to a unique class of citrus dehydrins and characterization of its expression patterns under temperature stress conditions. Physiol Plant 115(4):598-603.
Porat, R., Daus, A., Weiss, B., Cohen, L., Droby, S. (2002b). Effects of combining hot water, sodium bicarbonate and biocontrol on postharvest decay of citrus fruit. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 77:441-445.
Prasad, K., Stadelbacher, G. J. (1973). Control of post harvest decay of fresh raspberries by acetaldehyde vapor. Plant Dis Rep 57:795-797
Prusky, D. (1996). Pathogen quiescence in postharvest diseases. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34: 413-34.
Prusky, D. and A. Lichter (2007). Activation of quiescent infections by postharvest pathogens during transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic stage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 268(1):1-8.
Prusky, D., Fuchs, Y., Zauberman, G. (1980). A method for pre-harvest assessment in latent infections in fruits. Ann. Appl Biol 98:79-85
Prusky, D., J. L. McEvoy, et al. (2004). Relationship between host acidification andvirulence of Penicillium spp on Apple and Citrus Fruit. Phytopathology 94(1):44-51.
Qin, G. Z. and S. P. Tian (2005). Enhancement of biocontrol activity of Cryptococcus laurentii by silicon and the possible mechanisms involved. Phytopathology 95(1):69-75.
Qin, G. Z., S. P. Tian, et al. (2006). Combination of antagonistic yeasts with two food additives for control of brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola on sweet cherry fruit. J Appl Microbiol 100(3):508-15.
Rane, M. R., P. D. Sarode, et al. (2008). Exploring antagonistic metabolites of established biocontrol agent of marine origin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 151(2-3):665-75.
Reuveni, M., Sheglov, N., Eshel, D., Prusky, D., Ben-Arie, R. (2007). Virulence and the production of endo-1,4-(3-glucanase by isolates of Alternaria alternate involved in the moldy-core disease of apples. Journal of Phytopathology 155:50-55
Rojas-Grau, M. A., R. J. Avena-Bustillos, et al. (2006). Mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of apple puree edible films containing plant essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 54(24):9262-7.
Rokni Zadeh, H., K. Khavazi, et al. (2008). Biocontrol of Pseudomonas savastanoi, causative agent of olive knot disease:antagonistic potential of non-pathogenic rhizosphere isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 73(1):199-203.
Roller, S. and P. Seedhar (2002). Carvacrol and cinnamic acid inhibit microbial growth in fresh-cut melon and kiwifruit at 4 degrees and 8 degrees C. Lett Appl Microbiol 35(5): 390-4.
Sanchez-Torres, P., Gonzalez-Candelas, L. (2003). Isolation and characterization of genes differentially expressed during the interaction between apple fruit and Penicillium expansum. Molecular Plant Pathology 4:447-457
Santos, P. M., T. Simoes, et al. (2009). Insights into yeast adaptive response to the agricultural fungicide mancozeb:a toxicoproteomics approach. Proteomics 9(3):657-70.
Satyanarayana, S., S. Ganga, et al. (1993). Transport of testosterone through rat skin from transdermal patch formulations. Pharmazie 48(6):467-8.
Segvic Klaric, M., I. Kosalec, et al. (2007). Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings. Lett Appl Microbiol 44(1): 36-42.
Seo, S., Sano, H., Ohashi, Y., (1997). Jasmonic acid in wound signal tranduction pathways. Physiol Plant 101:740-745
Sharma, N. and A. Tripathi (2008). Effects of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck epicarp essential oil on growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger (L.) Van Tieghem. Microbiol Res 163(3): 337-44.
Shin, S. (2003). Anti-Aspergillus activities of plant essential oils and their combination effects with ketoconazole or amphotericin B. Arch Pharm Res 26(5):389-93.
Shin, S. and J. H. Kim (2004). Antifungal activities of essential oils from Thymus quinquecostatus and T. magnus. Planta Med 70(11):1090-2.
Shin, S. and S. Lim (2004). Antifungal effects of herbal essential oils alone and in combination with ketoconazole against Trichophyton spp. J Appl Microbiol 97(6):1289-96.
Smid, E. J., Gorris, L. G M. (1999). Natural antimicrobials for food preservation. In:Rahman, M.S. (Ed.), Handbook of Food Preservation. Marcel Dekker, New York,285-308
Smilanick, J. L., Mansour, M. F., Gabler, F.M., Goodwine, W. R. (2006b). The effectiveness of pyrimethanil to inhibit germination of Penicillium digitatum and to control citrus green mold after harvest. Postharvest Biology and Technology 42:75-85
Smith, C. O. (1917). Sour rot of lemon in California. Phytopathology 7:37-41
Smith, R. L., S. M. Cohen, et al. (2005), A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food:essential oils. Food Chem Toxicol 43(3):345-63.
Smith-Palmer, A., J. Stewart, et al. (1998). Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 26(2):118-22.
Sokovic, M., J. Glamoclija, et al. (2008). Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and thymol on experimentally induced dermatomycoses. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 34(12):1388-93.
Solomakos, N., A. Govaris, et al. (2008). The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiol 25(1):120-7.
Spadaro, D. and M. L. Gullino (2004). State of the art and future prospects of the biological control of postharvest fruit diseases. Int J Food Microbiol 91(2):185-94.
Spadaro, D., W. Sabetta, et al. (2008). Use of AFLP for differentiation of Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains for postharvest disease biological control. Microbiol Res 163(5): 523-30.
Sridhar, S. R., R. V. Rajagopal, et al. (2003). Antifungal activity of some essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 51(26):7596-9.
Stockwell, V. O. and J. P. Stack (2007). Using Pseudomonas spp for integrated biologicalcontrol. Phytopathology 97(2):244-9.
Strange, R. N. and P. R. Scott (2005). Plant disease:a threat to global food security. Annu Rev Phytopatho143:83-116.
Suhr, K. I. and P. V. Nielsen (2003). Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. JAppl Microbiol 94(4):665-74.
Tang, S. and R. A. Cheke (2008). Models for integrated pest control and their biological implications. Math Biosci 215(1):115-25.
Tian, B., J. Yang, et al. (2007). Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 61(2): 197-213.
Tian, S. P., H. J. Yao, et al. (2007). Characterization and Expression of beta-1,3-Glucanase Genes in Jujube Fruit Induced by the Microbial Biocontrol Agent Cryptococcus laurentii. Phytopathology 97(3):260-8.
Torres, M. A., Jones, J. D. G., Dangl, J. L. (2006). Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiology 141:373-378.
Tsigarida, E., P. Skandamis, et al. (2000). Behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes and autochthonous flora on meat stored under aerobic, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging conditions with or without the presence of oregano essential oil at 5 degrees C. J Appl Microbiol 89(6):901-9.
Tullio, V., A. Nostro, et al. (2007). Antifungal activity of essential oils against filamentous fungi determined by broth microdilution and vapour contact methods. J Appl Microbiol 102(6): 1544-50.
Turgis, M., J. Borsa, et al. (2008). Effect of selected plant essential oils or their constituents and modified atmosphere packaging on the radiosensitivity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and
Salmonella typhi in ground beef. J Food Prot 71(3):516-21.
Ultee, A., E. P. Kets, et al. (1999). Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 65(10):4606-10.
Ultee, A., M. H. Bennik, et al. (2002). The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(4): 1561-8.
Valencia-Chamorro, S. A., L. Palou, et al. (2008). Inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum by hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-lipid edible composite films containing food additives with antifungal properties. J Agric Food Chem 56(23):11270-8.
Verhoeff, K. (1974). Latent infections by fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathology 12:99-107
Wan, Y. K., S. P. Tian, et al. (2003). Enhancement of biocontrol activity of yeasts by adding sodium bicarbonate or ammonium molybdate to control postharvest disease of jujube fruits. Lett Appl Microbiol 37(3):249-53.
Wang, Y., Y. Bao, et al. (2008). Biocontrol ofAlternaria alternata on cherry tomato fruit by use of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum Fell & Tallman. Int J Food Microbiol 123(3): 234-9.
Weissinger, W. R., K. H. Mc Watters, et al. (2001). Evaluation of volatile chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J Food Prot 64(4):442-50.
Wild, B. L., (1992). Variations in sensitivity of isolates of Geotrichum candidum to the fungicide guazatine. Aust Plant Pathol 21:13-15
Winters, A. L., F. R. Minchin, et al. (2008). Latent and active polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red clover (Trifolium pratense) and use of a low PPO mutant to study the role of PPO in proteolysis reduction. J Agric Food Chem 56(8):2817-24.
Yakoby, N., D. Beno-Moualem, et al. (2001). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pelB is an important virulence factor in avocado fruit-fungus interaction. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14(8): 988-95.
Yakoby, N., D. Beno-Moualem, et al. (2002). The analysis of fruit protection mechanisms provided by reduced-pathogenicity mutants of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration. Phytopathology 92(11):1196-201.
Yakoby, N., I. Kobiler, et al. (2000). pH regulation of pectate lyase secretion modulates the attack
of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on avocado fruits. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(3): 1026-30.
Yao, H. J. and S. P. Tian (2005). Effects of a biocontrol agent and methyl jasmonate on postharvest diseases of peach fruit and the possible mechanisms involved. J App] Microbiol 98(4): 941-50.
Yu, T. and X. D. Zheng (2007). Indole-3-acetic acid enhances the biocontrol of Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on pear fruit by Cryptococcus laurentii. FEMS Yeast Res 7(3):459-64.
Yu, T., H. Y. Li, et al. (2007). Synergistic effect of chitosan and Cryptococcus laurentii on inhibition of Penicillium expansum infections. Int J Food Microbiol 114(3):261-6.
Yu, T., J. Chen, et al. (2009). Indole-3-acetic acid improves postharvest biological control of blue mold rot of apple by Cryptococcus laurentii. Phytopathology 99(3):258-64.
Yu, T., L. Wang, et al. (2008). Effect of chitin on the antagonistic activity of Cryptococcus laurentii against Penicillium expansum in pear fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 122(1-2):44-8.
Zega, G., F. De Bernardi, et al. (2009). Effects of the azole fungicide Imazalil on the development of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (Chordata, Tunicata):morphological and molecular characterization of the induced phenotype. Aquat Toxicol 91(3):255-61.
Zhang, H., L. Wang, et al. (2008). Control of postharvest pear diseases using Rhodotorula glutinis and its effects on postharvest quality parameters. Int J Food Microbiol 126(1-2):167-71.
Zhang, L., P. De Schryver, et al. (2008). Chemical and biological technologies for hydrogen sulfide emission control in sewer systems:a review. Water Res 42(1-2):1-12.
戚佩坤主编,(1994)。果蔬贮运病害。北京：中国农业出版社ISBN 7-109-02945-X
方中达,(1998)。植病研究方法(第三版)。北京：中国农业出版社
刘秀娟,杨业铜,黄圣明,(1994)。海南省番木瓜果实潜伏侵染真菌种类及其分布状况的研究。植物病理学报,24(4)：313-317
Agrios, G.N. (1997). Plant Pathology (4ed.). Academic Press.
Agnioni, A., Cabras, P., Dhallewin, G., Pirisi, F. M., Reniero, F., Schirra, M. (1998). Synthesis and inhibitory activity of 7-geranoxy coumarin against Penicillium species in citrus fruits. Phytochem 47:1521-1525
Akimitsu, K., Isshiki, A., Ohtani, K., Yamamoto, H., Eshel, D., Prusky, D. (2004). Sugars and pH: A clue to the regulation of fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes in plants. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 65:271-275
Ainouche, M. L. and Bayer, R. J. (1997). On the origins of the tetraploid Bromus species (section Bromus, Poaceae):insights from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Genome 40(5):730-43.
Akgul, A. and Kivanc, M. (1988). Inhibitory effects of selected Turkish spices and oregano components on some foodborne fungi. Int J Food Microbiol 6(3):263-8.
Alkan, N. Fluhr, R. et al. (2008). Role of ammonia secretion and pH modulation on pathogenicity ofColletotrichum coccodes on tomato fruit. MolPlant Microbe Interact 21(8):1058-66.
Allaker, R. P. and C. W. Douglas. (2009). Novel anti-microbial therapies for dental plaque-related diseases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 33(1):8-13.
Amiri, A., R. Dugas, et al. (2008). In vitro and in vitro activity of eugenol oil(Eugenia caryophylata) against four important postharvest apple pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 126(1-2):13-9.
Antony, S. J., P. Jurczyk, et al. (2006). Successful use of combination antifungal therapy in the treatment of coccidioides meningitis. J Natl Med Assoc 98(6):940-2.
Bae, J. M., E. J. Lee, et al. (2008). Citrus fruits intake and prostate cancer risk:a quantitative systematic review. J Prev Med Public Health 41(3):159-64.
Bajpai, V. K., A. Rahman, et al. (2008). In vitro inhibition of food spoilage and foodborne pathogenic bacteria by essential oil and leaf extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr. J Food Sci 73(6):M314-20.
Bajpai, V. K., A. Rahman, et al. (2008). Chemical composition and inhibitory parameters of essential oil and extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 125(2):117-22.
Bajpai, V. K., S. Shukla, et al. (2008). Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil and various extract of Silene armeria L. Bioresour Technol 99(18):8903-8.
Bale, J. S., J. C. van Lenteren, et al. (2008). Biological control and sustainable food production. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363(1492):761-76.
Bandara, B. M., A. A. Gunatilaka, et al. (1988). Antifungal constituents of Limonia acidissima. PlantaMed 54(4):374-5.
Banwart, G. J. (1981). Basic Food Microbiology. AVI, Westport, CT.
Barel, S. (1991). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from a chillea fragrantissima. J Ethno Pharmacol 33:187-191
Barel, S., R. Segal, et al. (1991). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Achillea fragrantissima. J Ethnopharmacol 33(1-2):187-91.
Bassole,I. H., A. S. Ouattara, et al. (2003). Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Lippia chevalieri and Lippia multiflora from Burkina Faso. Phytochemistry 62(2):209-12.
Behnam, S., M. Farzaneh, et al. (2006). Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha piperita and Lavendula angustifolia on post-harvest phytopathogens. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 71(3 PtB):1321-6.
Bellerbeck, V. G., Roques, C. G., Bessiere, J. M., Fonvieille, J. L., Dargent, R. (2001). Effect of Cymbopogon nardus (L) W. Watson essential oil on the growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger. Can J Microbiol 47:9-17
Belletti, N., R. Lanciotti, et al. (2008). Antimicrobial efficacy of citron essential oil on spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in fruit-based salads. J Food Sci 73(7):M331-8.
Bennis, S., F. Chami, et al. (2004). Surface alteration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by thymol and eugenol. Lett Appl Microbiol 38(6):454-8.
Beno-Moualem, D. and D. Prusky. (2000). Early Events During Quiescent Infection Development by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Unripe Avocado Fruits. Phytopathology 90(5): 553-9.
Bii, C. C., G. M. Siboe, et al. (2000).Plant essential oils with promising antifungal activity. East Afr MedJ 77(6):319-22.
Bitam, F., M. Letizia Ciavatta, et al. (2008). Chemical characterisation of the terpenoid constituents of the Algerian plant Launaea arborescens. Phytochemistry 69(17):2984-92.
Broekaert, W. F., S. L. Delaure, et al. (2006). The role of ethylene in host-pathogen interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol 44:393-416.
Brown, G. E., Echert, J. W, (1988). Sour rot. In:Whiteside J O, Gransey SM, Timmer LW (eds) Compendium of citrus diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, pp 37-38
Bukovska, A., S. Cikos, et al. (2007). Effects of a combination of thyme and oregano essential oils on TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2007:23296.
Butler, E. E., Webster, R. K., Eckert, J. W. (1965). Taxonomy, pathogenecity and physiological properties of the fungus causing sour rot of citrus. Phytopathology 55:1262-1268
Butler, E., Fogle, D., Miranda, M. (1988). Galactomyces citri-aurantii:A newly found telemorph of Geotrichum citri-aurantii. The cause of sour rot of citrus fruit. Mycotaxon 33: 197-212
Calvo, J., V. Calvente, et al. (2007). Biological control of postharvest spoilage caused by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea in apple by using the bacterium Rahnella aquatilis. Int J Food Microbiol 113(3):251-7.
Campos-Herrera, R. and C. Gutierrez. (2009). Screening Spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. J Invertebr Pathol 100(2):100-5.
Carraminana, J. J., C. Rota, et al. (2008). Antibacterial efficiency of Spanish Satureja montana essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes among natural flora in minced pork. J Food Prot 71(3):502-8.
Chami, N., S. Bennis, et al. (2005). Study of anticandidal activity of carvacrol and eugenol in vitro and in vivo. Oral Microbiol Immunol 20(2):106-11.
Chang, H. T., Y. H. Cheng, et al. (2008). Antifungal activity of essential oil and its constituents from Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana Florin leaf against plant pathogenic fungi. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6266-70.
Chapman, A. V., T. P. Kuhar, et al. (2009). Integrating chemical and biological control of European corn borer in bell pepper. J Econ Entomol 102(1):287-95.
Chen, W. J., F. Delmotte, et al. (2007). At least two origins of fungicide resistance in grapevine downy mildew populations. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(16):5162-72.
Choi, S. Y., H. C. Ko, et al. (2007). Correlation between flavonoid content and the NO production inhibitory activity of peel extracts from various citrus fruits. Biol Pharm Bull 30(4): 772-8.
Chorianopoulos, N. G., E. D. Giaouris, et al. (2008). Disinfectant test against monoculture and mixed-culture biofilms composed of technological, spoilage and pathogenic bacteria: bactericidal effect of essential oil and hydrosol of Satureja thymbra and comparison with standard acid-base sanitizers. J Appl Microbiol 104(6):1586-96.
Chu, C. L., Liu, W. T., Zhou, T. (2001). Fumigation of sweet cherries with thymol and acetic acid to reduce post harvest brown rot and blue mold rot. Fruits 56:123-130
Chu, C. L., Liu, W. T., Zhou, T., Tsao, R., (1999). Control of post harvest gray mold rot of modified atmosphere packaged sweet cherries by fumigation with thymol and acetic acid. Can J Plant Sci 79:685-689
Cosentino, L. and J. A. Heddle. (1999). Effects of extended chronic exposures on endogenous and transgenic loci:implications for low-dose extrapolations.Environ Mol Mutagen 34(2-3): 208-15.
Cosentino, S., C. I. Tuberoso, et al. (1999). In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils.Lett Appl Microbiol 29(2):130-5.
Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, et al. (2000). The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil).J Appl Microbiol 88(1):170-5.
Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, et al. (2001). Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Appl Microbiol 91(3):492-7.
Cox, S. D., J. E. Gustafson, et al. (1998). Tea tree oil causes K+leakage and inhibits respiration in Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 26(5):355-8.
Creelman, R. A. and J. E. Mullet. (1997). Biosynthesis and Action of Jasmonates in Plants.Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:355-381.
Cressy, H. K., A. R. Jerrett, et al. (2003). A novel method for the reduction of numbers of Listeria monocytogenes cells by freezing in combination with an essential oil in bacteriological media. J Food Prot 66(3):390-5.
Cristani, M., M. D'Arrigo, et al. (2007). Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes:implications for their antibacterial activity.J Agric Food Chem 55(15):6300-8.
Dang, K. T., Z. Singh, et al. (2008). Impact of postharvest disease control methods and cold storage on volatiles, color development and fruit quality in ripe'kensington pride' mangoes. J Agric Food Chem 56(22):10667-74.
Dashwood, E. P., Fox, R. A. (1988). Infection of flowers and fruits of res raspberry by Botryris cinerea. Plant Pathol 37:423-430
Deng, B., S. Jessie, et al. (2007). Biological control does not imply paradox. Math Biosci 208(1): 26-32.
Deng, C., J. Ji, et al. (2006). Fast determination of curcumol, curdione and germacrone in three species of Curcuma rhizomes by microwave-assisted extraction followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1117(2):115-20.
Domergue, F., G. L. Helms, et al. (2000). Antifungal compounds from idioblast cells isolated from avocado fruits. Phytochemistry 54(2):183-9.
Droby, S., A. Eick, et al. (2008). Role of citrus volatiles in host recognition, germination and growth of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. Postharvest biology and technology 49:386-396.
Droby, S., L. Cohen, et al. (1996). Are biological antagonists an alternative to synthetic fungicides for preventing postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables? Rev Environ Health 11(1-2): 71-7.
Droby, S., M. E. Wisniewski, et al. (1997). Influence of CaCl2 on Penicillium digitatum, Grapefruit Peel Tissue, and Biocontrol Activity of Pichia guilliermondii. Phytopathology 87(3):310-5.
Droby, S., V. Vinokur, et al. (2002). Induction of Resistance to Penicillium digitatum in Grapefruit by the Yeast Biocontrol Agent Candida oleophila. Phytopathology 92(4):393-9.
Drori, N., Kramer-Haimovich, H., Rollins, J., Dinoor, A., Okon, Y., Pines, O., Prusky, D. (2003). External pH and nitrogen source affect secretion of pectate lyase by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:3258-3262.
Eckert, J. W., (1978). Postharvest disease of citrus fruit. Outlook Agric 9:225-259
El Ghaouth, A., Smilanick, J. L., Brown, G. E., Ippolito, A., Wilson, C.L. (2001). Control of decay of apple and citrus fruits in semicommercial tests with Candida saitoana and 2-Deoxy-D-glucose. Biological Control 20:96-101.
Elder, J. F., Jr. and B. J. Turner. (1995). Concerted evolution of repetitive DNA sequences in eukaryotes. Q Rev Biol 70(3):297-320.
Engelbertz, J., T. Schwenk, et al. (2008). Thyme extract, but not thymol, inhibits endothelin-induced contractions of isolated rat trachea.Planta Med 74(12):1436-40.
Eshel, D., Miyara, I., Ailinng, T., Dinoor, A., Prusky, D. (2002b). pH regulates endoglucanase expression and virulence of Alternaria alternate in persimmon fruits. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction 15:774-779.
Essghaier, B., M. L. Fardeau, et al. (2009). Biological control of grey mould in strawberry fruits by halophilic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 106(3):833-46.
Faleiros, R. R., D. G. Macoris, et al. (2002). Effect of intraluminal distention on microvascular perfusion in the equine small colon. Am J Vet Res 63(9):1292-7.
Feng, W. and X. Zheng. (2006). Control of Alternaria alternata by cassia oil in combination with potassium chloride or sodium chloride. J Appl Microbiol 101(6):1317-22.
Fernandez-Marin, H., J. K. Zimmerman, et al. (2009). Reduced biological control and enhanced chemical pest management in the evolution of fungus farming in ants.Proc Biol Sci.
Fisher, K. and C. A. Phillips. (2006). The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli 0157, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J Appl Microbiol 101(6):1232-40.
Fiume, G. and F. Fiume. (2008). Biological control of corky root in tomato. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 73(2):233-48.
Fleet, G. H. (2007). Yeasts in foods and beverages:impact on product quality and safety. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18(2):170-5.
Fogliata, G. M., Torres, L. G. J., Ploper, L. D. (2001). Detection of imazalil-resistant strains of Penicillium digitatum Sacc. in citrus packing houses of Tacuman Province (Argentina) and their behaviour against current employed and alternative fungicides. Rev Ind Agr Tacuman 77:71-75
Fohrer, C, L. Fornecker, et al. (2006). Antifungal combination treatment:a future perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents 27 Suppl 1:25-30.
Fravel, D. R. (2005). Commercialization and implementation of biocontrol. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43:337-59.
Gill, A. O., Delaquis, P., Russo, P., Holley, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of antilisterial action of cilantro oil on vacuum packed ham. Int J Food Microbiol 73:83-92
Grogan, H. M. (2006). Fungicide control of mushroom cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum strains with different benzimidazole resistance profiles. Pest Manag Sci 62(2):153-61.
Gutierrez, J., C. Barry-Ryan, et al. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils using food model media:efficacy, synergistic potential and interactions with food components. Food Microbiol 26(2):142-50.
Guynot, M. E., A. J. Ramos, et al. (2003). Antifungal activity of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products. J Appl Microbiol 94(5):893-9.
Hadas, Y., I. Goldberg, et al. (2007). Involvement of Gluconic Acid and Glucose Oxidase in the Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum in Apples. Phytopathology 97(3):384-90.
Harpaz, S., L. Glatman, et al. (2003). Effects of herbal essential oils used to extend the shelf life of freshwater-reared Asian sea bass fish (Lates calcarifer). J Food Prot 66(3):410-7.
Hershenhorn, J., Dori,. S., Barash, I. (1992). Association of Geotrichum citri-aurantii with citrus groves in Israel. Phytoparasitica 20:31-36
Hirata, T., M. Fujii, et al. (2009). Identification and physiological evaluation of the components from citrus fruits as potential drugs for anti-corpulence and anticancer. Bioorg Med Chem 17(1):25-8.
Hsiao, K. K. (1995). Understanding the biology of beta-amyloid precursor proteins in transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 16(4):705-6.
Hu, Y., Y. Du, et al. (2008). Self-aggregation of water-soluble chitosan and solubilization of thymol as an antimicrobial agent. J Biomed Mater Res A.
Inouye, S., T. Tsuruoka, et al. (2000). Inhibitory effect of essential oils on apical growth of Aspergillus fumigatus by vapour contact. Mycoses 43(1-2):17-23.
Irkin, R. and M. Korukluoglu. (2009). Effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil to inhibit the growth of some filamentous fungi and yeasts. J Med Food 12(1):193-7.
Iten, F., R. Saller, et al. (2009). Additive Antmicrobial Effects of the Active Components of the Essential Oil of Thymus vulgaris-Chemotype Carvacrol. Planta Med.
Janisiewicz, W. J. and L. Korsten. (2002). Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruits. Annu Rev Phytopathol 40:411-41.
Jardim, C. M., G. N. Jham, et al. (2008). Composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of the Brazilian Chenopodium ambrosioides L. J Chem Ecol 34(9):1213-8.
Jeger, M. J., P. Jeffries, et al. (2009). A generic theoretical model for biological control of foliar plant diseases. J Theor Biol 256(2):201-14.
Jones, R. D., K. M. English, et al. (2002). Pulmonary vasodilatory action of testosterone:evidence of a calcium antagonistic action. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 39(6):814-23.
Juliano, R. L. and H. Yoo. (2000). Aspects of the transport and delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2(3):297-303.
Karpanen, T. J., T. Worthington, et al. (2008). Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate alone and in combination with eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Antimicrob Chemother 62(5): 1031-6.
Katoh, H., Ohtani, K., Yamamoto, H., Akimitsu, K. (2007). Overexpression of a gene encoding a catabolite repression element in Alternaria citri causes severe symptoms of black rot in citrus fruit. Phytopathology 97:557-563
Kordali, S., A. Cakir, et al. (2008). Antifungal, phytotoxic and insecticidal properties of essential oil isolated from Turkish Origanum acutidens and its three components, carvacrol, thymol and p-cymene. Bioresour Technol 99(18):8788-95.
Kowalczyk, M. C., Z. Walaszek, et al. (2009). Differential effects of several phytochemicals and their derivatives on murine keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo:implications for skin cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis.
Jones R. W., Prusky, D. (2002). Expression of an antifungal peptide in Saccharomyces:A new approach for biological control of the postharvest disease caused by Colletotrichum coccodes. Phytopathology 92:33-37.
Jutsum, A. R., (1988). Commercial application of biological control:status and prospects. Philos Trans R Soc London B,318:357-373
Kuster, S., N. Ludwig, et al. (2008). Thin PTFE-like membranes allow characterizing germination and mechanical penetration competence of pathogenic fungi. Acta Biomater 4(6): 1809-18.
Lachowicz, K. J., G. P. Jones, et al. (1998). The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora. Lett Appl Microbiol 26(3):209-14.
Lee, M. H., Bostock, R. (2007). Fruit exocarp phenols in relation to quiescence and development of Monilinia fructicola infections in Prunus spp.:A Role for Cellular Redox? Phytopathology 97:269-277.
Lee, Y. S., J. Kim, et al. (2008). Fumigant antifungal activity of essential oil components from Acorus gramineus against three phytopathogenic fungi. Z Naturforsch [C] 63(7-8):503-6.
Leistner, L. (1999). Combined methods for food preservation. In:Shafiurr Rahman M. (Ed.), Handbook of Food Preservation. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,457-485
Li, B. Q. and S. P. Tian. (2007). Effect of intracellular trehalose in Cryptococcus laurentii and exogenous lyoprotectants on its viability and biocontrol efficacy on Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Lett Appl Microbiol 44(4):437-42.
Lingk, W., (1991). Health risk evaluation of pesticide contaminations in drinking water. Gesunde Pflangen 43:21-25
Loizzo, M. R., A. M. Saab, et al. (2007). Composition and alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of essential oils from Cedrus libani. Fitoterapia 78(4):323-6.
Luo, C. X. and G. Schnabel. (2008). Adaptation to fungicides in Monilinia fructicola isolates with different fungicide resistance phenotypes. Phytopathology 98(2):230-8.
Mann, C. D., C. P. Neal, et al. (2009). Phytochemicals as potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in hepatocarcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer Prev 18(1):13-25.
Maor, R. and K. Shirasu. (2005). The arms race continues:battle strategies between plants and fungal pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 8(4):399-404.
Marotti, T., B. Burek, et al. (1994). Modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced production of cytokines by methionine-enkephalin. Immunol Lett 40(1):43-7.
Marr, K. A., M. Boeckh, et al. (2004). Combination antifungal therapy for invasive Aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 39(6):797-802
Maruzzella, J. C. and M. Freundlich. (1959). Antimicrobial substances from resistant and non-resistant seeds. Nature 183(4666):972-3.
Maruzzella, J. C. and M. Freundlich. (1959). Antimicrobial substances from seeds. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc (Baltim) 48(6):356-8.
Maruzzella, J. C. and P. A. Henry. (1958). The antimicrobial activity of perfume oils. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc (Baltim) 47(7):471-6.
Massa, A. N., B. Beecher, et al. (2007). Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in wheat and wild relatives: molecular evidence for a multigene family. Theor Appl Genet 114(7):1239-47.
Meneau, I. and D. Sanglard (2005). Azole and fungicide resistance in clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. Med Mycol 43 Suppl 1:S307-11.
Morozoy, A. and S. Petrovskii. (2009). Excitable population dynamics, biological control failure, and spatiotemporal pattern formation in a model ecosystem. Bull Math Biol 71(4): 863-87.
Mullis, K., F. Faloona, et al. (1986). Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro:the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 51 Pt 1:263-73.
Nara, K.(2009). Spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi:ecological strategies for germination and dormancy. New Phytol 181(2):245-8.
Niem, J., I. Miyara, et al. (2007). Core rot development in red delicious apples is affected by susceptibility of the seed locule to Alternaria alternata colonization. Phytopathology 97(11):1415-21.
Nursten, H. E. and A. G. Ward. (1970). Quantification of food quality assessment. Community Health (Bristol) 1(4):215-24.
Oh, O. J., H. Y. Min, et al. (2007). Inhibition of inducible prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by curdione from Curcuma zedoaria. Arch Pharm Res 30(10):1236-9.
Palma-Guerrero, J., H. B. Jansson, et al. (2008). Effect of chitosan on hyphal growth and spore germination of plant pathogenic and biocontrol fungi. J Appl Microbiol 104(2):541-53.
Palou, L., J. Usall, et al. (2002). Evaluation of food additives and low-toxicity compounds as alternative chemicals for the control of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. Pest Manag Sci 58(5):459-66.
Park, I. K., J. N. Kim, et al. (2008). Toxicity of plant essential oils and their components against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera:Sciaridae). J Ecori Entomol 101(1):139-44.
Passoth, V., E. Fredlund, et al. (2006). Biotechnology, physiology and genetics of the yeast Pichia anomala. FEMS Yeast Res 6(1):3-13.
Pinto, M. S., F. P. Siqueira, et al. (2008). A wounding-induced PPO from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seedlings. Phytochemistry 69(12):2297-302.
Plaza, P., J. Usall, et al. (2004). The use of sodium carbonate to improve curing treatments against green and blue moulds on citrus fruits. Pest Manag Sci 60(8):815-21.
Popovici, J., C. Bertrand, et al. (2008). Chemical composition of essential oil and headspace-solid microextracts from fruits of Myrica gale L. and antifungal activity. Nat Prod Res 22(12): 1024-32.
Porat, R., D. Pavoncello, et al. (2002). Identification of a grapefruit cDNA belonging to a unique class of citrus dehydrins and characterization of its expression patterns under temperature stress conditions. Physiol Plant 115(4):598-603.
Porat, R., Daus, A., Weiss, B., Cohen, L., Droby, S. (2002b). Effects of combining hot water, sodium bicarbonate and biocontrol on postharvest decay of citrus fruit. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 77:441-445.
Prasad, K., Stadelbacher, G. J. (1973). Control of post harvest decay of fresh raspberries by acetaldehyde vapor. Plant Dis Rep 57:795-797
Prusky, D. (1996). Pathogen quiescence in postharvest diseases. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34: 413-34.
Prusky, D. and A. Lichter (2007). Activation of quiescent infections by postharvest pathogens during transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic stage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 268(1):1-8.
Prusky, D., Fuchs, Y., Zauberman, G. (1980). A method for pre-harvest assessment in latent infections in fruits. Ann. Appl Biol 98:79-85
Prusky, D., J. L. McEvoy, et al. (2004). Relationship between host acidification andvirulence of Penicillium spp on Apple and Citrus Fruit. Phytopathology 94(1):44-51.
Qin, G. Z. and S. P. Tian (2005). Enhancement of biocontrol activity of Cryptococcus laurentii by silicon and the possible mechanisms involved. Phytopathology 95(1):69-75.
Qin, G. Z., S. P. Tian, et al. (2006). Combination of antagonistic yeasts with two food additives for control of brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola on sweet cherry fruit. J Appl Microbiol 100(3):508-15.
Rane, M. R., P. D. Sarode, et al. (2008). Exploring antagonistic metabolites of established biocontrol agent of marine origin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 151(2-3):665-75.
Reuveni, M., Sheglov, N., Eshel, D., Prusky, D., Ben-Arie, R. (2007). Virulence and the production of endo-1,4-(3-glucanase by isolates of Alternaria alternate involved in the moldy-core disease of apples. Journal of Phytopathology 155:50-55
Rojas-Grau, M. A., R. J. Avena-Bustillos, et al. (2006). Mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of apple puree edible films containing plant essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 54(24):9262-7.
Rokni Zadeh, H., K. Khavazi, et al. (2008). Biocontrol of Pseudomonas savastanoi, causative agent of olive knot disease:antagonistic potential of non-pathogenic rhizosphere isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 73(1):199-203.
Roller, S. and P. Seedhar (2002). Carvacrol and cinnamic acid inhibit microbial growth in fresh-cut melon and kiwifruit at 4 degrees and 8 degrees C. Lett Appl Microbiol 35(5): 390-4.
Sanchez-Torres, P., Gonzalez-Candelas, L. (2003). Isolation and characterization of genes differentially expressed during the interaction between apple fruit and Penicillium expansum. Molecular Plant Pathology 4:447-457
Santos, P. M., T. Simoes, et al. (2009). Insights into yeast adaptive response to the agricultural fungicide mancozeb:a toxicoproteomics approach. Proteomics 9(3):657-70.
Satyanarayana, S., S. Ganga, et al. (1993). Transport of testosterone through rat skin from transdermal patch formulations. Pharmazie 48(6):467-8.
Segvic Klaric, M., I. Kosalec, et al. (2007). Antifungal activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil and thymol against moulds from damp dwellings. Lett Appl Microbiol 44(1): 36-42.
Seo, S., Sano, H., Ohashi, Y., (1997). Jasmonic acid in wound signal tranduction pathways. Physiol Plant 101:740-745
Sharma, N. and A. Tripathi (2008). Effects of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck epicarp essential oil on growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger (L.) Van Tieghem. Microbiol Res 163(3): 337-44.
Shin, S. (2003). Anti-Aspergillus activities of plant essential oils and their combination effects with ketoconazole or amphotericin B. Arch Pharm Res 26(5):389-93.
Shin, S. and J. H. Kim (2004). Antifungal activities of essential oils from Thymus quinquecostatus and T. magnus. Planta Med 70(11):1090-2.
Shin, S. and S. Lim (2004). Antifungal effects of herbal essential oils alone and in combination with ketoconazole against Trichophyton spp. J Appl Microbiol 97(6):1289-96.
Smid, E. J., Gorris, L. G M. (1999). Natural antimicrobials for food preservation. In:Rahman, M.S. (Ed.), Handbook of Food Preservation. Marcel Dekker, New York,285-308
Smilanick, J. L., Mansour, M. F., Gabler, F.M., Goodwine, W. R. (2006b). The effectiveness of pyrimethanil to inhibit germination of Penicillium digitatum and to control citrus green mold after harvest. Postharvest Biology and Technology 42:75-85
Smith, C. O. (1917). Sour rot of lemon in California. Phytopathology 7:37-41
Smith, R. L., S. M. Cohen, et al. (2005), A procedure for the safety evaluation of natural flavor complexes used as ingredients in food:essential oils. Food Chem Toxicol 43(3):345-63.
Smith-Palmer, A., J. Stewart, et al. (1998). Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 26(2):118-22.
Sokovic, M., J. Glamoclija, et al. (2008). Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L. and thymol on experimentally induced dermatomycoses. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 34(12):1388-93.
Solomakos, N., A. Govaris, et al. (2008). The antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against Listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage. Food Microbiol 25(1):120-7.
Spadaro, D. and M. L. Gullino (2004). State of the art and future prospects of the biological control of postharvest fruit diseases. Int J Food Microbiol 91(2):185-94.
Spadaro, D., W. Sabetta, et al. (2008). Use of AFLP for differentiation of Metschnikowia pulcherrima strains for postharvest disease biological control. Microbiol Res 163(5): 523-30.
Sridhar, S. R., R. V. Rajagopal, et al. (2003). Antifungal activity of some essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 51(26):7596-9.
Stockwell, V. O. and J. P. Stack (2007). Using Pseudomonas spp for integrated biologicalcontrol. Phytopathology 97(2):244-9.
Strange, R. N. and P. R. Scott (2005). Plant disease:a threat to global food security. Annu Rev Phytopatho143:83-116.
Suhr, K. I. and P. V. Nielsen (2003). Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. JAppl Microbiol 94(4):665-74.
Tang, S. and R. A. Cheke (2008). Models for integrated pest control and their biological implications. Math Biosci 215(1):115-25.
Tian, B., J. Yang, et al. (2007). Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 61(2): 197-213.
Tian, S. P., H. J. Yao, et al. (2007). Characterization and Expression of beta-1,3-Glucanase Genes in Jujube Fruit Induced by the Microbial Biocontrol Agent Cryptococcus laurentii. Phytopathology 97(3):260-8.
Torres, M. A., Jones, J. D. G., Dangl, J. L. (2006). Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiology 141:373-378.
Tsigarida, E., P. Skandamis, et al. (2000). Behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes and autochthonous flora on meat stored under aerobic, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging conditions with or without the presence of oregano essential oil at 5 degrees C. J Appl Microbiol 89(6):901-9.
Tullio, V., A. Nostro, et al. (2007). Antifungal activity of essential oils against filamentous fungi determined by broth microdilution and vapour contact methods. J Appl Microbiol 102(6): 1544-50.
Turgis, M., J. Borsa, et al. (2008). Effect of selected plant essential oils or their constituents and modified atmosphere packaging on the radiosensitivity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and
Salmonella typhi in ground beef. J Food Prot 71(3):516-21.
Ultee, A., E. P. Kets, et al. (1999). Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 65(10):4606-10.
Ultee, A., M. H. Bennik, et al. (2002). The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 68(4): 1561-8.
Valencia-Chamorro, S. A., L. Palou, et al. (2008). Inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum by hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-lipid edible composite films containing food additives with antifungal properties. J Agric Food Chem 56(23):11270-8.
Verhoeff, K. (1974). Latent infections by fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathology 12:99-107
Wan, Y. K., S. P. Tian, et al. (2003). Enhancement of biocontrol activity of yeasts by adding sodium bicarbonate or ammonium molybdate to control postharvest disease of jujube fruits. Lett Appl Microbiol 37(3):249-53.
Wang, Y., Y. Bao, et al. (2008). Biocontrol ofAlternaria alternata on cherry tomato fruit by use of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum Fell & Tallman. Int J Food Microbiol 123(3): 234-9.
Weissinger, W. R., K. H. Mc Watters, et al. (2001). Evaluation of volatile chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. J Food Prot 64(4):442-50.
Wild, B. L., (1992). Variations in sensitivity of isolates of Geotrichum candidum to the fungicide guazatine. Aust Plant Pathol 21:13-15
Winters, A. L., F. R. Minchin, et al. (2008). Latent and active polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in red clover (Trifolium pratense) and use of a low PPO mutant to study the role of PPO in proteolysis reduction. J Agric Food Chem 56(8):2817-24.
Yakoby, N., D. Beno-Moualem, et al. (2001). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pelB is an important virulence factor in avocado fruit-fungus interaction. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14(8): 988-95.
Yakoby, N., D. Beno-Moualem, et al. (2002). The analysis of fruit protection mechanisms provided by reduced-pathogenicity mutants of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration. Phytopathology 92(11):1196-201.
Yakoby, N., I. Kobiler, et al. (2000). pH regulation of pectate lyase secretion modulates the attack
of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on avocado fruits. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(3): 1026-30.
Yao, H. J. and S. P. Tian (2005). Effects of a biocontrol agent and methyl jasmonate on postharvest diseases of peach fruit and the possible mechanisms involved. J App] Microbiol 98(4): 941-50.
Yu, T. and X. D. Zheng (2007). Indole-3-acetic acid enhances the biocontrol of Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea on pear fruit by Cryptococcus laurentii. FEMS Yeast Res 7(3):459-64.
Yu, T., H. Y. Li, et al. (2007). Synergistic effect of chitosan and Cryptococcus laurentii on inhibition of Penicillium expansum infections. Int J Food Microbiol 114(3):261-6.
Yu, T., J. Chen, et al. (2009). Indole-3-acetic acid improves postharvest biological control of blue mold rot of apple by Cryptococcus laurentii. Phytopathology 99(3):258-64.
Yu, T., L. Wang, et al. (2008). Effect of chitin on the antagonistic activity of Cryptococcus laurentii against Penicillium expansum in pear fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 122(1-2):44-8.
Zega, G., F. De Bernardi, et al. (2009). Effects of the azole fungicide Imazalil on the development of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (Chordata, Tunicata):morphological and molecular characterization of the induced phenotype. Aquat Toxicol 91(3):255-61.
Zhang, H., L. Wang, et al. (2008). Control of postharvest pear diseases using Rhodotorula glutinis and its effects on postharvest quality parameters. Int J Food Microbiol 126(1-2):167-71.
Zhang, L., P. De Schryver, et al. (2008). Chemical and biological technologies for hydrogen sulfide emission control in sewer systems:a review. Water Res 42(1-2):1-12.
戚佩坤主编,(1994)。果蔬贮运病害。北京：中国农业出版社ISBN 7-109-02945-X
方中达,(1998)。植病研究方法(第三版)。北京：中国农业出版社
刘秀娟,杨业铜,黄圣明,(1994)。海南省番木瓜果实潜伏侵染真菌种类及其分布状况的研究。植物病理学报,24(4)：313-317