文学地域主义视阈下的薇拉·凯瑟小说研究
摘要
20世纪70年代以后文学批评理论的快速发展促成了近期薇拉凯瑟小说研究多维视角的形成，众多文学批评理论纷纷将薇拉凯瑟纳入自己的视阈，使这位曾一度星光黯淡的20世纪初美国最重要的作家之一重归人们的视线。凯瑟作品在人物、主题、叙事结构等方面表现出的复杂性和意义不确定性为众多文学批评理论的研究提供了可能，但究其根本，对土地的热爱是使凯瑟这位如此关注一个特定地方的作家能够赢得全球读者热爱的根本原因。然而，文学批评界对地域研究的忽视由来已久，作为美国普利策文学奖获得者，虽然薇拉凯瑟的文坛地位无人能够撼动，但其作品中强烈的地域感和对逝去文明及地域中他者文明的欣赏和表现使她往往被贴上怀旧作家、挽歌作家等标签，使她与“保守”和“落后”相联。这种对凯瑟地域文学片面和狭隘的看法限制了人们对她小说更深层次的解读。
当代文学地域主义理论将地方视作是理解人类感知或文化的基本范畴，是比空间具有更为具体、意义也更为确定的概念，代表了当前社会一种更为普遍的认知倾向。地域主义文学批评将地域视作是动态的、发展的，补充了物质环境在其它文学批评中的弱势地位，并跳出传统地域文学批评的围囿，将城市纳入研究范围，使地域的概念更加完整，也更加全面。在地域主义的理论框架下，文学作品中的地域空间不再仅仅是社会态度的概念性标记或流于形式的表面处理，而被视作是文本的基本结构、风格和意蕴，是赋予文本以生命的重要系统。地域文学主义通过对地方的探究来思考人类的迁移、城市化、文化的传播，探究民族叙述之外的多元文化，以及在接受统一的社会价值过程中地域对人的身份修正，使个体身份的定义在种族、阶级、性别的维度之上增加了地域的维度。文学地域主义对地域独特性的强调赋予了弱势群体以话语权，倡导地域是一种复杂的和相互联系的文学概念，并通过积极地参与同前人的对话来建立与我们当今世界的联系。借助新文化地理学的最新理论，文学地域主义从跨学科视角出发，探究人与地方之间的辩证关系，人们如何在混乱无序的环境中建构文化身份的疆界、转而造成地貌的改变，构成相互影响的动态系统。在当今全球化使稳定空间渐渐消逝和个体身份的危机出现时，文学地域主义以更加具体、微观、多元的地域概念来代替较为宏观和同一的存在，打破了以往的传统地域文学研究思路，因而是对文化一元化的抵制和补充。
本文立足当代文学地域主义批评的相关理论，以多元、辩证、发展的动态视角，分析了薇拉凯瑟前、中、后期创作的五部地域小说，通过梳理凯瑟地域诗学的发展脉络，探讨了其创作中特有的地域人文思想，考察了凯瑟的文学创作与其相关地域之间的复杂联系，以及凯瑟的小说是如何解读人与地之间的辩证关系，如何以地域为载体来反映社会变革、思考地域对个体身份和民族文化的意义和重要性的。
凯瑟作品的独特魅力是建立在与地域紧密联系的基础上的，而人与地的结合过程中所产生的冲突与相互影响是凯瑟创作的深层动力。凯瑟的地域文学创作从某种意义上来说参与了地域的持续创造，她不断地发现、挑战、并深化了对地域的定义，超越了传统地域概念的局限性，让读者看到了不同地域之间的对话与联系。被凯瑟赋予了灵魂的地域从传统小说的背景走到台前，在小说的不同层面发挥着作用，或是人物必须要战胜的困难，或是个体身份完善的催化剂，或是神秘力量的源泉，拥有同人物角色一样的身份。她的人物角色不仅仅生活在地理的地域，还生活在情感的地域、精神的地域和理性的地域之中。
在细致地勾画人物在某一地域或不同地域之间生活的基础上，凯瑟探讨了在与地方的互动中个体身份的不断完善与塑造，以及人的流动是如何扩大了其存在的疆界。凯瑟小说中的人物塑造往往是其与所存在的地域中不同力量互相作用的结果，人物不同的地域经历成为影响其个体身份发展的重要因素。他们不断地从古老或现代的地域、自然或人工的地域景观、现实或记忆中的地域感受、成功或失败的地域经历中获取身份建构的材料，并反过来以自身对地域的理解来改变地域的面貌，以此留下人类存在的标记，突出表现了人与地之间的密切关系以及人地对话中映射出的社会意识与人性思考。
凯瑟笔下的地域既是复杂变换的，也是社会重大变革的发生之处。在对那些从古老传统和浩繁文明中走出的移民生活的叙述中，凯瑟将她对地域的理解扩大到了美国的民族社会生活层面，强调了美国人的这种在不同地域间移动的能力是除对土地的使用和拥有之外的另一种美国社会发展的推动力。凯瑟对欧洲、美洲文化传统的探寻体现出她对地域文化身份复杂性的充分认识和对美国文化根源的追寻，其作品中表现出的对多元文化的接纳态度打破了以往自我指涉的民族主义神话以及安格鲁‐萨克逊文化的主控形式，以维护地域的独特性来保持地域的多样性及持久性。在凯瑟看来，地域的存在不是孤立的和与世隔绝的，其后期作品中的地域空间在纵向上穿越了历史维度的同时，在横向上则进一步跨越了民族的界限而与世界相连，将地域置于整个世界的大概念之中而具有了普世意义。凯瑟的这种对地域性的理解挑战了她所处时代狭隘的以民族主义对地域概念进行定义的局限性。
薇拉凯瑟的文学创作风格简练、优雅，笔下的地域充满了诗情画意，其不断创新的叙事形式挑战了评论界对地域文学作品缺乏艺术创新的定论，在凯瑟的简约文风下隐藏的是她对各种现代派创作技巧的尝试和运用。她以并置和空白等创作技巧来唤起读者的想象力、弱化作者角色、增加读者和文本之间的互文性，以不断变换的时间、开放式的结局、愈发破碎的叙事结构来织就小说错综复杂的结构框架，表现了她多重的叙事视角和对空间的现代处理能力。
凯瑟的地域文学创作不是简单的怀旧或对过去的复述，而是对现代地域意义的探查，是对当前人类栖居的地域空间的探究；它既是乡村的，也是城市的；既是独立的，又是开放的；既是平静的，又是充满矛盾的，因而能够源于地域，而又超越地域的围囿，改变了人们对地域的意义和作用的传统定义，以及对身份归属的理解，是一种超越了表象之上的更广大、更驳杂的地域文化自觉，因此而成为真正能够与世界对话的文学。其小说以地域为依托所传达出的文化特质、人文精神，及其对社会变迁、人的生存本质的探索，激励着我们对现代社会文明进行深刻的思考。
薇拉凯瑟与美国西部、西南、东部等不同地域的渊源及亲身体验使其创作的小说真实生动、富于感染力，形成了其小说独特的地域魅力，也成就了她优秀地域文学作家的美名。以凯瑟早期荒原三部曲中的《啊，拓荒者！》和《我的安东妮亚》为研读文本，可以发现，凯瑟在文学创作初期通过对美国西部早期移民地域重置经历的描写，突出体现了欧洲旧世界对个体重置后地域身份建构的影响，揭示了美国文化与欧洲旧世界之间的紧密联系。小说中的人物在与地域的协商和互动中，实现由家园丧失到了解地域后与地域的和谐共存。凯瑟对一些特殊地域景物的细致描写表现了拓荒者对土地的征服与利用，以及人地之间的相互影响。通过对失去家园经历的叙述，凯瑟探究了个体在不同条件下与地方形成的各种不同关系。
《云雀之歌》中凯瑟对在不同地域间迁移个体的展现，表现了她对城市与乡村之间地域联系的构建。在凯瑟看来，地域的存在不是孤立的，某一地域的存在要依赖它与其它地域的联系与相互观照，在城市和乡村的对话中蕴含着美国社会发展的动力。而人物的成长与发展同样离不开与地域间的互动，跨越地理和时间界限的地域可以为人物的身份建构不断提供庇护、启示、素材和意义。凯瑟在这部小说中将拓荒的意义拓展到了地域文化中所包含的社会变革，以开放和动态的视角来关注地域间的融合，将发展的元素融入到了地域的建构之中。
《教授之屋》是凯瑟中期创作的迷茫三部曲中的代表作，在这部小说中凯瑟挑战了地域主义与现代主义的对立，在地域创作中融入了现代主义的特征。凯瑟利用失败的地域经历、异类的花园和被赋予了多重意义的教授旧屋表现了一名在现代社会的荒原中寻找自我身份归属的个体的迷茫，探究了现代物质文明和商业社会的发展对个体身份的侵蚀以及对人的内心与精神造成的伤害。小说的开放式结尾、复杂的结构框架和简洁的文风充分体现了凯瑟对各种现代派创作技巧的尝试和运用，代表了凯瑟创作的新阶段。
凯瑟后期创作的历史文本《大主教之死》以美国西南地域为背景，体现了凯瑟开放和动态的地域理念为其创作带来的变化。后期的凯瑟重返她初始阶段积极进取的基调，其更加收放自如、炉火纯青的笔触不仅使小说的叙事形式超越了任何文学类别的定义，而且更为关注人物内心世界对地理地域和地域谱系的超越，在不同地域的对话中，表现出内外的融合与超脱，土地成为多元文化融合共存的人文精神载体，体现了凯瑟对文学普世价值的追求。小说通过一个白人的视角对印第安人的精神世界及其价值观进行了深层次的挖掘，在两个文明的相互审视、比照中凯瑟颂扬了印第安文明对自然的亲近，表达了对拥有异质特征的他者文化的接纳是这个新生国家得以健康发展前提的思想。
薇拉·凯瑟以开放、动态、发展的地域视角和对地域的深刻理解为我们构建了一个又一个多重复杂的文学地域。她笔下的地域既是自然的，也是人类的，既是开放的和多元的，也是共性与个性动态地相互影响的结果。凯瑟以地域为基础，对时代变化的回应促使我们不断地采取新的视角去思考地域的意义和重要性，以更加细致、变通和辩证的态度来理解文学创作和地域之间的复杂关系。在全球化的时代，重新审视19世纪与20世纪之交的薇拉·凯瑟，她对艺术的永恒追求使她从文学批评的边缘走上经典的舞台，其小说以地域为依托所传达出的文化特质、人文精神，及其对社会变迁、人的生存本质的探索，将不断激发人们对现代社会文明的深刻思考。
The swift development of literary critical theories since1970’s leads to theformation of recent multiple perspectives in Willa Cather’s study. Many criticalapproaches include Willa Cather into their research sphere which brings this oncediminished literary giant of early20thcentury back to our sight. The complexities incharacters, theme, structures, etc. and indefiniteness in meaning of Cather’s novelsmake it possible for the implementation of various critical theories. Actually it is herlove of place secured her, a writer deeply invested in particular places, a globalreadership. However, regional writing has been pushed to the margin of literaryresearch for a long time. As a winner of Pulitzer Prize of Literature, Cather’s status asAmerican literary central figure was once unshakeable. However, some critics labeledher as a nostalgist or an elegist on account of her intense sense of place andappreciation of the elapsing and Other civilizations presented in her novels, andaccused her of being retrospective and escaping. This narrow and reduced perceptionof Cather’s regional writings limited deeper understanding of her regional poetics.
Contemporary literary regionalism takes place as the basic category forunderstanding human perception and culture. Place is treated as more specific conceptwith fixed meaning compared with space, which represents a more popular cognitivetendency in present society. Regional literature criticism treats region as dynamic andmobile, which rectifies many critics’ absenteeism in regard to physical environment.Moreover, it surpasses the restriction of traditional regionalism by including city intoits sphere making the definition of region more comprehensive. Under the paradigmof regionalism, regional space in novels is not merely a conceptual index of socialattitudes and representational practice. It is reimagined as a texture, a style, anetiquette and an important metabolism that endows life into text. By exploring places,regional literature concerns about immigration, urbanization and culture transmission,probes into culture diversity excluded from national narration and region’srectification of identity in the process of accepting unified social values. In theoriginal model of identity defined in terms of race, class and gender, the attention toplace forms a new regional dimension. Literary regionalism’s emphasis on theparticularity of region has often authorized the less powerful of the society to speak.While taking itself as a complicated and interconnected literary category, regionalismsets up the relationship between the past and the present by actively involving into thedialogue with the old world. In virtue of the latest theories of new cultural geography, literary regionalism constitutes an interdisciplinary approach to the dialecticalrelationship between people and place, and the way that people shape the borderlineof their cultural identity in the chaotic environment and that the natural landscapeevolves over time as a result of human presence and influence. While globalization incontemporary world is eroding the security of space and individual identity, the morespecific, micro and plural regional concept defined under the paradigm of literaryregionalism substitutes the macro and uniform human existence and transcends thetraditional approaches of regional study, which make it a compensation and repellenceof cultural unification.
On the basis of contemporary regional literature theories this study analyzed fiveregional writings of Willa Cather in different phases of her writing life from apluralistic, dialectic and dynamic perspective. In sorting out the developing tendencyof Cather’s poetics this study discussed her regional politics and explored the complexrelationships between her writing and region, trying to answer questions as how sheinterprets the dialectic relationships between people and place in her writing, how shepresents the social changes by taking region as the carrier and what is hercontemplation on the meaning and significance of region to individual identity andnational culture.
Cather’s novels are bound up with regions. The conflicts and interplay appearedin human and place confrontations are the essential driving force of her writing. Incertain sense, her regional writings participate in the constant creation of region. Shekeeps discovering, challenging and broadening the definition of region to exceed thelimit of traditional concepts and demonstrates the dialogue and interactions betweendifferent regions. Endowed with spirits, Cather’s regions step from the background intraditional regional writings to the foreground and function on several levels in thenovels being examined. Place can be challenges the characters have to confront, orcatalyst completing the subjects’ identity, or source of miraculous power. It has anidentity the same as the character. Cather’s characters do not simply live ingeographical places; they live in places emotionally, spiritually, and intellectually.
Describing in detail the character’s life in one region or different regions, Catherexplores the constant complement and transformation of the character’s identities ininteractions with place and how people’s movement extends his life boundary. Variousforces in region work together on her characters which makes different regionalexperiences important factors affecting the development of their identities. They keepabsorbing inspirations for building their identities from old or modern regions, naturalor artificial landscapes, present or past regional feelings, successful or frustratedregional experiences, and in turn change the landscapes according to their ownunderstanding of the regions, leaving marks of human existence. These predominantlyillustrate the intimate relationship between people and place, and Cather’s socialawareness and thinking of human nature in the dialogues of the two.
Cather’s region is complicated and mobile. It is also the setting of dominantsocial changes. In her narrative of the immigrants’ life immersed in tradition andabundant civilization, Cather extends her understanding of region to the national life of American society and contends that the migration of American among differentregions is another driving force of American society in addition to the utilization andpossession of land. Cather’s tracing of the European and American culture heritageindicates her perception of the complexity of regional cultural identity and explorationof the roots of American culture. Her acceptance of diverse cultures surpasses theself-referent mythology of nationalism and the dominance of Anglo-Saxon culture. Bymaintaining the particularity of region Cather preserves the diversity and everlastingof region. Cather creates a cosmopolitan region that resists isolation or insularity andis able to transcend the historical periods and the boundaries of nation to connect withthe world. Her understanding of regionalism challenges the narrow definition ofregion at her time when regional writing often signaled American literary nationalism.
Willa Cather’s style is matchless in its clarity, beauty and simplicity. Her regionsare wrought in the most satisfactory prose style. Her constant experimentation inliterary technique breaks the stereotype that regional writing is lack of artisticinnovation. Her simplicity style disguises her willingness to experiment andimplement various modern literary techniques. By using vacuole and juxtaposition,she successfully evokes the reader’s speculation. The retreat of the author increasesthe interaction between the reader and the text. The ever shifting time line, indecisiveending and increasing fracture in structure form the complex framework of her novels,demonstrating her multiple narrative perspectives and capacity of modern processwith space.
Cather’s regional novels are not simply nostalgia or repetition of the past butrather an exploration of the modern meaning of region and the inhabited regionalspace of human. Cather’s regionalism is rural as well as urban; independent as well asopen; placid as well as full of conflicts. Consequently, though rooted in region it canalso transcend the sphere of region thus change the conventional understanding of thesignificance and functions of region, and regional identity. What is presented in hernovels is a kind of more complicated and expanded regional culture awarenesssurpassing its fa ade. By doing so she secures her regional writing a world literature.The cultural traits, humanistic spirits conveyed in her regions and her accounts of thesocial movements and the nature of human existence inspire deeper contemplations onour modern social civilization.
Willa Cather’s attachment and personal experience with the west, southwest andeast part of America help make her regional novels authentic and fascinating whichendows her novels a kind of special charm and entitles her the fame of excellentregional writer. Taking two of Cather’s prairie trilogy—O Pioneers! and My Antonia—as the research subjects, it can be found that via focusing on the first immigrants’displacement in the west Cather’s early writings present the influence of the OldWorld to the formation of subjects’ identities after being displaced illustrating theintimate connection between the American culture and old Europe. In the negotiationand interaction with regions the characters who once experienced loss of homeachieve harmonious co-existence with the land after understanding it. Cather’sdetailed descriptions of some particular landscapes demonstrate the frontiers’ conquest and utilization of the land as well as the interplay between people and land.Cather’s description of the experiences of losing home explores the differentrelationships with place that subjects may form under different conditions.
In The Song of the Lark characters’ migration among various regions elaboratesCather’s construction of the connectivity between city and country. To Cather theexistence of region is definitely not insular but depends on its linkage with otherregions and their mutual support. In the dialogue between the urban and the rural thereimplies the driving force of American society. Similarly, the characters’ growth anddevelopment is also the result of their interaction with regions. Regions whichtranscend the boundaries of geography and time keep offering shelter, inspiration,materials or meaning for the characters’ building of identity. In this novel Catherextends the meaning of frontier to include the social changes in regional culture.Concerning the fusion of different regions from an open and dynamic perspective, sheembeds the development of society into her construction of region.
The Professor’s House is the most significant novel in Cather’s medium term losttrilogy. In this novel Cather challenges the antinomy between regionalism andmodernism by enmeshing modern techniques into her regional novels. In herdescription of frustrated regional experiences, heterogeneous garden and theprofessor’s old attic study invested with multiple meanings, Cather explores thecharacter’s feeling of being lost while seeking for identity in the wild prairie ofmodern society. The indecisive ending, complicated structure and simple style areimplications of her daring experiment in modern techniques. This novel represents anew phase of Cather’s writing career.
In Cather’s later novels, Death Comes for the Archbishop is a historical narrativetaking American southwest as the setting. This novel is an evidence of the variation ofCather’s writing as a result of Cather’s open and dynamic regional perception. Thetriumphant tone in her early novels returns with higher degree of maturity andproficiency. This writing denied categorization in terms of any literary genre andconcerns more upon people’s spiritual transcendence of geographical and genealogicalregion demonstrating Cather’s consciousness of the cosmopolitan value of literature.The dialogues between different regions convey the fusion and surpassing of inlandand outland. Land becomes the humanistic spiritual carrier of the co-existence andsolidarity of diverse cultures of the region. Moreover, this novel profoundly exploresthe American Indian spiritual world and their values from the perspective of a whitepriest. In the mutual examination and comparison of the two civilizations Catherappreciates the intimate relationship with nature in the Indian civilization andexpresses her perception that the admission of the Other culture with distinctivefeatures is the premise of healthy development of the new country.
Willa Cather’s sense of region is open, dynamic and developing, and her nuancedunderstanding of region contributes to the construction of one after another literaryregional complexion. Her region is natural as well as human, open as well aspluralistic. It is the result of a fluid, dynamic interplay between generalities andspecificities. Taking region as the carrier Cather responds the changing of the society inspiring us to keep thinking about the meaning and significance of region from anever innovating perspective and to understand the complexities of theinter-connections between writing and place in a more supple, inflected and dialecticattitude. In present global age, re-examining Willa Cather of the turning of19thand20thcentury her eternal pursuit of art pulls her back from the margin of literarycriticism to the stage of classical literature. The cultural traits, humanistic spiritsconveyed in her regions and her accounts of the social movements and the nature ofhuman existence inspire deeper contemplations of our modern social civilization.
当代文学地域主义理论将地方视作是理解人类感知或文化的基本范畴，是比空间具有更为具体、意义也更为确定的概念，代表了当前社会一种更为普遍的认知倾向。地域主义文学批评将地域视作是动态的、发展的，补充了物质环境在其它文学批评中的弱势地位，并跳出传统地域文学批评的围囿，将城市纳入研究范围，使地域的概念更加完整，也更加全面。在地域主义的理论框架下，文学作品中的地域空间不再仅仅是社会态度的概念性标记或流于形式的表面处理，而被视作是文本的基本结构、风格和意蕴，是赋予文本以生命的重要系统。地域文学主义通过对地方的探究来思考人类的迁移、城市化、文化的传播，探究民族叙述之外的多元文化，以及在接受统一的社会价值过程中地域对人的身份修正，使个体身份的定义在种族、阶级、性别的维度之上增加了地域的维度。文学地域主义对地域独特性的强调赋予了弱势群体以话语权，倡导地域是一种复杂的和相互联系的文学概念，并通过积极地参与同前人的对话来建立与我们当今世界的联系。借助新文化地理学的最新理论，文学地域主义从跨学科视角出发，探究人与地方之间的辩证关系，人们如何在混乱无序的环境中建构文化身份的疆界、转而造成地貌的改变，构成相互影响的动态系统。在当今全球化使稳定空间渐渐消逝和个体身份的危机出现时，文学地域主义以更加具体、微观、多元的地域概念来代替较为宏观和同一的存在，打破了以往的传统地域文学研究思路，因而是对文化一元化的抵制和补充。
本文立足当代文学地域主义批评的相关理论，以多元、辩证、发展的动态视角，分析了薇拉凯瑟前、中、后期创作的五部地域小说，通过梳理凯瑟地域诗学的发展脉络，探讨了其创作中特有的地域人文思想，考察了凯瑟的文学创作与其相关地域之间的复杂联系，以及凯瑟的小说是如何解读人与地之间的辩证关系，如何以地域为载体来反映社会变革、思考地域对个体身份和民族文化的意义和重要性的。
凯瑟作品的独特魅力是建立在与地域紧密联系的基础上的，而人与地的结合过程中所产生的冲突与相互影响是凯瑟创作的深层动力。凯瑟的地域文学创作从某种意义上来说参与了地域的持续创造，她不断地发现、挑战、并深化了对地域的定义，超越了传统地域概念的局限性，让读者看到了不同地域之间的对话与联系。被凯瑟赋予了灵魂的地域从传统小说的背景走到台前，在小说的不同层面发挥着作用，或是人物必须要战胜的困难，或是个体身份完善的催化剂，或是神秘力量的源泉，拥有同人物角色一样的身份。她的人物角色不仅仅生活在地理的地域，还生活在情感的地域、精神的地域和理性的地域之中。
在细致地勾画人物在某一地域或不同地域之间生活的基础上，凯瑟探讨了在与地方的互动中个体身份的不断完善与塑造，以及人的流动是如何扩大了其存在的疆界。凯瑟小说中的人物塑造往往是其与所存在的地域中不同力量互相作用的结果，人物不同的地域经历成为影响其个体身份发展的重要因素。他们不断地从古老或现代的地域、自然或人工的地域景观、现实或记忆中的地域感受、成功或失败的地域经历中获取身份建构的材料，并反过来以自身对地域的理解来改变地域的面貌，以此留下人类存在的标记，突出表现了人与地之间的密切关系以及人地对话中映射出的社会意识与人性思考。
凯瑟笔下的地域既是复杂变换的，也是社会重大变革的发生之处。在对那些从古老传统和浩繁文明中走出的移民生活的叙述中，凯瑟将她对地域的理解扩大到了美国的民族社会生活层面，强调了美国人的这种在不同地域间移动的能力是除对土地的使用和拥有之外的另一种美国社会发展的推动力。凯瑟对欧洲、美洲文化传统的探寻体现出她对地域文化身份复杂性的充分认识和对美国文化根源的追寻，其作品中表现出的对多元文化的接纳态度打破了以往自我指涉的民族主义神话以及安格鲁‐萨克逊文化的主控形式，以维护地域的独特性来保持地域的多样性及持久性。在凯瑟看来，地域的存在不是孤立的和与世隔绝的，其后期作品中的地域空间在纵向上穿越了历史维度的同时，在横向上则进一步跨越了民族的界限而与世界相连，将地域置于整个世界的大概念之中而具有了普世意义。凯瑟的这种对地域性的理解挑战了她所处时代狭隘的以民族主义对地域概念进行定义的局限性。
薇拉凯瑟的文学创作风格简练、优雅，笔下的地域充满了诗情画意，其不断创新的叙事形式挑战了评论界对地域文学作品缺乏艺术创新的定论，在凯瑟的简约文风下隐藏的是她对各种现代派创作技巧的尝试和运用。她以并置和空白等创作技巧来唤起读者的想象力、弱化作者角色、增加读者和文本之间的互文性，以不断变换的时间、开放式的结局、愈发破碎的叙事结构来织就小说错综复杂的结构框架，表现了她多重的叙事视角和对空间的现代处理能力。
凯瑟的地域文学创作不是简单的怀旧或对过去的复述，而是对现代地域意义的探查，是对当前人类栖居的地域空间的探究；它既是乡村的，也是城市的；既是独立的，又是开放的；既是平静的，又是充满矛盾的，因而能够源于地域，而又超越地域的围囿，改变了人们对地域的意义和作用的传统定义，以及对身份归属的理解，是一种超越了表象之上的更广大、更驳杂的地域文化自觉，因此而成为真正能够与世界对话的文学。其小说以地域为依托所传达出的文化特质、人文精神，及其对社会变迁、人的生存本质的探索，激励着我们对现代社会文明进行深刻的思考。
薇拉凯瑟与美国西部、西南、东部等不同地域的渊源及亲身体验使其创作的小说真实生动、富于感染力，形成了其小说独特的地域魅力，也成就了她优秀地域文学作家的美名。以凯瑟早期荒原三部曲中的《啊，拓荒者！》和《我的安东妮亚》为研读文本，可以发现，凯瑟在文学创作初期通过对美国西部早期移民地域重置经历的描写，突出体现了欧洲旧世界对个体重置后地域身份建构的影响，揭示了美国文化与欧洲旧世界之间的紧密联系。小说中的人物在与地域的协商和互动中，实现由家园丧失到了解地域后与地域的和谐共存。凯瑟对一些特殊地域景物的细致描写表现了拓荒者对土地的征服与利用，以及人地之间的相互影响。通过对失去家园经历的叙述，凯瑟探究了个体在不同条件下与地方形成的各种不同关系。
《云雀之歌》中凯瑟对在不同地域间迁移个体的展现，表现了她对城市与乡村之间地域联系的构建。在凯瑟看来，地域的存在不是孤立的，某一地域的存在要依赖它与其它地域的联系与相互观照，在城市和乡村的对话中蕴含着美国社会发展的动力。而人物的成长与发展同样离不开与地域间的互动，跨越地理和时间界限的地域可以为人物的身份建构不断提供庇护、启示、素材和意义。凯瑟在这部小说中将拓荒的意义拓展到了地域文化中所包含的社会变革，以开放和动态的视角来关注地域间的融合，将发展的元素融入到了地域的建构之中。
《教授之屋》是凯瑟中期创作的迷茫三部曲中的代表作，在这部小说中凯瑟挑战了地域主义与现代主义的对立，在地域创作中融入了现代主义的特征。凯瑟利用失败的地域经历、异类的花园和被赋予了多重意义的教授旧屋表现了一名在现代社会的荒原中寻找自我身份归属的个体的迷茫，探究了现代物质文明和商业社会的发展对个体身份的侵蚀以及对人的内心与精神造成的伤害。小说的开放式结尾、复杂的结构框架和简洁的文风充分体现了凯瑟对各种现代派创作技巧的尝试和运用，代表了凯瑟创作的新阶段。
凯瑟后期创作的历史文本《大主教之死》以美国西南地域为背景，体现了凯瑟开放和动态的地域理念为其创作带来的变化。后期的凯瑟重返她初始阶段积极进取的基调，其更加收放自如、炉火纯青的笔触不仅使小说的叙事形式超越了任何文学类别的定义，而且更为关注人物内心世界对地理地域和地域谱系的超越，在不同地域的对话中，表现出内外的融合与超脱，土地成为多元文化融合共存的人文精神载体，体现了凯瑟对文学普世价值的追求。小说通过一个白人的视角对印第安人的精神世界及其价值观进行了深层次的挖掘，在两个文明的相互审视、比照中凯瑟颂扬了印第安文明对自然的亲近，表达了对拥有异质特征的他者文化的接纳是这个新生国家得以健康发展前提的思想。
薇拉·凯瑟以开放、动态、发展的地域视角和对地域的深刻理解为我们构建了一个又一个多重复杂的文学地域。她笔下的地域既是自然的，也是人类的，既是开放的和多元的，也是共性与个性动态地相互影响的结果。凯瑟以地域为基础，对时代变化的回应促使我们不断地采取新的视角去思考地域的意义和重要性，以更加细致、变通和辩证的态度来理解文学创作和地域之间的复杂关系。在全球化的时代，重新审视19世纪与20世纪之交的薇拉·凯瑟，她对艺术的永恒追求使她从文学批评的边缘走上经典的舞台，其小说以地域为依托所传达出的文化特质、人文精神，及其对社会变迁、人的生存本质的探索，将不断激发人们对现代社会文明的深刻思考。
The swift development of literary critical theories since1970’s leads to theformation of recent multiple perspectives in Willa Cather’s study. Many criticalapproaches include Willa Cather into their research sphere which brings this oncediminished literary giant of early20thcentury back to our sight. The complexities incharacters, theme, structures, etc. and indefiniteness in meaning of Cather’s novelsmake it possible for the implementation of various critical theories. Actually it is herlove of place secured her, a writer deeply invested in particular places, a globalreadership. However, regional writing has been pushed to the margin of literaryresearch for a long time. As a winner of Pulitzer Prize of Literature, Cather’s status asAmerican literary central figure was once unshakeable. However, some critics labeledher as a nostalgist or an elegist on account of her intense sense of place andappreciation of the elapsing and Other civilizations presented in her novels, andaccused her of being retrospective and escaping. This narrow and reduced perceptionof Cather’s regional writings limited deeper understanding of her regional poetics.
Contemporary literary regionalism takes place as the basic category forunderstanding human perception and culture. Place is treated as more specific conceptwith fixed meaning compared with space, which represents a more popular cognitivetendency in present society. Regional literature criticism treats region as dynamic andmobile, which rectifies many critics’ absenteeism in regard to physical environment.Moreover, it surpasses the restriction of traditional regionalism by including city intoits sphere making the definition of region more comprehensive. Under the paradigmof regionalism, regional space in novels is not merely a conceptual index of socialattitudes and representational practice. It is reimagined as a texture, a style, anetiquette and an important metabolism that endows life into text. By exploring places,regional literature concerns about immigration, urbanization and culture transmission,probes into culture diversity excluded from national narration and region’srectification of identity in the process of accepting unified social values. In theoriginal model of identity defined in terms of race, class and gender, the attention toplace forms a new regional dimension. Literary regionalism’s emphasis on theparticularity of region has often authorized the less powerful of the society to speak.While taking itself as a complicated and interconnected literary category, regionalismsets up the relationship between the past and the present by actively involving into thedialogue with the old world. In virtue of the latest theories of new cultural geography, literary regionalism constitutes an interdisciplinary approach to the dialecticalrelationship between people and place, and the way that people shape the borderlineof their cultural identity in the chaotic environment and that the natural landscapeevolves over time as a result of human presence and influence. While globalization incontemporary world is eroding the security of space and individual identity, the morespecific, micro and plural regional concept defined under the paradigm of literaryregionalism substitutes the macro and uniform human existence and transcends thetraditional approaches of regional study, which make it a compensation and repellenceof cultural unification.
On the basis of contemporary regional literature theories this study analyzed fiveregional writings of Willa Cather in different phases of her writing life from apluralistic, dialectic and dynamic perspective. In sorting out the developing tendencyof Cather’s poetics this study discussed her regional politics and explored the complexrelationships between her writing and region, trying to answer questions as how sheinterprets the dialectic relationships between people and place in her writing, how shepresents the social changes by taking region as the carrier and what is hercontemplation on the meaning and significance of region to individual identity andnational culture.
Cather’s novels are bound up with regions. The conflicts and interplay appearedin human and place confrontations are the essential driving force of her writing. Incertain sense, her regional writings participate in the constant creation of region. Shekeeps discovering, challenging and broadening the definition of region to exceed thelimit of traditional concepts and demonstrates the dialogue and interactions betweendifferent regions. Endowed with spirits, Cather’s regions step from the background intraditional regional writings to the foreground and function on several levels in thenovels being examined. Place can be challenges the characters have to confront, orcatalyst completing the subjects’ identity, or source of miraculous power. It has anidentity the same as the character. Cather’s characters do not simply live ingeographical places; they live in places emotionally, spiritually, and intellectually.
Describing in detail the character’s life in one region or different regions, Catherexplores the constant complement and transformation of the character’s identities ininteractions with place and how people’s movement extends his life boundary. Variousforces in region work together on her characters which makes different regionalexperiences important factors affecting the development of their identities. They keepabsorbing inspirations for building their identities from old or modern regions, naturalor artificial landscapes, present or past regional feelings, successful or frustratedregional experiences, and in turn change the landscapes according to their ownunderstanding of the regions, leaving marks of human existence. These predominantlyillustrate the intimate relationship between people and place, and Cather’s socialawareness and thinking of human nature in the dialogues of the two.
Cather’s region is complicated and mobile. It is also the setting of dominantsocial changes. In her narrative of the immigrants’ life immersed in tradition andabundant civilization, Cather extends her understanding of region to the national life of American society and contends that the migration of American among differentregions is another driving force of American society in addition to the utilization andpossession of land. Cather’s tracing of the European and American culture heritageindicates her perception of the complexity of regional cultural identity and explorationof the roots of American culture. Her acceptance of diverse cultures surpasses theself-referent mythology of nationalism and the dominance of Anglo-Saxon culture. Bymaintaining the particularity of region Cather preserves the diversity and everlastingof region. Cather creates a cosmopolitan region that resists isolation or insularity andis able to transcend the historical periods and the boundaries of nation to connect withthe world. Her understanding of regionalism challenges the narrow definition ofregion at her time when regional writing often signaled American literary nationalism.
Willa Cather’s style is matchless in its clarity, beauty and simplicity. Her regionsare wrought in the most satisfactory prose style. Her constant experimentation inliterary technique breaks the stereotype that regional writing is lack of artisticinnovation. Her simplicity style disguises her willingness to experiment andimplement various modern literary techniques. By using vacuole and juxtaposition,she successfully evokes the reader’s speculation. The retreat of the author increasesthe interaction between the reader and the text. The ever shifting time line, indecisiveending and increasing fracture in structure form the complex framework of her novels,demonstrating her multiple narrative perspectives and capacity of modern processwith space.
Cather’s regional novels are not simply nostalgia or repetition of the past butrather an exploration of the modern meaning of region and the inhabited regionalspace of human. Cather’s regionalism is rural as well as urban; independent as well asopen; placid as well as full of conflicts. Consequently, though rooted in region it canalso transcend the sphere of region thus change the conventional understanding of thesignificance and functions of region, and regional identity. What is presented in hernovels is a kind of more complicated and expanded regional culture awarenesssurpassing its fa ade. By doing so she secures her regional writing a world literature.The cultural traits, humanistic spirits conveyed in her regions and her accounts of thesocial movements and the nature of human existence inspire deeper contemplations onour modern social civilization.
Willa Cather’s attachment and personal experience with the west, southwest andeast part of America help make her regional novels authentic and fascinating whichendows her novels a kind of special charm and entitles her the fame of excellentregional writer. Taking two of Cather’s prairie trilogy—O Pioneers! and My Antonia—as the research subjects, it can be found that via focusing on the first immigrants’displacement in the west Cather’s early writings present the influence of the OldWorld to the formation of subjects’ identities after being displaced illustrating theintimate connection between the American culture and old Europe. In the negotiationand interaction with regions the characters who once experienced loss of homeachieve harmonious co-existence with the land after understanding it. Cather’sdetailed descriptions of some particular landscapes demonstrate the frontiers’ conquest and utilization of the land as well as the interplay between people and land.Cather’s description of the experiences of losing home explores the differentrelationships with place that subjects may form under different conditions.
In The Song of the Lark characters’ migration among various regions elaboratesCather’s construction of the connectivity between city and country. To Cather theexistence of region is definitely not insular but depends on its linkage with otherregions and their mutual support. In the dialogue between the urban and the rural thereimplies the driving force of American society. Similarly, the characters’ growth anddevelopment is also the result of their interaction with regions. Regions whichtranscend the boundaries of geography and time keep offering shelter, inspiration,materials or meaning for the characters’ building of identity. In this novel Catherextends the meaning of frontier to include the social changes in regional culture.Concerning the fusion of different regions from an open and dynamic perspective, sheembeds the development of society into her construction of region.
The Professor’s House is the most significant novel in Cather’s medium term losttrilogy. In this novel Cather challenges the antinomy between regionalism andmodernism by enmeshing modern techniques into her regional novels. In herdescription of frustrated regional experiences, heterogeneous garden and theprofessor’s old attic study invested with multiple meanings, Cather explores thecharacter’s feeling of being lost while seeking for identity in the wild prairie ofmodern society. The indecisive ending, complicated structure and simple style areimplications of her daring experiment in modern techniques. This novel represents anew phase of Cather’s writing career.
In Cather’s later novels, Death Comes for the Archbishop is a historical narrativetaking American southwest as the setting. This novel is an evidence of the variation ofCather’s writing as a result of Cather’s open and dynamic regional perception. Thetriumphant tone in her early novels returns with higher degree of maturity andproficiency. This writing denied categorization in terms of any literary genre andconcerns more upon people’s spiritual transcendence of geographical and genealogicalregion demonstrating Cather’s consciousness of the cosmopolitan value of literature.The dialogues between different regions convey the fusion and surpassing of inlandand outland. Land becomes the humanistic spiritual carrier of the co-existence andsolidarity of diverse cultures of the region. Moreover, this novel profoundly exploresthe American Indian spiritual world and their values from the perspective of a whitepriest. In the mutual examination and comparison of the two civilizations Catherappreciates the intimate relationship with nature in the Indian civilization andexpresses her perception that the admission of the Other culture with distinctivefeatures is the premise of healthy development of the new country.
Willa Cather’s sense of region is open, dynamic and developing, and her nuancedunderstanding of region contributes to the construction of one after another literaryregional complexion. Her region is natural as well as human, open as well aspluralistic. It is the result of a fluid, dynamic interplay between generalities andspecificities. Taking region as the carrier Cather responds the changing of the society inspiring us to keep thinking about the meaning and significance of region from anever innovating perspective and to understand the complexities of theinter-connections between writing and place in a more supple, inflected and dialecticattitude. In present global age, re-examining Willa Cather of the turning of19thand20thcentury her eternal pursuit of art pulls her back from the margin of literarycriticism to the stage of classical literature. The cultural traits, humanistic spiritsconveyed in her regions and her accounts of the social movements and the nature ofhuman existence inspire deeper contemplations of our modern social civilization.
引文
①[美]薇拉·凯瑟.啊，拓荒者！我的安东妮亚.资中筠、周微林译.北京：外国文学出版社，1983：5-6.
①杨仁敬.20世纪美国文学史.青岛出版社，2010：118.
①The Atlantic Monthly. Nov.,1912:683.转引自James L. Woodress. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln andLondon: University of Nebraska Press,1987:162.
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:94.
①Warner Berthoff. The Ferment of Realism: American Literature,1884-1919. Cambridge,1981:292-294.
②Sharon O’Brien, ed.<我的安东尼亚>新论.北京大学出版社,2007：17.
③H. L. Mencken. Review of My Antonia. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, Ithaca: CornellUniversity Press,1967:8.
④John J. Murphy, ed. Critical Essays on Willa Cather. Boston: G. K. Hall,1984:145-146.
⑤Henry W. Boynton. Varieties of Realism. Nation,1918.
⑥Carl Van Doren. Willa Cather. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, Ithaca: Cornell UniversityPress,1967:13-19.
①Steven Trout. Memorial Fictions: Willa Cather and the First World War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2002:3.
②Daryl W. Palmer. Ripening Claude: Willa Cather’s One of Ours and the Philosophy of Henri Bergson. AmericanLiterary Realism,2009,41(2):112-132.
③Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:9.
①Granville Hicks. The Case against Willa Cather. English Journal, November1933, reprinted in Willa Catherand her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, New York,1967:139-147.
②Newton Arvin. Quebec, Nebraska, and Pittsburgh. New Republic,1931, reprinted in Willa Cather and herCritics. ed. James Schroeter, New York,1967:345.
①Sharon O’Brien, ed. New Essays on My Antonia.北京大学出版社,2007:19.
②Paul A. Olsen. The Epic and Great Plains Literature: Rolvaag, Cather and Neihardt. Prairie Schooner,1981:263-285.
③许燕.国内外薇拉·凯瑟研究述评.湘潭大学学报,2011,35（4）:114-118.
①郁达夫.郁达夫文集（第九卷）.广州花城出版社，1984:127.
②[美]薇拉·凯瑟.啊，拓荒者！我的安东妮亚.资中筠、周微林译.北京：外国文学出版社，1983:7.
①李文俊.薇拉·凯瑟的印第安之恋.读书，1987（9）:48.
②资中筠.经久不衰的完美境界—薇拉·凯瑟的代表作《啊，拓荒者！》中美的启示.美国研究，1988：4.
①Blanche H. Gelfant. The Forgotten Reaping-Hook: Sex in My Antonia. American Literature,1971:60-82.
②Deborah Lamber. The Defeat of a Hero: Autonomy and Sexuality in My Antonia. American Literature,1982(53):76-90.
①Janis P. Stout. Through the Window, Out the Door: Women's Narratives of Departure, from Austin and Catherto Tyler, Morrison, and Didion. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,1998:232.
②金莉等.20世纪美国女性小说研究.北京大学出版社，2010:42-52.
③Susan J. Rosowski. The Voyage Perilous: Willa Cather’s Romanticism. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,1986:75-94.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmilan Press Ltd.,1996:16.
②Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:195-196.
①Anne G. Jones. Displacing Dixie: The Southern Subtext in My Antonia. New Essays on My Antonia, ed. SharonO’Brien.北京大学出版社,2007:85-109.
②Mike Fischer. Pastoralism and Its Discontents: Willa Cather and the Burden of Imperialism. Mosaic: A Journalfor the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature,1990(23):31-44.
③许燕.包容与排斥——薇拉·凯瑟小说中的族裔问题.中国社会科学院，2006.
④李莉.威拉.凯瑟的记忆书写研究.四川大学出版社，2009.
⑤周铭.“好人”的“庇护所”—《我的安东妮亚》中进步主义时期美国的国家认同.外国文学评论，2012（03）：65-86.
①亨利博格森的专著《创造进化论》（Creative Ecology）阐明了关于自然和艺术的发展及生命力的理论，他认为艺术的发展过程是“一个充满生机的过程，一个思想的成熟过程”。凯瑟与博格森之间的联系可以通过她与伊丽莎白塞珍特（Elizabeth Sergeant）的通信证实，凯瑟在信中提到她在阅读《创造进化论》，并且在给《亚历山大的桥》写序时，凯瑟也提出作家必须依靠“博格森先生称之为直觉的智慧，而不是智力”来进行创作。劳丽塔威丝曼（Loretta Wasserman）等人在罗索斯基的研究基础上进一步发现二人都运用了有机的比喻来表现音乐。参见Loretta Wasserman. The Music of Time: Henri Bergson and Willa Cather.American Literature,1985:226-239。
②Susan J. Rosowski, Willa Cather's Ecology of Place. Western American Literature,1995,30(1):37-51.
③Joseph Urgo. My ántonia and the National Parks Movement. Cather Studies,2003(5):44-63.
④孙宏.《我的安东尼娅》中的生态境界.外国文学评论，2005（1）：125-132.
⑤孙宏.薇拉凯瑟作品中的生物共同体意识.外国文学研究，2009（2）：71-80.
⑥谭晶华.维拉凯瑟的生态视野.上海外国语大学，2007.
①周铭.从男性个人主义到女性环境主义的嬗变—威拉·凯瑟小说《啊,拓荒者!》的生态女性主义解读.外国文学，2006（3）：52-58.
②孙凌.生态女性主义文学批评视域下的薇拉凯瑟小说研究.吉林大学，2012.
③Jo Ann Middleton. Willa Cather’s Modernism: A Study of Style and Technique. Ontario: Associated UniversityPresses,1990.
④Bill Brown. A Sense of Things: The Object Matter of American Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,2003:150-152.
⑤Ann Moseley. Spatial Structures and Forms in The Professor's House. Cather Studies, Vol.3,1996:197-212.
⑥Richard Millington. Willa Cather’s American Modernism. The Cambridge Companion to Willa Cather. ed.Marilee Lindemann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2005:51-65.
①初志红.威拉.凯瑟作品的叙事技巧研究.黑龙江大学，2001.
②丁枚.从叙述视角看《教授的房子》的叙事结构.萍乡高等专科学校学报，2008（5）：92-94.
③Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather’s Case: Region and Reputation. Regionalism and the Humanities. ed. Mahoney, R.Timothy&Katz, J. Wendy. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,2008:79-94.
④Judith Fetterley&Marjorie Pryse. Writing Out of Place: Regionalism, Women, and American Literary Culture.Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2003:55-63.
⑤Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,2007:100-121.
①孙宏.美国文学对地域之情的关注.外国文学评论，2001（4）：78-84.
②刘英，杨敏.维拉凯瑟1922地域现代主义.外国语文，2010，26（4）：1-5.
③李莹.陕西商州VS内布拉斯加大草原——贾平凹与凯瑟创作地域性浅析.新西部，2011（27）：140.
④参见James L. Woodress. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press,1987.
①Sharon O’Brien. Willa Cather: the Emerging Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1987.
②Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather Writing at the Frontier. New York: Berg Publishers,1988.
③Merrill Maguire Skaggs. Axes: Willa Cather and William Faulkner. Lincoln and London: University ofNebraska Press,2007.
④Robert Seguin. Ressentiment and the Social Poetics of The Great Gatsby: Fitzgerald Reads Cather. ModernFiction Studies,2000,46(4):917-940.
⑤Janis P. Stout. Picturing A Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007.
①Judith Fryer. Felicitous Space: The Imaginative Structures of Edith Wharton and Willa Cather. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1986.
②Jo Ann Middleton. Willa Cather and Modern Medicine. Willa Cather’s New York: New Essays on Cather in theCity. ed. Merrill Maguire Skaggs. London: Associated University Presses,2000:90-102.
③杨金才.美国社会转型时期的两位旗手：舍伍德安德森与威拉凯瑟.四川外国语学院学报，2000，16（1）:17-22.
④孙晓青.文学印象主义与薇拉·凯瑟的美学追求.河南大学，2008.
①巴赫金.巴赫金全集（第三卷）.白春仁、晓河译.河北教育出版社，1998:274-275.
②福柯.不同空间的正文与上下文.转引自包亚明.后现代性与地理学的政治.上海教育出版社，2001:18.
①Michael Kowalewski. Writing in Place: The New American Regionalism. American Literary History,1994,6(1):174.
①[英]特里·伊格尔顿.二十世纪西方文学理论.伍晓明译.北京大学出版社，2007:15.
①刘英.文学地域主义.外国文学，2010（4）：98-159.
②Hamlin Garland. Local Color in Art. Crumbling Idols.1894. ed. Jane Johnson. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress,1960:49-58.
③Nancy Glazener. Reading for Realism: The History of the U.S. Literary Institution,1850-1910. Durham: DukeUniversity Press,1997:190-191.
④Judith Fetterley&M. Pryse, ed. American Women Regionalists:1850-1910: A Norton Anthology. New York:Norton,1992: xi-xvii.
⑤Edward Watts. An American Colony: Regionalism and the Roots of Midwestern Culture. Athens: OhioUniversity Press,2002:187.
⑥Philip Fisher. Still the New World: American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1999:171.
⑦Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,2007:3.
①刘英.文学地域主义.外国文学，2010（4）：98-159.
②James D. Hart&Phillip W. Leininger, ed. Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford University Press,1995:439.
③Frederick. J. Turner. The Significance of Sections in American History. New York: Henry Holt,1932:38.
①Willa Cather. Not Under Forty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1936:81-82.
②Richard H. Brodhead. Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America.Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1993:115-116.
①Robert L. Dorman. Revolt of the Provinces: The Regionalist Movement in America,1920-1945. The NewRegionalism. ed. Charles Reagan Wilson. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1998:1-17.
②Carey McWilliams. The New Regionalism in American Literature. Seattle: University of Washington BookStore,1930.
③Timothy R. Mahoney&Wendy J. Katz, ed. Regionalism and the Humanities. Lincoln&London: University ofNebraska Press,2008: xviii.
①Krista Comer. Landscapes of the New West: Gender and Geography in Contemporary Women’s Writing. ChapelHill&London: University of North Carolina Press,1999.
②Cecelia Tichi. Women Writers and the New Woman. Columbia Literary History of the United States. ed. EmoryElliott. New York: Columbia University Press,1988:589-606.
①Judith Fetterley&Marjorie Pryse. Writing Out of Place: Regionalism, Women and American Literary Culture.Urbana&Chicago: University of Illinois Press.2003:14.
①李蕾蕾.从新文化地理学重构人文地理学的研究框架.地理研究，2004,23（1）：128.
①W. J. T. Mitchell, ed. Landscape and Power: Space, Place, and Landscape,2ndedition. Chicago: University ofChicago Press,2002: x-xi.
②Terry Eagleton. The Ideology of the Aesthetic. Oxford: Blackwell,1990:19.
①Eudora Welty. The Eye of the Story. New York: Random House,1977:128.
①Janis P. Stout. Picturing a Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007: xix.
②Robert Jackson. Seeking the Region in American Literature and Culture. Baton Rouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press,2005:9.
③Krista Comer. Landscapes of the New West: Gender and Geography in Contemporary Women’s Writing. ChapelHill&London: University of North Carolina Press,1999:55.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:54.
②同上，3-6.
③Timothy R. Mahoney&Wendy J. Katz, ed. Regionalism and the Humanities. Lincoln&London: University ofNebraska Press,2008: xviii.
④David Harvey. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers,1996:293.
⑤马润潮.人文主义与后现代化主义之兴起及西方新区域地理学之发展.地理学报，1999，（54）4：367.
①Mary Austin. Regionalism in American Fiction. English Journal,1932(21):97-107.
②Leonard Lutwack. The Role of Place in Literature. New York: Syracuse University Press,1984:114.
①Willa Cather. Alexander’s Bridge. Boston: the Riverside Press Cambridge,1912.
②1936年，凯瑟在她的文学理论专著《不下四十岁》的前言中提到“世界在1922年前后一分为二”，该句话被认为是其对自己创作的一个重要分期。
③Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:9-10.
②Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:40.
①Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:20.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:55.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:68.
②这是凯瑟1922年在为《亚历山大的桥》的再版写序时提到的朱厄特对她的建议。
③Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:71.
④Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:38.
①Willa Cather. Not Under Forty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1936: v.
①Leonard Lutwack. The Role of Place in Literature. New York: Syracuse University Press,1984:115.
②Willa Cather. A Calendar of the Letters of Willa Cather[C/OL]. Oct.7th,1946.[2012-8-23]http://cather.unl.edu/letters.html?_body=&_r_year=1946&_re_year=1946&_addressee=Brown&_repository=&_work=&_person=&_name=&_letterid=
①Richard Millington. Where is Cather's Quebec? Anthropological Modernism in Shadows on the Rock. CatherStudies, Vol.4,1999:7.
②美洲女作家奖是法国一项很有权威的文学奖，由美国女作家和文学界名人组成的专家小组提名选出。
①James Woodress, Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,1987:137.
①Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:107-108.乌尔格的观点体现在这部书中，但这句话的原文却是在Karl Rosenquist针对他的这本书而进行的一次采访中，这次采访的原文发表在Willa Cather Pioneer Memorial Newsletter and Review,1997,61(1):16-21.
②Susan J. Rosowski. Willa Cather's Ecology of Place. Western American Literature,1995,30(1):51.
①Carl Van Doren. Willa Cather. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter. Ithaca: Cornell UniversityPress,1967:15.
②H. L. Mencken. Review of My Antonia. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter. Ithaca: CornellUniversity Press,1967:8-9.
③Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather’s Case: Region and Reputation. Regionalism and the Humanities. ed. Timothy R.Mahoney&Wendy J. Katz. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,2008:79-94.
①Dorothy Canfield Fisher. Willa Cather: Daughter of the Frontier. New York Herald-Tribune, May28,1933, sec.2.转引自Mahoney, R. Timothy&Katz, J. Wendy. ed. Regionalism and the Humanities. Lincoln&London:University of Nebraska Press,2008:94.
②James E. Miller, Jr. My Antonia: A Frontier Drama of Time. American quarterly,1958(10):476-484.
③杨仁敬.20世纪美国文学史.青岛出版社，2010:118.
①Amy Kaplan&Donald E. Pease. Cultures of United States Imperialism. Durham: Duke UP,1993:3.
①Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:10.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977:149.
②Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:67.
①迈克·克朗著，杨淑华，宋慧敏译.文化地理学（修订版）.南京：南京大学出版社，2007：150.
②Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:67.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:15.
①迈克·克朗著，杨淑华、宋慧敏译.文化地理学（修订版）.南京大学出版社，2007:56.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:34.
②Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:187.
③Jules David Prown. The Truth of Material Culture: History or Fiction? In History from Things: Essays onMaterial Culture. ed. Steven Lubar&W. David Kingery, Washington, DC: Smithsonian,1993:1.
①Janis P. Stout, ed. Willa Cather and Material Culture. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press,2005:1.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:148.
①David Daiches. Willa Cather: A Critical Introduction, New York: Cornell University Press,1951:46.
①Blanche Gelfant. The Forgotten Reaping Hook: Sex in My Antonia. American Literature43,1971:74.
②Judith Fetterley. My Antonia, Jim Burden, and the Dilemma of the Lesbian Writer. Lesbian Texts and Contexts,ed. Karla Jay and Joanne Glasgow, New York,1990:145-163.
③Joseph Urgo, Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration, Chicago: University of Illinois Press,1995:70.
④Robin Cohen. Jim, Antonia, and the Wolves Displacement in Cather’s My Antonia. Great Plains Quarterly,Winter,2009:56.
①Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:94.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:161.
①Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant. Willa Cather: A Memoir.1953. Reprint, Athens: Ohio University Press,1992:149.
①David Harvey. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Wiley-Blackwell,1996:193.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:6.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:106.
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:49.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:113.
①Charles Reagan Wilson. Introduction. The New Regionalism. ed. Charles Reagan Wilson. Jackson: UniversityPress of Mississippi,1998: xvi.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:154.
①Edward Relph. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited,1976:6.
②T. Jackson Lears. No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture,1880-1920.New York: Pantheon Books,1981:32.
①Gillian Rose. Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press,1993:60.
①[法]加斯东·巴什拉.空间的诗学.张逸婧译，上海译文出版社，2013：5.
②Yi-Fu Tuan. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice Hall,1974:93.
①Nico Israel. Outlandish: Writing Between Exile and Diaspora. Stanford: Stanford UP,2000:15.
①Nico Israel. Outlandish: Writing Between Exile and Diaspora. Stanford: Stanford UP,2000:16.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:57-58.
②David Harvey. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher,1996:35.
③David Harvey. The Limits to Capital. New York: Verso,2006:384.
①Lawrence Buell. Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and the Environment in the U.S. andBeyond. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University,2001:76-77.
②Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:31.
③Janis P. Stout. Picturing a Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007:149.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:92.
①Merrill M. Skaggs. Willa Cather’s New York: New Essays on Cather in the city. London: Associated UniversityPresses,2000:16.
①Carl Van Doren. Willa Cather. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, Ithaca: Cornell UniversityPress,1967:15.
②Susan J. Rosowski. Willa Cather as a City Novelist. Writing the City: Eden, Babylon, and the New Jerusalem.ed. Peter Preston&Paul Simpson-Housley, London: Routledge,1994:159.
③Merrill Maguire Skaggs, ed. Willa Cather’s New York: New Essays on Cather in the city. London: AssociatedUniversity Presses,2000:244.
①Raymond Williams. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press,1973: i.
②Sidney H. Bremer. Lost Continuities: Alternative Urban Visions in Chicago Novels,1890-1915. Soundings,1981,64(1):30.
③David Jordan. Representing Regionalism. Canadian Review of American Studies,1993,23(2):106.
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991:228-329.
②Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:28.
①[美]丹尼尔·罗格斯.大泡沫.中信出版社，2008.[2014-01-11].http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=cLkEe9E_P2C6flWhQp-xk8Drh1SwEjLv_9ukiqaLNTZnFiPs6ricrBbWzZl8HWNykYkw0GO2wAyy29eajNxojq19dARo2gpoTFAkxT6jane
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991:264.
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991：73~74.
①David Harvey. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP,1985:25.
②Susan J. Rosowski. Willa Cather as a City Novelist. Writing the City: Eden, Babylon, and the New Jerusalem.ed. Peter Preston&Paul Simpson-Housley, London: Routledge,1994:156.
①Willa Cather. The Song of the Lark. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1988: xxxii.
①Yi-Fu, Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:41.
①Henri Lefebvre. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell Press,1991:402.
①盛宁.现代主义·现代派·现代话语.北京：北京大学出版社，2011：22.
①Meyer Horward Abrams. A Glossary of Literary Terms.5thed. New York: Holt,1988:70.
①Willa Cather. The Professor’s House. New York: The Library of America,1990:271.
①赵一凡等.西方文论关键词.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009：655.
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing As an Art, Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:31.
②Barney Warf&Santa Arias, ed. The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Routledge,2008:1.
①Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing As an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:31.
①Eudora Welty. The Eye of the Story. New York: Random House,1977:47.
②Edith Lewis. Willa Cather Living. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1953:17.
③Wolfgang Iser. The Act of Reading. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul,1979:188.
①Jo Ann Middleton. Willa Cather’s Modernism: A Study of Style and Technique, London and Toronto:Associated University Presses,1990:11.
①Willa Cather. Not Under Forty, New York: Alfred A Knopf,1936:50.
①Guy Reynolds. The Politics of Cather’s Regionalism: Margins, Centers and the Nebraskan Commonwealth.University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Digital Commons,2003.[2012-06-04].http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishtalks/1
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:49.
①汪民安，陈永国，马海良.城市文化读本.北京：北京大学出版社，2008：5-6.
①Setha M. Low. Symbolic Ties That Bind: Place Attachment in the Plaza. Place Attachment. ed. Irwin Altman&Setha M. Low. New York: Plenum Press,1992:165-185.
①Mark A. R. Facknitz. Character, Compromise, and Idealism in Willa Cather’s Gardens. Cather Studies5,Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2003:291-307.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:144.
①Leon Edel. A Cave of One’s Own. Critical Essays on Willa Cather. ed. John J. Murphy, Boston: G.K. Hall&Co.,1984:200-217.
①Richard C. Harris. Willa Cather and Henry Blake Fuller. Willa Cather and Modern Cultures. ed. Melissa J.Homestead&Guy J. Reynolds. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2011:118.
②Susan Rosowski&Bernice Slote. Willa Cather’s1916Mesa Verde Essay: The Genesis of The Professor’sHouse. Prairie Schooner,1984,58(4):81-92.
①Edward Relph. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited,1976:38-43.
①王炳钧等.空间、现代性与文化记忆.外国文学，2006，（4）：76-87.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice Hall,1974:247.
①David Harrell. From Mesa Verde to The Professor’s House. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1992:132.
①Mary Austin. Everyman’s Genius. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill,1923:46.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:133.
①Susan Hegeman. Patterns for America: Modernism and the Concept of Culture. Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress,1999:21.
①胡铁生.美国文学论稿.吉林大学出版社，2011:125.
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991:266.
①Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:67-72.
①Richard C. Harris. Willa Cather and Henry Blake Fuller, from Willa Cather and Modern Cultures. ed. Melissa J.Homestead and Guy J. Reynolds. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2011:124.
②Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:125.
③Walter Benn Michaels. Our America: Nativism, Modernism, and Pluralism. Durham: Duke University Press,1995.
①赵一凡等.西方文论关键词.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009：113-125.
②Howard Wettstein. Coming to Terms with Exile. Diasporas and Exiles: varieties of Jewish Identity. ed. HowardWettstein. Berkeley: University of California Press,2002:47-59.
③赵一凡等.西方文论关键词.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009：113-125.
①Mary Austin. Earth Horizon. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1932, p.359.
①Sarah Orne Jewett. The Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett, ed. Annie Fields. Boston: Riverside Press,1911:248.
①Willa Cather. Letter. Commonweal, Nov.23,1927:714.转引自Jean Schwind. Latour’s Schismatic Church:The Radical Meaning in the Pictorial Methods of Death Comes for the Archbishop. Studies in American Fiction,1985,13(1):72.
①王岳川.新历史主义的文化诗学.北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版），1997（3）：25.
①王玉括.在新历史主义视角下重构《宠儿》.外国文学研究，2007（1）：142.
①张进.新历史主义文艺思潮的思想内涵和基本特征.文史哲，2001（5）：26-32.
②Jean Schwind. Latour’s Schismatic Church: The Radical Meaning in the Pictorial Methods of Death Comes forthe Archbishop. Studies in American Fiction,1985,13(1):72-75.
①Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1958:168-170.
②所谓摩尔人，是指中世纪伊比利亚半岛（今西班牙和葡萄牙）、马格里布和西非的穆斯林居民，主要由埃塞俄比亚人、西非黑人、阿拉伯人和柏柏尔人组成。“摩尔人”在西方人心目中的形象中自古就不太好，他们在公元711年入侵西班牙，只用了7年时间就征服了伊比利亚半岛，从而西班牙开始了为期近800年的伊斯兰统治，一直持续到1492年。这800年被西班牙人称为国土光复运动时期。在西方人的历史书上，摩尔人主要指在欧洲的伊斯兰征服者。
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:107.
①转引自John N. Swift&Joseph R. Urgo, ed. Willa Cather and the American Southwest. Lincoln&London:University of Nebraska Press,2002:125.
①胡铁生，韩松.后现代文学非人类他者形象的塑造及其意义.社会科学辑刊，2011（4）：226.
②毛信德.美国二十世纪文坛之魂.北京:航空工业出版社，1994:100.
①Pam Fox Kuhlken. Hallowed Ground: Landscape as Hagiography in Willa Cather’s Death Comes for theArchbishop. Critical Insights Willa Cather. ed. Nicholas Birns. Hackensack, New Jersey: Salem Press,2012:218.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:19-20.
②张进.新历史主义文艺思潮的思想内涵和基本特征.文史哲，2001（5）：28.
①James L. Woodress. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press,1987:284.
②Ralph. H. Vigil. Willa Cather and Historical Reality. New Mexico Historical Review,1975,50(2):123.
③张进.新历史主义文艺思潮的思想内涵和基本特征.文史哲，2001（5）：28.
④Mike Fischer. Pastoralism and Its Discontents: Willa Cather and the Burden of Imperialism. Mosaic: A Journalfor the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature,1990:31-44.
①Janis P. Stout. Picturing a Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007:14-15.
②Brent, L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London:University of Nebraska Press,1986:9.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:123.
①Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:170.
②Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,2007:111.
①Rainer Maria Rilke. Concerning Landscape. Where Silence Reigns, translated by G. Craig Houston. New York:New Directions,1978:4.
①一些凯瑟作品的研究者认为兰塔主教与维勇主教之间的情感联系已超出了社会传统道德标准，而具有同性恋倾向，详见Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press,2007:108-109.
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[35]Rilke, Rainer Maria. Concerning Landscape[A]. Where Silence Reigns[C].translated by G. Craig Houston. New York: New Directions,1978:4.
[36]Robison, A. Mark. Willa Cather’s Thea Kronborg Goes to Chicago[A].Regionalism and the Humanities[C]. ed. Mahoney, R. Timothy&Katz, J. Wendy.Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,2008:190-210.
[37]Rose, Phyllis. Modernism: The Case of Willa Cather[A]. ModernismReconsidered[C]. ed. Robert Kiely. Cambridge: Harvard UP,1983:123-145.
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[42]Swift, N. John&Urgo, R. Joseph, ed. Willa Cather and the AmericanSouthwest[C]. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,2002:125.
[43]Tichi, Cecelia. Women Writers and the New Woman[A]. Columbia LiteraryHistory of the United States[C]. ed. Emory Elliott. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press,1988:589-606.
[44]Urgo, R. Joseph. My ántonia and the National Parks Movement[A]. CatherStudies5[C]. ed. Rosowski, Susan. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2003:44-63.
[45]Warf, Barney&Arias, Santa, ed. The Spatial Turn: InterdisciplinaryPerspectives[C]. Routledge,2008:1.
[46]Wettstein, Howard. Coming to Terms with Exile[A]. Diasporas and Exiles:varieties of Jewish Identity[C]. ed. Howard Wettstein. Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press,2002:47-59.
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①杨仁敬.20世纪美国文学史.青岛出版社，2010：118.
①The Atlantic Monthly. Nov.,1912:683.转引自James L. Woodress. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln andLondon: University of Nebraska Press,1987:162.
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:94.
①Warner Berthoff. The Ferment of Realism: American Literature,1884-1919. Cambridge,1981:292-294.
②Sharon O’Brien, ed.<我的安东尼亚>新论.北京大学出版社,2007：17.
③H. L. Mencken. Review of My Antonia. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, Ithaca: CornellUniversity Press,1967:8.
④John J. Murphy, ed. Critical Essays on Willa Cather. Boston: G. K. Hall,1984:145-146.
⑤Henry W. Boynton. Varieties of Realism. Nation,1918.
⑥Carl Van Doren. Willa Cather. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, Ithaca: Cornell UniversityPress,1967:13-19.
①Steven Trout. Memorial Fictions: Willa Cather and the First World War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2002:3.
②Daryl W. Palmer. Ripening Claude: Willa Cather’s One of Ours and the Philosophy of Henri Bergson. AmericanLiterary Realism,2009,41(2):112-132.
③Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:9.
①Granville Hicks. The Case against Willa Cather. English Journal, November1933, reprinted in Willa Catherand her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, New York,1967:139-147.
②Newton Arvin. Quebec, Nebraska, and Pittsburgh. New Republic,1931, reprinted in Willa Cather and herCritics. ed. James Schroeter, New York,1967:345.
①Sharon O’Brien, ed. New Essays on My Antonia.北京大学出版社,2007:19.
②Paul A. Olsen. The Epic and Great Plains Literature: Rolvaag, Cather and Neihardt. Prairie Schooner,1981:263-285.
③许燕.国内外薇拉·凯瑟研究述评.湘潭大学学报,2011,35（4）:114-118.
①郁达夫.郁达夫文集（第九卷）.广州花城出版社，1984:127.
②[美]薇拉·凯瑟.啊，拓荒者！我的安东妮亚.资中筠、周微林译.北京：外国文学出版社，1983:7.
①李文俊.薇拉·凯瑟的印第安之恋.读书，1987（9）:48.
②资中筠.经久不衰的完美境界—薇拉·凯瑟的代表作《啊，拓荒者！》中美的启示.美国研究，1988：4.
①Blanche H. Gelfant. The Forgotten Reaping-Hook: Sex in My Antonia. American Literature,1971:60-82.
②Deborah Lamber. The Defeat of a Hero: Autonomy and Sexuality in My Antonia. American Literature,1982(53):76-90.
①Janis P. Stout. Through the Window, Out the Door: Women's Narratives of Departure, from Austin and Catherto Tyler, Morrison, and Didion. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,1998:232.
②金莉等.20世纪美国女性小说研究.北京大学出版社，2010:42-52.
③Susan J. Rosowski. The Voyage Perilous: Willa Cather’s Romanticism. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,1986:75-94.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmilan Press Ltd.,1996:16.
②Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:195-196.
①Anne G. Jones. Displacing Dixie: The Southern Subtext in My Antonia. New Essays on My Antonia, ed. SharonO’Brien.北京大学出版社,2007:85-109.
②Mike Fischer. Pastoralism and Its Discontents: Willa Cather and the Burden of Imperialism. Mosaic: A Journalfor the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature,1990(23):31-44.
③许燕.包容与排斥——薇拉·凯瑟小说中的族裔问题.中国社会科学院，2006.
④李莉.威拉.凯瑟的记忆书写研究.四川大学出版社，2009.
⑤周铭.“好人”的“庇护所”—《我的安东妮亚》中进步主义时期美国的国家认同.外国文学评论，2012（03）：65-86.
①亨利博格森的专著《创造进化论》（Creative Ecology）阐明了关于自然和艺术的发展及生命力的理论，他认为艺术的发展过程是“一个充满生机的过程，一个思想的成熟过程”。凯瑟与博格森之间的联系可以通过她与伊丽莎白塞珍特（Elizabeth Sergeant）的通信证实，凯瑟在信中提到她在阅读《创造进化论》，并且在给《亚历山大的桥》写序时，凯瑟也提出作家必须依靠“博格森先生称之为直觉的智慧，而不是智力”来进行创作。劳丽塔威丝曼（Loretta Wasserman）等人在罗索斯基的研究基础上进一步发现二人都运用了有机的比喻来表现音乐。参见Loretta Wasserman. The Music of Time: Henri Bergson and Willa Cather.American Literature,1985:226-239。
②Susan J. Rosowski, Willa Cather's Ecology of Place. Western American Literature,1995,30(1):37-51.
③Joseph Urgo. My ántonia and the National Parks Movement. Cather Studies,2003(5):44-63.
④孙宏.《我的安东尼娅》中的生态境界.外国文学评论，2005（1）：125-132.
⑤孙宏.薇拉凯瑟作品中的生物共同体意识.外国文学研究，2009（2）：71-80.
⑥谭晶华.维拉凯瑟的生态视野.上海外国语大学，2007.
①周铭.从男性个人主义到女性环境主义的嬗变—威拉·凯瑟小说《啊,拓荒者!》的生态女性主义解读.外国文学，2006（3）：52-58.
②孙凌.生态女性主义文学批评视域下的薇拉凯瑟小说研究.吉林大学，2012.
③Jo Ann Middleton. Willa Cather’s Modernism: A Study of Style and Technique. Ontario: Associated UniversityPresses,1990.
④Bill Brown. A Sense of Things: The Object Matter of American Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,2003:150-152.
⑤Ann Moseley. Spatial Structures and Forms in The Professor's House. Cather Studies, Vol.3,1996:197-212.
⑥Richard Millington. Willa Cather’s American Modernism. The Cambridge Companion to Willa Cather. ed.Marilee Lindemann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2005:51-65.
①初志红.威拉.凯瑟作品的叙事技巧研究.黑龙江大学，2001.
②丁枚.从叙述视角看《教授的房子》的叙事结构.萍乡高等专科学校学报，2008（5）：92-94.
③Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather’s Case: Region and Reputation. Regionalism and the Humanities. ed. Mahoney, R.Timothy&Katz, J. Wendy. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,2008:79-94.
④Judith Fetterley&Marjorie Pryse. Writing Out of Place: Regionalism, Women, and American Literary Culture.Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,2003:55-63.
⑤Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,2007:100-121.
①孙宏.美国文学对地域之情的关注.外国文学评论，2001（4）：78-84.
②刘英，杨敏.维拉凯瑟1922地域现代主义.外国语文，2010，26（4）：1-5.
③李莹.陕西商州VS内布拉斯加大草原——贾平凹与凯瑟创作地域性浅析.新西部，2011（27）：140.
④参见James L. Woodress. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press,1987.
①Sharon O’Brien. Willa Cather: the Emerging Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1987.
②Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather Writing at the Frontier. New York: Berg Publishers,1988.
③Merrill Maguire Skaggs. Axes: Willa Cather and William Faulkner. Lincoln and London: University ofNebraska Press,2007.
④Robert Seguin. Ressentiment and the Social Poetics of The Great Gatsby: Fitzgerald Reads Cather. ModernFiction Studies,2000,46(4):917-940.
⑤Janis P. Stout. Picturing A Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007.
①Judith Fryer. Felicitous Space: The Imaginative Structures of Edith Wharton and Willa Cather. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1986.
②Jo Ann Middleton. Willa Cather and Modern Medicine. Willa Cather’s New York: New Essays on Cather in theCity. ed. Merrill Maguire Skaggs. London: Associated University Presses,2000:90-102.
③杨金才.美国社会转型时期的两位旗手：舍伍德安德森与威拉凯瑟.四川外国语学院学报，2000，16（1）:17-22.
④孙晓青.文学印象主义与薇拉·凯瑟的美学追求.河南大学，2008.
①巴赫金.巴赫金全集（第三卷）.白春仁、晓河译.河北教育出版社，1998:274-275.
②福柯.不同空间的正文与上下文.转引自包亚明.后现代性与地理学的政治.上海教育出版社，2001:18.
①Michael Kowalewski. Writing in Place: The New American Regionalism. American Literary History,1994,6(1):174.
①[英]特里·伊格尔顿.二十世纪西方文学理论.伍晓明译.北京大学出版社，2007:15.
①刘英.文学地域主义.外国文学，2010（4）：98-159.
②Hamlin Garland. Local Color in Art. Crumbling Idols.1894. ed. Jane Johnson. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress,1960:49-58.
③Nancy Glazener. Reading for Realism: The History of the U.S. Literary Institution,1850-1910. Durham: DukeUniversity Press,1997:190-191.
④Judith Fetterley&M. Pryse, ed. American Women Regionalists:1850-1910: A Norton Anthology. New York:Norton,1992: xi-xvii.
⑤Edward Watts. An American Colony: Regionalism and the Roots of Midwestern Culture. Athens: OhioUniversity Press,2002:187.
⑥Philip Fisher. Still the New World: American Literature in a Culture of Creative Destruction. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1999:171.
⑦Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,2007:3.
①刘英.文学地域主义.外国文学，2010（4）：98-159.
②James D. Hart&Phillip W. Leininger, ed. Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford University Press,1995:439.
③Frederick. J. Turner. The Significance of Sections in American History. New York: Henry Holt,1932:38.
①Willa Cather. Not Under Forty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1936:81-82.
②Richard H. Brodhead. Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America.Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1993:115-116.
①Robert L. Dorman. Revolt of the Provinces: The Regionalist Movement in America,1920-1945. The NewRegionalism. ed. Charles Reagan Wilson. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,1998:1-17.
②Carey McWilliams. The New Regionalism in American Literature. Seattle: University of Washington BookStore,1930.
③Timothy R. Mahoney&Wendy J. Katz, ed. Regionalism and the Humanities. Lincoln&London: University ofNebraska Press,2008: xviii.
①Krista Comer. Landscapes of the New West: Gender and Geography in Contemporary Women’s Writing. ChapelHill&London: University of North Carolina Press,1999.
②Cecelia Tichi. Women Writers and the New Woman. Columbia Literary History of the United States. ed. EmoryElliott. New York: Columbia University Press,1988:589-606.
①Judith Fetterley&Marjorie Pryse. Writing Out of Place: Regionalism, Women and American Literary Culture.Urbana&Chicago: University of Illinois Press.2003:14.
①李蕾蕾.从新文化地理学重构人文地理学的研究框架.地理研究，2004,23（1）：128.
①W. J. T. Mitchell, ed. Landscape and Power: Space, Place, and Landscape,2ndedition. Chicago: University ofChicago Press,2002: x-xi.
②Terry Eagleton. The Ideology of the Aesthetic. Oxford: Blackwell,1990:19.
①Eudora Welty. The Eye of the Story. New York: Random House,1977:128.
①Janis P. Stout. Picturing a Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007: xix.
②Robert Jackson. Seeking the Region in American Literature and Culture. Baton Rouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press,2005:9.
③Krista Comer. Landscapes of the New West: Gender and Geography in Contemporary Women’s Writing. ChapelHill&London: University of North Carolina Press,1999:55.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:54.
②同上，3-6.
③Timothy R. Mahoney&Wendy J. Katz, ed. Regionalism and the Humanities. Lincoln&London: University ofNebraska Press,2008: xviii.
④David Harvey. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers,1996:293.
⑤马润潮.人文主义与后现代化主义之兴起及西方新区域地理学之发展.地理学报，1999，（54）4：367.
①Mary Austin. Regionalism in American Fiction. English Journal,1932(21):97-107.
②Leonard Lutwack. The Role of Place in Literature. New York: Syracuse University Press,1984:114.
①Willa Cather. Alexander’s Bridge. Boston: the Riverside Press Cambridge,1912.
②1936年，凯瑟在她的文学理论专著《不下四十岁》的前言中提到“世界在1922年前后一分为二”，该句话被认为是其对自己创作的一个重要分期。
③Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:9-10.
②Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:40.
①Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:20.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:55.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:68.
②这是凯瑟1922年在为《亚历山大的桥》的再版写序时提到的朱厄特对她的建议。
③Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:71.
④Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:38.
①Willa Cather. Not Under Forty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1936: v.
①Leonard Lutwack. The Role of Place in Literature. New York: Syracuse University Press,1984:115.
②Willa Cather. A Calendar of the Letters of Willa Cather[C/OL]. Oct.7th,1946.[2012-8-23]http://cather.unl.edu/letters.html?_body=&_r_year=1946&_re_year=1946&_addressee=Brown&_repository=&_work=&_person=&_name=&_letterid=
①Richard Millington. Where is Cather's Quebec? Anthropological Modernism in Shadows on the Rock. CatherStudies, Vol.4,1999:7.
②美洲女作家奖是法国一项很有权威的文学奖，由美国女作家和文学界名人组成的专家小组提名选出。
①James Woodress, Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,1987:137.
①Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:107-108.乌尔格的观点体现在这部书中，但这句话的原文却是在Karl Rosenquist针对他的这本书而进行的一次采访中，这次采访的原文发表在Willa Cather Pioneer Memorial Newsletter and Review,1997,61(1):16-21.
②Susan J. Rosowski. Willa Cather's Ecology of Place. Western American Literature,1995,30(1):51.
①Carl Van Doren. Willa Cather. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter. Ithaca: Cornell UniversityPress,1967:15.
②H. L. Mencken. Review of My Antonia. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter. Ithaca: CornellUniversity Press,1967:8-9.
③Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather’s Case: Region and Reputation. Regionalism and the Humanities. ed. Timothy R.Mahoney&Wendy J. Katz. Lincoln&London: University of Nebraska Press,2008:79-94.
①Dorothy Canfield Fisher. Willa Cather: Daughter of the Frontier. New York Herald-Tribune, May28,1933, sec.2.转引自Mahoney, R. Timothy&Katz, J. Wendy. ed. Regionalism and the Humanities. Lincoln&London:University of Nebraska Press,2008:94.
②James E. Miller, Jr. My Antonia: A Frontier Drama of Time. American quarterly,1958(10):476-484.
③杨仁敬.20世纪美国文学史.青岛出版社，2010:118.
①Amy Kaplan&Donald E. Pease. Cultures of United States Imperialism. Durham: Duke UP,1993:3.
①Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:10.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977:149.
②Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:67.
①迈克·克朗著，杨淑华，宋慧敏译.文化地理学（修订版）.南京：南京大学出版社，2007：150.
②Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:67.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:15.
①迈克·克朗著，杨淑华、宋慧敏译.文化地理学（修订版）.南京大学出版社，2007:56.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:34.
②Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:187.
③Jules David Prown. The Truth of Material Culture: History or Fiction? In History from Things: Essays onMaterial Culture. ed. Steven Lubar&W. David Kingery, Washington, DC: Smithsonian,1993:1.
①Janis P. Stout, ed. Willa Cather and Material Culture. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press,2005:1.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:148.
①David Daiches. Willa Cather: A Critical Introduction, New York: Cornell University Press,1951:46.
①Blanche Gelfant. The Forgotten Reaping Hook: Sex in My Antonia. American Literature43,1971:74.
②Judith Fetterley. My Antonia, Jim Burden, and the Dilemma of the Lesbian Writer. Lesbian Texts and Contexts,ed. Karla Jay and Joanne Glasgow, New York,1990:145-163.
③Joseph Urgo, Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration, Chicago: University of Illinois Press,1995:70.
④Robin Cohen. Jim, Antonia, and the Wolves Displacement in Cather’s My Antonia. Great Plains Quarterly,Winter,2009:56.
①Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:94.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:161.
①Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant. Willa Cather: A Memoir.1953. Reprint, Athens: Ohio University Press,1992:149.
①David Harvey. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Wiley-Blackwell,1996:193.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:6.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:106.
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:49.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:113.
①Charles Reagan Wilson. Introduction. The New Regionalism. ed. Charles Reagan Wilson. Jackson: UniversityPress of Mississippi,1998: xvi.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:154.
①Edward Relph. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited,1976:6.
②T. Jackson Lears. No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture,1880-1920.New York: Pantheon Books,1981:32.
①Gillian Rose. Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press,1993:60.
①[法]加斯东·巴什拉.空间的诗学.张逸婧译，上海译文出版社，2013：5.
②Yi-Fu Tuan. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice Hall,1974:93.
①Nico Israel. Outlandish: Writing Between Exile and Diaspora. Stanford: Stanford UP,2000:15.
①Nico Israel. Outlandish: Writing Between Exile and Diaspora. Stanford: Stanford UP,2000:16.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:57-58.
②David Harvey. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher,1996:35.
③David Harvey. The Limits to Capital. New York: Verso,2006:384.
①Lawrence Buell. Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and the Environment in the U.S. andBeyond. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University,2001:76-77.
②Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:31.
③Janis P. Stout. Picturing a Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007:149.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:92.
①Merrill M. Skaggs. Willa Cather’s New York: New Essays on Cather in the city. London: Associated UniversityPresses,2000:16.
①Carl Van Doren. Willa Cather. Willa Cather and Her Critics. ed. James Schroeter, Ithaca: Cornell UniversityPress,1967:15.
②Susan J. Rosowski. Willa Cather as a City Novelist. Writing the City: Eden, Babylon, and the New Jerusalem.ed. Peter Preston&Paul Simpson-Housley, London: Routledge,1994:159.
③Merrill Maguire Skaggs, ed. Willa Cather’s New York: New Essays on Cather in the city. London: AssociatedUniversity Presses,2000:244.
①Raymond Williams. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press,1973: i.
②Sidney H. Bremer. Lost Continuities: Alternative Urban Visions in Chicago Novels,1890-1915. Soundings,1981,64(1):30.
③David Jordan. Representing Regionalism. Canadian Review of American Studies,1993,23(2):106.
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991:228-329.
②Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:28.
①[美]丹尼尔·罗格斯.大泡沫.中信出版社，2008.[2014-01-11].http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=cLkEe9E_P2C6flWhQp-xk8Drh1SwEjLv_9ukiqaLNTZnFiPs6ricrBbWzZl8HWNykYkw0GO2wAyy29eajNxojq19dARo2gpoTFAkxT6jane
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991:264.
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991：73~74.
①David Harvey. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP,1985:25.
②Susan J. Rosowski. Willa Cather as a City Novelist. Writing the City: Eden, Babylon, and the New Jerusalem.ed. Peter Preston&Paul Simpson-Housley, London: Routledge,1994:156.
①Willa Cather. The Song of the Lark. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1988: xxxii.
①Yi-Fu, Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:41.
①Henri Lefebvre. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell Press,1991:402.
①盛宁.现代主义·现代派·现代话语.北京：北京大学出版社，2011：22.
①Meyer Horward Abrams. A Glossary of Literary Terms.5thed. New York: Holt,1988:70.
①Willa Cather. The Professor’s House. New York: The Library of America,1990:271.
①赵一凡等.西方文论关键词.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009：655.
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing As an Art, Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:31.
②Barney Warf&Santa Arias, ed. The Spatial Turn: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Routledge,2008:1.
①Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing As an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:31.
①Eudora Welty. The Eye of the Story. New York: Random House,1977:47.
②Edith Lewis. Willa Cather Living. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1953:17.
③Wolfgang Iser. The Act of Reading. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul,1979:188.
①Jo Ann Middleton. Willa Cather’s Modernism: A Study of Style and Technique, London and Toronto:Associated University Presses,1990:11.
①Willa Cather. Not Under Forty, New York: Alfred A Knopf,1936:50.
①Guy Reynolds. The Politics of Cather’s Regionalism: Margins, Centers and the Nebraskan Commonwealth.University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Digital Commons,2003.[2012-06-04].http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/englishtalks/1
②Willa Cather. Willa Cather on Writing: Critical Studies on Writing as an Art. Lincoln: University of NebraskaPress,1988:49.
①汪民安，陈永国，马海良.城市文化读本.北京：北京大学出版社，2008：5-6.
①Setha M. Low. Symbolic Ties That Bind: Place Attachment in the Plaza. Place Attachment. ed. Irwin Altman&Setha M. Low. New York: Plenum Press,1992:165-185.
①Mark A. R. Facknitz. Character, Compromise, and Idealism in Willa Cather’s Gardens. Cather Studies5,Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2003:291-307.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:144.
①Leon Edel. A Cave of One’s Own. Critical Essays on Willa Cather. ed. John J. Murphy, Boston: G.K. Hall&Co.,1984:200-217.
①Richard C. Harris. Willa Cather and Henry Blake Fuller. Willa Cather and Modern Cultures. ed. Melissa J.Homestead&Guy J. Reynolds. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2011:118.
②Susan Rosowski&Bernice Slote. Willa Cather’s1916Mesa Verde Essay: The Genesis of The Professor’sHouse. Prairie Schooner,1984,58(4):81-92.
①Edward Relph. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited,1976:38-43.
①王炳钧等.空间、现代性与文化记忆.外国文学，2006，（4）：76-87.
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice Hall,1974:247.
①David Harrell. From Mesa Verde to The Professor’s House. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1992:132.
①Mary Austin. Everyman’s Genius. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill,1923:46.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:133.
①Susan Hegeman. Patterns for America: Modernism and the Concept of Culture. Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress,1999:21.
①胡铁生.美国文学论稿.吉林大学出版社，2011:125.
①William Cronon. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton,1991:266.
①Brent L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London: Universityof Nebraska Press,1986:67-72.
①Richard C. Harris. Willa Cather and Henry Blake Fuller, from Willa Cather and Modern Cultures. ed. Melissa J.Homestead and Guy J. Reynolds. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,2011:124.
②Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:125.
③Walter Benn Michaels. Our America: Nativism, Modernism, and Pluralism. Durham: Duke University Press,1995.
①赵一凡等.西方文论关键词.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009：113-125.
②Howard Wettstein. Coming to Terms with Exile. Diasporas and Exiles: varieties of Jewish Identity. ed. HowardWettstein. Berkeley: University of California Press,2002:47-59.
③赵一凡等.西方文论关键词.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009：113-125.
①Mary Austin. Earth Horizon. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1932, p.359.
①Sarah Orne Jewett. The Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett, ed. Annie Fields. Boston: Riverside Press,1911:248.
①Willa Cather. Letter. Commonweal, Nov.23,1927:714.转引自Jean Schwind. Latour’s Schismatic Church:The Radical Meaning in the Pictorial Methods of Death Comes for the Archbishop. Studies in American Fiction,1985,13(1):72.
①王岳川.新历史主义的文化诗学.北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版），1997（3）：25.
①王玉括.在新历史主义视角下重构《宠儿》.外国文学研究，2007（1）：142.
①张进.新历史主义文艺思潮的思想内涵和基本特征.文史哲，2001（5）：26-32.
②Jean Schwind. Latour’s Schismatic Church: The Radical Meaning in the Pictorial Methods of Death Comes forthe Archbishop. Studies in American Fiction,1985,13(1):72-75.
①Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1958:168-170.
②所谓摩尔人，是指中世纪伊比利亚半岛（今西班牙和葡萄牙）、马格里布和西非的穆斯林居民，主要由埃塞俄比亚人、西非黑人、阿拉伯人和柏柏尔人组成。“摩尔人”在西方人心目中的形象中自古就不太好，他们在公元711年入侵西班牙，只用了7年时间就征服了伊比利亚半岛，从而西班牙开始了为期近800年的伊斯兰统治，一直持续到1492年。这800年被西班牙人称为国土光复运动时期。在西方人的历史书上，摩尔人主要指在欧洲的伊斯兰征服者。
①Yi-Fu Tuan. Space and Place. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press,1977,6thprinting,2008:107.
①转引自John N. Swift&Joseph R. Urgo, ed. Willa Cather and the American Southwest. Lincoln&London:University of Nebraska Press,2002:125.
①胡铁生，韩松.后现代文学非人类他者形象的塑造及其意义.社会科学辑刊，2011（4）：226.
②毛信德.美国二十世纪文坛之魂.北京:航空工业出版社，1994:100.
①Pam Fox Kuhlken. Hallowed Ground: Landscape as Hagiography in Willa Cather’s Death Comes for theArchbishop. Critical Insights Willa Cather. ed. Nicholas Birns. Hackensack, New Jersey: Salem Press,2012:218.
①Guy Reynolds. Willa Cather in Context: Progress, Race, Empire. London: Macmillan Press,1996:19-20.
②张进.新历史主义文艺思潮的思想内涵和基本特征.文史哲，2001（5）：28.
①James L. Woodress. Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press,1987:284.
②Ralph. H. Vigil. Willa Cather and Historical Reality. New Mexico Historical Review,1975,50(2):123.
③张进.新历史主义文艺思潮的思想内涵和基本特征.文史哲，2001（5）：28.
④Mike Fischer. Pastoralism and Its Discontents: Willa Cather and the Burden of Imperialism. Mosaic: A Journalfor the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature,1990:31-44.
①Janis P. Stout. Picturing a Different West: Vision, Illustration, and the Tradition of Austin and Cather. Texas:Texas Tech University Press.2007:14-15.
②Brent, L. Bohlke, ed. Willa Cather in Person: Interviews, Speeches, and Letters. Lincoln and London:University of Nebraska Press,1986:9.
①Jamie Ambrose. Willa Cather: Writing at the Frontier. New York: St. Martin’s Press,1988:123.
①Joseph R. Urgo. Willa Cather and the Myth of American Migration. Urbana, Chicago: University of IllinoisPress,1995:170.
②Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,2007:111.
①Rainer Maria Rilke. Concerning Landscape. Where Silence Reigns, translated by G. Craig Houston. New York:New Directions,1978:4.
①一些凯瑟作品的研究者认为兰塔主教与维勇主教之间的情感联系已超出了社会传统道德标准，而具有同性恋倾向，详见Philip Joseph. American Literary Regionalism in a Global Age. Baton Rouge: Louisiana StateUniversity Press,2007:108-109.
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