夏季可拆迁式猪舍生态养猪的种养结合
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摘要
规模化养猪业的发展,规模猪场需占用大量土地(通常固化后不可复耕)、粪污水排放导致环境污染与土地资源紧缺和种植业有机肥缺乏的矛盾日益突出。由于我国目前农牧严重脱节,规模养殖产生的畜禽粪尿没能作为有机肥合理利用,畜禽粪尿污染现象严重；规模种植中因过多施用化肥,导致土地板结,肥力下降,而没有用足够的有机肥以改良土壤。同时,现有固定猪舍模式的养殖还存在占用耕地、疫病严重等问题。为了从根源上解决以上问题,本课题组研制了适于种养结合生态养殖的可便携装拆迁移式环保型猪舍(可拆迁式猪舍)。本文主要通过饲养试验、舍内环境指标测试、包心菜种植试验等,旨在研究夏季可拆迁式猪舍设计及应用的主要技术参数,为夏季可拆迁式猪舍的生产应用提供理论依据与实用参数。
饲养试验主要研究了可拆迁式猪舍对温湿度的影响、对肥育猪生长性能影响。选取体重约为60Kg的杜大长三元杂交生长肥育猪216头,按完全区组设计分为2个组：可拆迁式猪舍组和传统的固定猪舍组,每组3个重复,每个重复36头。饲养期从体重约60kg进栏到体重达100K左右出栏。两组饲养密度均为1.1头／m2,饲料来源及营养水平相同,自由采食、饮水。在饲养试验期间,分别测定两类猪舍内的温湿度指标。以每5 d为1个周期分别测定可拆迁式猪舍各个单元的猪粪和尿污的排放量。
研究结果表明：可拆迁式猪舍组肥育猪的平均末重(饲养期50 d)比固定猪舍组高出6.34%(P<0.01),平均日增重和平均日采食量分别高出18.75%(P<0.01)和7.35%(P<0.01),料重比降低10.42%(P<0.05)；可拆迁式猪舍内平均温度为28.03℃,平均日温差为2.75℃,平均相对湿度为70.50,固定猪舍内分别为29.83℃,5.87℃和70.40,两者日温差差异极显著(P<0.01)；当室外平均最高气温为36.5℃时,.可拆迁式猪舍内日最高温度为28.7℃,比固定猪舍内低3.14℃,两者差异极显著(P<0.01)。
每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪试验全期平均鲜粪排放量为3349.6 kg,堆肥后重为2277.73kg；鲜尿污量为10648.23kg,熟化后可施用尿污量为12385.07kg；平均每头肥育猪从始重68.56kg饲养至末重104.84 kg,平均每千克增重产生鲜粪重为1.52kg,堆肥重为1.09 kg,尿污重为4.32kg,尿污施用量为4.06 kg。
种植包心菜种植试验主要研究了包心菜种植所需的最适猪粪尿施入量,并得出可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪所产的粪尿污完全施入包心菜种植田的土地匹配面积。供试土地设7个处理组,分别施入猪粪量为0、2、4、5、6 kg／m2,粪施入时按1：4.2的比例与尿污混合。每个处理组3个重复,每个重复2.4 m2。包心菜播种量为1.1g／m2,收割后采样,测定各组土壤肥力指标,包心菜生产性状和营养成分含量。
试验结果表明,每平方米施入5 kg(每亩3335kg)猪粪堆肥和20.5kg(每亩13673.5kg)尿污为适宜施肥量,包心菜总鲜重可达4.63 kg／m2,每亩产量3088.21kg。可拆迁式猪舍平均每个饲养单元所产的猪粪堆肥量和尿污量完全施入包心菜种植田的土地匹配面积为455.55 m2,约合0.68亩。应用可拆迁式猪舍饲养生长猪与种植包心菜的土地匹配面积为头均7.98 m2。能增产277.89kg,也可产生直接经济效益650.26元。
本试验的研究结果表明,夏季可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪的生产性能和舍内温湿度环境优于传统的固定猪舍；每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪的经济效益比固定猪舍提高2810.05元；平均每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪所产猪粪尿污混合完全施入包心菜种植田适宜的土地匹配面积为0.68亩。
The wastewater is produced with the rapid development of concentrated swine farms, it is seriously to deal with the environment pollution and land resource shortage. Because of the serious gap between agriculture and animal husbandry presently, swine manure wastewater from the scale breeding can not used rationally as organic fertilizer, which causes serious pollution problems. And excessive use of fertilizers in scale planting results in soil hardening and fertility declining, while there is not enough organic fertilizer used to improve soil fertility. At the same time, the problem of occupying cultivated land and serious disease and so on still exist in general fixed-pigsty model. In order to resolve the above problems from their root, we have to develop the migration portable and environment-friendly pigsty (removable pig house) which is suitable for crop-animal combined production. Our studying team has got the key parameters of crop-animal combined production by applying the removable pig house through the feeding trial and the bearing capacity tests of the swine manure wastewater in the land planted in the winter and autumn, but there are not any key parameters could provide a theoretical basis for the application of the removable pig house in summer.
The feeding trial was to study the effects of removable pig house on temperature, humidity, and the growth of fattening pigs on performance and digestibility.216 growing-finishing crossbred(Duroc X Landrace X Yorkshire) pigs with the weight of about 60 kg were Selected and divided into two groups according to completely block design respectively, the removable pig house group and general fixed pig house group. There were three repetition and 36 pigs in each repetition with equal male and female. The pigs were feed from they were about 60 kg to about 100 kg. The feeding density of the two groups was kept for 1.1/m2 and the feed source and nutrition level were the same, and the pigs feed freely.
The results shows that, Relative humidity is suitable for finishing pigs within the scope of humidity. The average final weight of the fattening pigs in the removable pig house was higher than pigs kept in fixed pig house for 6.34%(P< 0.01), the average daily gain and average daily feed intake were higher than the fixed-pigsty group for 18.75%(P<0.01) and 7.35%(P<0.01); The feed to gain was lower for 10.42%(P <0.05).when the high daily temperature is 36.5℃, the average temperature of the removable pig house was 28.03℃, the mean daily temperature difference was 2.75℃, and the average relative humidity of 70.50; Data of the fixed pig house was 29.83℃, 5.87℃and 70.4 respectively. Among these data, the difference of average temperature was extremely significant. When the high temperature is above 35.8℃, the daily high temperature is significant.
Determination of pig manure and urine wastewater excretion was arranged into a cycle of every 5 days. Summation of weight of each unit in a cycle was the total fecal excretion and urine wastewater excretion pollution in feeding period of each unit of removable pig house. The weight of fresh pig manure excretion in each unit of the removable pig house was 3349.9 kg, and compare to 2277.73kg after compost; the weight of fresh urine was 10648.23kg, and it was changed to 12385.07 kg after the ultimate application. The amount of pig manure, composting products, urine wastewater and the actual urine waste water at last for average weight gain of 1 kg of finishing pigs in removable pig house from their 68.56 kg to 104.84 kg was respectively 1.52 kg,1.09 kg,4.32 kg, and 4.06 kg.
The bearing capacity tests of the pig waste in the land planted with the cabbage was carried out mainly for the optimum amount of swine waste applied for planting the cabbage, as well as the suited fields of land planted cabbage to match entirely pig waste pollution applied to the cabbage land from the removable pig house. There were seven treatment groups in test land, and they were fertilized by the pig manure with 0,2,4,5, 6 kg/m2 and the pig manure was mixed with urine wastewater to the ratio of 1:4.2, and there were three treatment groups for each repeat, and it was 2.4m2 for each repeat. Samples of the soil were collected after reaped every time, and indicators of the soil fertility, production traits and nutrient content of the cabbage in each group were determined.
The result of the bearing capacity test of the pig manure of the land planted the cabbage showed that the optimum weight of the fertilizer applied per square was 5kg, and 18.9 kg urine waste water could be contained for 1 square meter. That is to say, 33335 kg pig manure and 13673.5 kg urine wastewater could be contained for 1 mu of land planted cabbage. The products of cabbage can reach to 4.63 kg/m2,3088.21kg/mu; the matched area of land planted cabbage for the pig waste totally being applied was 455.55 m2, and it was about 0.68 mu according to the demolition-style weight of pig manure compost and urine from each unit of the removable pig house. And the matched area of land for each pig was 7.98 m2.
The results of this experiment showed that the pigs' production performance, temperature and humidity environment of removable pig house were better than common fixed pig house. The economic benefit of each raising unit in removable pig house was higher than fixed pig house by 2810.5RMB, while the direct economic benefit made by the cabbage planted in matched area was 1413.20 RMB.
饲养试验主要研究了可拆迁式猪舍对温湿度的影响、对肥育猪生长性能影响。选取体重约为60Kg的杜大长三元杂交生长肥育猪216头,按完全区组设计分为2个组：可拆迁式猪舍组和传统的固定猪舍组,每组3个重复,每个重复36头。饲养期从体重约60kg进栏到体重达100K左右出栏。两组饲养密度均为1.1头／m2,饲料来源及营养水平相同,自由采食、饮水。在饲养试验期间,分别测定两类猪舍内的温湿度指标。以每5 d为1个周期分别测定可拆迁式猪舍各个单元的猪粪和尿污的排放量。
研究结果表明：可拆迁式猪舍组肥育猪的平均末重(饲养期50 d)比固定猪舍组高出6.34%(P<0.01),平均日增重和平均日采食量分别高出18.75%(P<0.01)和7.35%(P<0.01),料重比降低10.42%(P<0.05)；可拆迁式猪舍内平均温度为28.03℃,平均日温差为2.75℃,平均相对湿度为70.50,固定猪舍内分别为29.83℃,5.87℃和70.40,两者日温差差异极显著(P<0.01)；当室外平均最高气温为36.5℃时,.可拆迁式猪舍内日最高温度为28.7℃,比固定猪舍内低3.14℃,两者差异极显著(P<0.01)。
每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪试验全期平均鲜粪排放量为3349.6 kg,堆肥后重为2277.73kg；鲜尿污量为10648.23kg,熟化后可施用尿污量为12385.07kg；平均每头肥育猪从始重68.56kg饲养至末重104.84 kg,平均每千克增重产生鲜粪重为1.52kg,堆肥重为1.09 kg,尿污重为4.32kg,尿污施用量为4.06 kg。
种植包心菜种植试验主要研究了包心菜种植所需的最适猪粪尿施入量,并得出可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪所产的粪尿污完全施入包心菜种植田的土地匹配面积。供试土地设7个处理组,分别施入猪粪量为0、2、4、5、6 kg／m2,粪施入时按1：4.2的比例与尿污混合。每个处理组3个重复,每个重复2.4 m2。包心菜播种量为1.1g／m2,收割后采样,测定各组土壤肥力指标,包心菜生产性状和营养成分含量。
试验结果表明,每平方米施入5 kg(每亩3335kg)猪粪堆肥和20.5kg(每亩13673.5kg)尿污为适宜施肥量,包心菜总鲜重可达4.63 kg／m2,每亩产量3088.21kg。可拆迁式猪舍平均每个饲养单元所产的猪粪堆肥量和尿污量完全施入包心菜种植田的土地匹配面积为455.55 m2,约合0.68亩。应用可拆迁式猪舍饲养生长猪与种植包心菜的土地匹配面积为头均7.98 m2。能增产277.89kg,也可产生直接经济效益650.26元。
本试验的研究结果表明,夏季可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪的生产性能和舍内温湿度环境优于传统的固定猪舍；每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪的经济效益比固定猪舍提高2810.05元；平均每个单元可拆迁式猪舍饲养肥育猪所产猪粪尿污混合完全施入包心菜种植田适宜的土地匹配面积为0.68亩。
The wastewater is produced with the rapid development of concentrated swine farms, it is seriously to deal with the environment pollution and land resource shortage. Because of the serious gap between agriculture and animal husbandry presently, swine manure wastewater from the scale breeding can not used rationally as organic fertilizer, which causes serious pollution problems. And excessive use of fertilizers in scale planting results in soil hardening and fertility declining, while there is not enough organic fertilizer used to improve soil fertility. At the same time, the problem of occupying cultivated land and serious disease and so on still exist in general fixed-pigsty model. In order to resolve the above problems from their root, we have to develop the migration portable and environment-friendly pigsty (removable pig house) which is suitable for crop-animal combined production. Our studying team has got the key parameters of crop-animal combined production by applying the removable pig house through the feeding trial and the bearing capacity tests of the swine manure wastewater in the land planted in the winter and autumn, but there are not any key parameters could provide a theoretical basis for the application of the removable pig house in summer.
The feeding trial was to study the effects of removable pig house on temperature, humidity, and the growth of fattening pigs on performance and digestibility.216 growing-finishing crossbred(Duroc X Landrace X Yorkshire) pigs with the weight of about 60 kg were Selected and divided into two groups according to completely block design respectively, the removable pig house group and general fixed pig house group. There were three repetition and 36 pigs in each repetition with equal male and female. The pigs were feed from they were about 60 kg to about 100 kg. The feeding density of the two groups was kept for 1.1/m2 and the feed source and nutrition level were the same, and the pigs feed freely.
The results shows that, Relative humidity is suitable for finishing pigs within the scope of humidity. The average final weight of the fattening pigs in the removable pig house was higher than pigs kept in fixed pig house for 6.34%(P< 0.01), the average daily gain and average daily feed intake were higher than the fixed-pigsty group for 18.75%(P<0.01) and 7.35%(P<0.01); The feed to gain was lower for 10.42%(P <0.05).when the high daily temperature is 36.5℃, the average temperature of the removable pig house was 28.03℃, the mean daily temperature difference was 2.75℃, and the average relative humidity of 70.50; Data of the fixed pig house was 29.83℃, 5.87℃and 70.4 respectively. Among these data, the difference of average temperature was extremely significant. When the high temperature is above 35.8℃, the daily high temperature is significant.
Determination of pig manure and urine wastewater excretion was arranged into a cycle of every 5 days. Summation of weight of each unit in a cycle was the total fecal excretion and urine wastewater excretion pollution in feeding period of each unit of removable pig house. The weight of fresh pig manure excretion in each unit of the removable pig house was 3349.9 kg, and compare to 2277.73kg after compost; the weight of fresh urine was 10648.23kg, and it was changed to 12385.07 kg after the ultimate application. The amount of pig manure, composting products, urine wastewater and the actual urine waste water at last for average weight gain of 1 kg of finishing pigs in removable pig house from their 68.56 kg to 104.84 kg was respectively 1.52 kg,1.09 kg,4.32 kg, and 4.06 kg.
The bearing capacity tests of the pig waste in the land planted with the cabbage was carried out mainly for the optimum amount of swine waste applied for planting the cabbage, as well as the suited fields of land planted cabbage to match entirely pig waste pollution applied to the cabbage land from the removable pig house. There were seven treatment groups in test land, and they were fertilized by the pig manure with 0,2,4,5, 6 kg/m2 and the pig manure was mixed with urine wastewater to the ratio of 1:4.2, and there were three treatment groups for each repeat, and it was 2.4m2 for each repeat. Samples of the soil were collected after reaped every time, and indicators of the soil fertility, production traits and nutrient content of the cabbage in each group were determined.
The result of the bearing capacity test of the pig manure of the land planted the cabbage showed that the optimum weight of the fertilizer applied per square was 5kg, and 18.9 kg urine waste water could be contained for 1 square meter. That is to say, 33335 kg pig manure and 13673.5 kg urine wastewater could be contained for 1 mu of land planted cabbage. The products of cabbage can reach to 4.63 kg/m2,3088.21kg/mu; the matched area of land planted cabbage for the pig waste totally being applied was 455.55 m2, and it was about 0.68 mu according to the demolition-style weight of pig manure compost and urine from each unit of the removable pig house. And the matched area of land for each pig was 7.98 m2.
The results of this experiment showed that the pigs' production performance, temperature and humidity environment of removable pig house were better than common fixed pig house. The economic benefit of each raising unit in removable pig house was higher than fixed pig house by 2810.5RMB, while the direct economic benefit made by the cabbage planted in matched area was 1413.20 RMB.
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