模拟失重下动脉血管反应性变化的实验研究
|
摘要
航天飞行过程中，航天人员暴露于失重(微重力)环境将导致机体心血管功能状态的变化，称作“心血管脱锻练”，其主要表现为立位耐力不良。立位耐力的改变影响航天人员的工作能力。虽然经过几十年的大量工作，但飞行后立位耐力不良的机理目前仍不甚清楚，相应对抗措施的防护效果亦不理想。因此，探讨飞行后立位耐力不良发生的机理、发展新一代的对抗措施都是目前重力生理学的重要任务。
已有的结果表明任何单一因素都不能圆满解释立位耐力不良的发生，因此目前认为其发生机理涉及多重机制。近来的一些工作提示，动脉系统功能的变化可能在飞行后立位耐力不良的发生中起着一定的作用。虽然已有工作提示交感缩血管反应减弱在立位耐力不良的发生中可能是一个重要因素，但是目前对于航天飞行后动脉系统自身的功能是否会发生变化，以及这些可能的变化是否在飞行后立位耐力不良的发生中起作用，均还知之甚少。此外，由于航天失重环境中流体静压作用消失，动脉系统各部分跨壁压分布与地面1G时不同，局部血流量也有改变，所以机体各部位动脉功能的改变可能也是不相同的。为此，我们进行了本工作，其目的在于阐明：动脉系统自身的功能在模拟失重下是否发生改变，不同部位动脉血管改变的特征如何，这些变化的发展时程又是怎样，变化是否可逆，以及变化的性质和机理。本工作的主要结果与发现如下：
Exposure to weightlessness / microgravity during space flight may lead to an altered state of cardiovascular function in crewmembers termed "cardiovascular deconditioning", manifested most clearly by their orthostatic intolerance. And the alterations in orthostatic stability can adversely affect performance of physical work of astronauts. Even after several decades of extensive research , the basic mechanism of postflight orthostatic intolerance has not been fully elucidated up to now, and the physiological effect of the countmeasures against orthostatic intolerance is limited. Understanding the nature of postflight orthostatic intolerance and development of new effective and efficient countermeasures against postflight orthostatic intolerance have therefore become the primary emphasis of the space life sciences research effort.
已有的结果表明任何单一因素都不能圆满解释立位耐力不良的发生，因此目前认为其发生机理涉及多重机制。近来的一些工作提示，动脉系统功能的变化可能在飞行后立位耐力不良的发生中起着一定的作用。虽然已有工作提示交感缩血管反应减弱在立位耐力不良的发生中可能是一个重要因素，但是目前对于航天飞行后动脉系统自身的功能是否会发生变化，以及这些可能的变化是否在飞行后立位耐力不良的发生中起作用，均还知之甚少。此外，由于航天失重环境中流体静压作用消失，动脉系统各部分跨壁压分布与地面1G时不同，局部血流量也有改变，所以机体各部位动脉功能的改变可能也是不相同的。为此，我们进行了本工作，其目的在于阐明：动脉系统自身的功能在模拟失重下是否发生改变，不同部位动脉血管改变的特征如何，这些变化的发展时程又是怎样，变化是否可逆，以及变化的性质和机理。本工作的主要结果与发现如下：
Exposure to weightlessness / microgravity during space flight may lead to an altered state of cardiovascular function in crewmembers termed "cardiovascular deconditioning", manifested most clearly by their orthostatic intolerance. And the alterations in orthostatic stability can adversely affect performance of physical work of astronauts. Even after several decades of extensive research , the basic mechanism of postflight orthostatic intolerance has not been fully elucidated up to now, and the physiological effect of the countmeasures against orthostatic intolerance is limited. Understanding the nature of postflight orthostatic intolerance and development of new effective and efficient countermeasures against postflight orthostatic intolerance have therefore become the primary emphasis of the space life sciences research effort.
引文
1. Alessi D, MacDougall LK, Sola MM, Ikebe M and Cohen P. The control of protein phosphatase-1 by targetting subunits : the major myosin phophatase in avian smooth muscle is a novel form of protein phophatase-1. Eur J Biochem. 1992; 210:1023-1035.
2. Angus JA. Arteriolar structure and its implications for function in health and disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 1994; 3:99-106.
3. Antonaccio MJ , Eds. Cardiovascular Pharmacology. New York, Raven Press, 1984.
4. Apel PW, Trapani A, Aprigliano O and Hermsmeyer K. Trophic effect of norepinephrine on the rat portal vein in organ culture. Cir Res. 1980; 47:770-775.
5. Arbeille Ph, Fomina G, Pottier J, Achaibou F and Kotovskaya A. Influence of the THIGH CUFFS countermeasure on the cardiovascular adaptation to 0.g (14 and 21 day Mir spaceflights). J Gravitational Physiology 1995,2(1):p9-p10.
6. Arbeille Ph, Fomina G, Pottier J, Porcher M, Coulon J, Kotovskaya A and Polliakov V. Heart, and peripheral arteries and veins during the 14 month Mir spaceflight. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; (in press)
7. Arbeille Ph, Fomina G,Sigaudo D,Porcher M, Boulay J and Gharib C. Hemodynamic reponses to LBNP during the 14d spaceflight " Cassiopee " . J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press)
8. Arbeille Ph and Herault S. Cardiac function at rest and during LBNP after 4 days and 6 weeks in HDT. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press)
9. Asano T and Hidaka H Vasodialatory action of HA1004 [n-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide], a novel calcium antagonist with no effect on cardiac function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1984; 231:141-145.
10. Babij P and Periasamy M. Myosin heavy chain isoform diversity in smooth muscle is produced by differential RNA processing. J Mol Biochem. 1989; 200:673-679.
11. Baisch F and Klein KE. Some Physiologic consequence of G-Induced body fluid shifts and muscle load reduction. Physiologist. 1984; 27(suppl): S103-S104.
12. Balasubramanian SV, Sikdar SK and Easwaran KRK. Bilayers containing calcium ionophore A23187 form channels . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992; 189:1038-1042.
13. Bell DR, Webb RC,Bohr DF. Functional bases for individualities among vascular smooth muscles. J Cardiovas Pharmacol. 1985; 7:S1-S11.
14. Berecek KH and Bohr DF. Structural and functional changes in vascular resistance and reactivity in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive pig. Cir Res. 1977;40(suppl I): 146-152.
15. Billman GE, Dickey DT, Sandier H and Stone HL. Effects of horizontal body casting on the baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate. J Appl Physiol. 1987; 52:1552-1556.
16. Bishop-Bailey D, Mitchell JA and Gross S. Selective of N-nitro -L-Arginin -p-nitro anilide to preferentially inhibit neuronal NO synthase can be explained by differential hydrolisis to N-nitro -L-Arginin. Br J Pharmacol. 1994; 109(suppl): S141.
17. Bjurstedt H. Gravitational physiology in the 1990s. The Physiologist. 1992,35(suppl 1):s5-s11.
18. Blamick CA, Goldwater DJ and Convertino VA. Leg vascular responsiveness during acute orthostasis following simulated weightlessness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988; 59:40-43.
19. Blomqvist CG. Cardiovascular adaptation to weightlessness. Med Sci Sport Exercise. 1983.15:428-431.
20. Blomqvist CG,Buckey JC,Gaffney FA, Lane LD, Levine BD and Watenpaugh DE. Mechanisms of post-flight orthostatic intolerance. J. Gravitational Physiol. 1994, 1(1): p122-p124.
21. Blomqvist CG and Stone HL. Cardiovascular adjustment to gravitational stress. In: Am Physiol Soc: Handbook of Physiology.Section 2.The cardiovascular System. Bethasda,Maryland. 1983;Vol 3, part2, chapter28, pp1025-1063.
22. Bondar RL, Kassam MS, Stein F and Dunphy PT. Cerebraovascular response to standing post spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1993;64:430.
23. Bonen A, Clark MG and Henriksen EJ. Experimental approaches in muscle metabolism: hindlimb perfusion and isolated muscle incubations. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266(Endocrinol Metab 29):E1-E16.
24. Bredt DS and Synder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthase , a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87:682-685.
25. Brizzee BL and Walker BR. Altered baroreflex function after tail suspension in the conscious rat. J Appl physiol. 1990; 69:2091-2096.
26. Buckey JC, Lane LD, Levine BD,Gaffney FA, Watepaugh DE and Blomqvist CG. Cardiovascular autonomic responses after spaceflight. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997;(in press).
27. Buckey JC, Lane LD, Levine BD, Watenpaugh DE, Wright SJ, Moore WE, Gaffney FA and Blomqvist CG. Orthostatic intoierance after spaceflight. 16 th Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting(1995), Program and Abstract, Abstract 14.
28. Bullard RW. Physiological problems of space travel. Ann Rev Physiol. 1972; 34: 204-234.
29. Bungo MW. The cardiopulmonary system. In: Nicogossian AE, Huntoon CL and Pool SL, Eds. Space Physiology andMedicine . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1989; 159-200.
30. Bungo MW, Charles CB and Johnson PC. Cardiovascular deconditioning during space flight and the use of saline as a countermeasure to orthostatic intolerance. Aviat Space Environ. Med. 1985,56:985-990.
31. Bungo MW, Goldwater DJ, Popp RL and Sandler H. Echocardio-graphic evaluation of space shuttle crewmembers. J Appl Physiol. 1987; 62: 278-283.
32. Bungo MW and Johnson PC. Cardiovascular exaninations and observations of deconditioning during the space shuttle orbital flight test program. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1983, 54(11):1001-1004.
33. Burnstock G. Local mechanisms of blood flow control by perivascular nerves and endothelium. J Hypertension. 1990,8(suppl 7):s95-s106.
34. Busse R and Mulsch A. Calcium -dependent nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cytosol is mediated by calmodulin. FEBS Lett. 1990; 265:133-136.
35. Butler GC, Yamamoto Y and Hughson RL. Fractal nature of short-term systolic BP and HR variability during lower body negative pressure. Am J Physiol. 1994; 267:R26-R33.
36. Charles JB, Bungo MW and Fortner GW. Cardiopulmonary function. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 286-304,1994.
37. Charles JB and Lathers CM. Cardiovascular adaptation to spaceflight. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:1010-1023.
38. Chen J, Zhang LF, Ma J and Liu J. Ultrastructural changes of myocardium in long-term tail-suspended rats. Chinese J Aviat Med. 1995;(3): 133-137.
39. ConvertinoVA. Countermeasures against cardiovascular deconditioning. J Gravitational Physiol. 1994,1 (1):p125-p128.
40. Convertino VA, Doerr DF, Eckberg DL Fritsch JM and Vernikos-Danellis J. Head-down bed rest impairs vagal baroreflex responses and provokes orthostatic hypotension. J Appl Physiol. 1990; 68:1458-1464.
41. Convertino VA, Doerr DF and Vernikos J. Altered barorefiex control of forearm vascular resistance during simulated microgravity. J Gravitational Physiol. 1994; 1:P31-P32.
42. Convertino VA, Polet JL, Engelke KA, Hoffler GW, Lane LD and Blomqvist CG. Increased B-adrenergic responsiveness induced by 14 days exposure to simulated microgravity. J Gravitational Physiology. 1995,2(1):p66-p67.
43. Convertino VA, Previc FH, Ludwig DA and Engelken EJ. Effects of vestibular-ocular stimulation on responsiveness of the carotid-cardiac barorefiex. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press)
44. Cowley AW Jr, Liard JF and Guyton AC. Role of the baroreceptor reflex in daily control of arterial blood pressure and orther variables in dogs. Cir Res. 1973; 32:564-576.
45. Crandall CG, Engelke KA, Pawelczky JA,Raven PB and Convertino VA. Power Spectral and time-based analysis of heart rate variability following 15 days head-down bed rest. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994; 65: 1105-1109.
46. Day MK, Allen DL, Mohajerani L, Greenisen MC, Roy RR and Edgerton VR. Adaptations of human skeletal muscle fibers to spaceflight. j Gravitational Physiol. 1995; 2:P47-P51.
47. Delp MD, Brown M, Laughlin MH and Hasser EM. Rat aortic vasoreactivity is altered by old age and hindlimb unloading. J Appl Physiol, 1995;78(6):2079 - 2086.
48. Delp MD, Holder-Blinkley T, Laughlin MH and Hasser EM. Vasoconstrictor properties of rat aorta are diminished by hindlimb unweighting. J Appl Physiol. 1993,75(6):2620-2628.
49. Delp MD, McAllister RM and Laughlin MH. Exercise training alters endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity of rat abdominal aorta. J Appl Physiol. 1993; 75:1354-1363.
50. Dickey DT, Billman GE, Teoh K, Sandier H and Stone LH. The effect of horizontal body casting on blood volume drug responsiveness, and +Gz tolerancein the rhesus monkey. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1982,53(2):142-146.
51. Dinerman JL, Lowenstein CJ and Synder SH. Molecular mechanismsn of nitric oxide regulation. Circ Res. 1993; 73:217-222.
52. Driska SP, Stein PG and Porter R. Myosin dephosphorylation during rapid relaxation of hog carotid artery smooth muscle . Am J Physiol. 1989;256:C315-C321.
53. Ebashi S. Excitation-contraction coupling and the mechanism of muscle contrction. Ann Rev Physiol. 1991; 53:1-16.
54. Ebashi S. Regulatory proteins of smooth muscle. In: Casteels R, Godfraind T and Ruegg J , Eds. Excitation contraction coupling in smooth muscle. Amsterdam, Elsevier/North Holland, 1977, p325.
55. Eckberg DL and Fritsch JM. Influence of ten day head-down tilt bed rest on human carotid baroceptor-cardiac reflex function. Acta Physiol Scand. 1992; 144(S604):69-76.
56. Eckberg DL and Fritsch JM. Carotid baroreceptor cardiac-vagal reflex responses during 10 days of head-down tilt . Physiologist. 1990;33 (suppl):s177-s178.
57. Eckberg DL and Fritsch JM. Human autonomic responses to actual and simulated weightlessness. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991 ;31 (4):951-955.
58. Eddinger TJ and Murphy RA. Two smooth muscle myosin heavy chains differ in their light meromyosin fragment. Biochemistry. 1988; 27:3807-3811.
59. Edelman AM, Lin WH,Osterhout DJ,Bennett MK, Kennedy MB and Krebs EG. Phosphorylation of smooth muscle by type Ⅱ Ca~(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.. Mol Cell Biochem. 1990; 97:87-98.
60. Elliott GF and Worthington CR. How muscle may contract. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1994; 1200:109-116.
61. Filo RS, Bohr DF and Ruegg JC. Glycerinated Skeletal and smooth muscle: calcium and magnerium dependenence. Science. 1965;147:1581-1583.
62. Folkow B. Physiologocal aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol Rev. 1982; 62:347-428.
63. Folkow B. Structure and function of the arteries in hypertension. Am Heart J. 1987; 114:938-948.
64. Folkow B, Hallback M, Lundgren Y and Weiss L. Background of increased flow resistance and vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand. 1970; 80:93-106.
65. Forstermann U, Mulsch A, Bohme E and Busse R. Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by an acetylcholine induced endotheilium-derived factor from rabbit and canine arteries. Circ Res. 1986; 58:531-538.
66. Fritsch JM, Charles JB, Bennett BS , Johnes MM and Eckberg DL. Short-duration spaceflight impairs human carotid-baroreceptor cardiac reflex responses. J Appl Physiol. 1992,73:664-671.
67. Fritsch JM, Charles JB, Johes MM, Beightol LA and Eckberg DL. Spaceflight alters autonomic regulation of arterial pressure in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1994 ;77(4):1776-1783.
68. Fritsch JM, Rehbein TL and Geendenberg EJ. Spaceflight reduces orthostatic intolerance and arterial baroreflex sensitivity in humans. FASEBJ. 1993;7:A665.
69. Fuglsang A, Khromov A, Torok K, Somlyo AV and Somlyo AP. Flash photolysis studies of relaxation and cross-bridge datachment : higher sensitivity of tonic than phasic smooth muscle to MgADP. J Muscle Res and Cell Motility. 1993; 15:662-673.
70. Fung YC and Liu SQ. Changes of zero -stress state of rat pulmonary arteries in hypoxic hypertension. J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1991; 70:2455-2470.
71. Furchgott RF and Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the ralaxation of arterial smooth muscle by actylcholine . Nature. 1980;288:373-376.
72. Gauer OH and Thron HL. Postural changes in the circulation. In: Hamilton WE, Eds. Handbook of Physiology: Circulation, section 2, Vol III. Washington DC, Am Physiol Soc, 1965; 2409-2439.
73. Gazenko OG, Genin AM and Egorov AD. Summary of medical investigations in the USSRmanned space missions. Acta Astronautica. 1981; 8;907-917.
74. Gazenko OG and Ilyin EA. Physiological investigations of primates onboard biosatellites Cosmos-1514 and Cosmos-1667. Physiologist. 1987;30(suppl):S31-S34.
75. Goldberger AL, Mietus JE, Rigney DR, Wood ML and Fortney SM. Effects of head-down bed rest on complex heart rate variability: response to LBNP testing. J Appl Physiol. 1994; 77:2863-2869.
76. Goldstein MA, Edwards RJ and Schroeter JP. Cardiac morphology after conditions of microgravity during Cosmos 2044. J Appli Physiol. 1992,73(suppl):s94-s100
77. Gorski J,Hood DA and Terjung RL.Blood flow distribution in tissue of perfused rat hindlimb preparations. Am J Physiol. 1986, 250: E441-E448.
78. Guell A, Cornac A and Faurat MM. Lower body negative pressure as a countermeasure against orthostatic intolerance for long term space flight. Acta Astronautica. 1992, 27:103-107.
79. Hargens AR. Control of circulatory function in altered gravitational fields. The Physiologist. 1992,35(suppl 1):s80-s83.
80. Hargens AR, Millard RW, Pettersson K and Johansen K. Gravitational haenodynamics and oedema prevention in the giraffe. Nature. 1987; 329:59-60.
81. Hargens AR, Whalen RT, Watepaugh DE, Schwandt DF and Krock LP. Lower body negative pressure to provide load bearing in space . Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991; 62:934-937.
82. Harrison MH. Weightlessness and the cardiovascular system. Aviation Medicine Quarterly. 1989; 2:111-119.
83. Hartshorne DJ and Kawamura T. Regulation of contraction-relaxation in smooth muscle. News in Physiol Sci. 1992; 7:59-64.
84. Hishikawa K, Naraki T, Marumo T, Hayashi M, Suzuki H, Koto R and Saruta T. Pressure promotes DNA synthesis in rat culture vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1994,93:1975-1980.
85. Hoar PE, Kerrick WG and Cossidy PS. Chicken gizzard: relation between calcium-activated phosphorylation and contraction. Science. 1979; 204: 503-506.
86. Hughson RL, Yamamoto Y, Blaber AP, Maillet A, Fortrat JO, Pavy-Letraon A, Marini JF, Guell A and Gaharib C. Effect of 28-day head-down bed rest with countermeasures on heart rate variability during LBNP. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994; 65:293-300.
87. Hughson RL, Yamamoto Y, Butler GC, Guell A and Gharib C. Evaluation of spontaneous baroreflex response after 28 days head down tilt bedrest. Acta Astronautica. 1993; 29:601-605.
88. Hughson RL, Maillet A, Gharib C, Fortrat JO, Yamamoto Y, Pavy-Letraon A, Riviere D and Guell A. Reduced spontaneous baroreflex response slope during lower body negative pressure after 28 days of head down-bed rest J Appl Physiol 1994; 77:69-77.
89. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM and Wood KS. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987; 84:9265'9269.
90. Ilyin EA, Korolkov VI, Kozlovskaya IB, Lobachik VI and Truzhennikov AN. The monkey in space flight. Physiologist. 34(suppl):S49-s51.
91. Jaweed MM. Muscle structure and function. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 317-326,1994.
92. Johansson B and Somlyo AP. In: Bohr DF, Somlyo AP and Sparks AV, Eds. The handbook of Physiology: The cardiovascular system Vol II. Bethesda, Am Physiol Sci. 1980; 301-324.
93. Julou-Schaeffer G, Gray GA, Fleming I, Schott C, Parratt JR and Stoclet JC. Loss of vascular responsiveness induced by endotoxin involves L-arginine pathway. Am J Physiol. 1990; 259(Heart Circ Physiol. 28): H1038-H1043.
94. Katusic ZS,Shepherd JT. Endothelium-derived vasoactive factors: endothelium-dependent contraction. Hypertension, 1991 ;18 (5,suppl III):III86-III92.
95. Kawamoto S and Adelstein R. Characterization of myosin heavy chains in cultured aorta smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262:7282-7288.
96. Khromov A, Somlyo AV, Trentham DR, Zimmermann B and Somlyo AP. The role of MgADP in force maintaince by dephosphrylated cross-bridges in smooth muscle: a flash photolysis study. Biophysical J. 1995; 69: 2611-2622.
97. Kochar MS, Ebert TJ and Kotrly KJ. Primary dysfunction of the afferent limb of the arterial baroreceptor reflex system in a patient with severe supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984; 4: 802-805.
98. Lacolley PJ, Pannier BM, Cuche JL, Hermida JS, Laurent S, Maisonblanche P, Duchier JL, Levy BI and Safar ME. Microgravity and orthostatic intolerance : carotid hemodynamics and peripheral responses. Am J Physiol. 1993; 264:H588-H594.
99. Langille BL. Remodeling of developing and mature arteries: endothelium, smooth muscle and matrix. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol. 1993,21(suppl 1):s11-s17.
100.Langille BL,Bendeck MP and Keeley FW. Adaptations of carotid arteries of young and mature rabbits to reduced carotid blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1989,256 :H931-H939.
101 Laughlin MH, McAllister RM. Exercise training-induced coronary vascular adaptation. J Appl Physiol,1992;73(6):2209-2225.
102.Leach CS, Altchuler SI and Cintron-Trevino NM. The endocrine and metabolic response to space flight. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1983; 15: 432-440.
103.Levine BD, Buckey JC,Fritsch JM, Yancy CW, Watenpaugh DE, Snell PG, Lane LD, Eckberg DL and Blomqvist CG. Physical fitness and cardiovascular regulation : mechanisms of orthostatic intolerance. J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1991; 70:112-122
104.Lorsbach RB and Russell SW. A specific sequence of stimulation is required to induce synthesis of the antimicrobial molecule nitric oxide by mouse macrophage. Infect Immun. 1992; 60:2133-2135.
105.Louisy F, Schroiff P, Guezennec Cy and Guell A. Venous distensibility and venous emptying in the legs during a 42-day -6° head-down bedrest. J Gravitational Physiol 1995; 2:P15-P16.
106.Luscher TF, Diederich D , Weber E, Vanhoutt PM and Buhler FR. Endothelium-dependent responses in the carotid and renal arteries of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1988; 11:573-578.
107.Ma J, Zhang LF and Yu ZB. Effects of 14-day tail suspension on vasoreactivity of arteries from different parts of the body in rats. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; 3.(in press)
108.Ma J, Zhang LF, Yu ZB and Zhang LN. Time course and reversibility of arterial vasoreactivity changes in simulated microgravity rats. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; 4. (in press)
109.Mao QW, Zhang LF and Ma J. Observations on arteriolar network structure in soleus of tail-suspended rats. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; 4. (in press)
110.Marsden DA, Schappert KT, Chen HS, Flowers M, Sundell CL and Wilcox JN. Molecular cloning and characterization of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett. 1992; 307:267-293.
111.Martin W, Villani GM, Jothianandan D and Fugchgott RF. Selective blockade of endothelium-dependent and glyceryl trinitrate- induced relaxation by hemoglobin and by methylene blue in the rabbit aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985; 232:708-716.
112.McDermott JC, Hutber A, Tan MH and Bonen A. The use of cell - free perfusate in the perfused rat hindquarter: methodological concerns. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1989;67:1450-1454.
113.McDonald KS, Delp MD , Fitts RH. Effect of hindlimb unweighting on tissue blood flow in the rat. J Appl Physiol,1992;72(6):2210- 2218.
114.Melada GA, Goldman RT, Luetscher JA and Zager PG. Hemodynamics,renal function,plasma renin and aldosterone in man after 5 to 14 days of bedrest. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1977, 46(8): 1049-1055.
115.Mellander S and Johansson B. Control of resistance, exchange, and capacitance function in the peripheral circulation. Pharmacol Rev.1968; 20:117-196.
116.McGregor DD. The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on vasoconstrictor responses in perfused mesenteric blood vessels of the rat. J Physiol. 1966; 177:21-30.
117.Mikhaylov VM, Kornilova LN, Zhernakov AF, Voskresenskiy AD, Pometov YuD and Alekseyev VN. Correlation between orthostatic tolerance and status of the vestibilar function in humans after long-term space flights. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1990; 24:49-50.
118.Miller VM. Interactions between neural and endothelial mechanisms in control of vascular tone. News in Physiol Sci. 1991,6:60-63.
119.Miller VM, John C and Burnett Jr. Modulation of NO and endothelin by chronic increases in blood flow in canine femoral arteries. Am J Physiol. 1992,263:H103-H108.
120.Miller VM, Aarhus LL and Vanhoutte PM. Modulation of endothelium-dependent responses by chronic alterations of blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1986; 251(Heart Circ Physiol 20):H520-H527.
121.Moncada S, Palmer Rmj and Higgs EA. Nitric oxide : physiology, pathphysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev. 1991; 43:109-138.
122.Mohammad M and Sparrow M. Changes in myosin heavy chain stoichiometry in pig tracheal smooth muscle during development. FEBS lett. 1988; 228: 109-112.
123.Mulvagh SL, Charles JB, Riddle JM, Rehbein TL and Mungo MW. Echocardiographic evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of short- duration spaceflight. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:1024-1026.
124.Mulvany MJ. Determinats Of vascular structure. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol 1992,19(suppl 5):sl-s6.
125.Mulvany MJ. Vascular growth in hypertension. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol 1992,20(suppl 1):s7-s11.
126.Mulvany MJ. The development and regression of vascular hypertrophy. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol. 1992,19(suppl 2):s22-s27.
127.Mulvany MJ and Halpern W. Contractile properties of small arterial resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Circ Res. 1977,41:19-26.
128.Murthy G and Hargens AR. Recent advances in space biomedicine. In: Reddy DC , Eds. Advances in Biomedical Engineering. New Dehli, Tada McGraw-Hill, 1994; ppl90-195.
129.NASA. Cardiopulmonary discipline science plan. NASA-TM- 108040. 1991.
130.National Research Council: A Strategy for Space Biology and Medical Science--for the 1980s-1990s. WAshington DC, National Academy Press. 1987, pl28-p 142.
131.Nicogossian AE and Gaiser KK. The space life science strategy for the 21st century. Acta Astronautica. 1992; 26:459-465.
132.Nicogossian AE, Pool SL and Uri JJ. Historical perspectives. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 1994; 3-50.
133.Nicogossian AE, Sawin CF, Huntoon CL. Overall physiologic responses to space flight. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 1994;211- 227.
134.Njemanze PC. Transcranial Doppler evaluation of syncope: an application in aerospace physiology. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991; 62:569-572.
135.Overton JM and Tipton CM. Effect of hindlimb suspension on cardiovascular responses to sympathomimetics and lower body negative pressure. J Appl Physiol. 1990; 68:355-362.
136.Parazynski SE, Hargens AR, Tucker B,Aratow M, Styf J and Grenshaw A. Transcapillary fluid shifts in tissues of the head and neck during and after simulated microgravity. J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1991; 71:2469-2475.
137.Ralevic V, Belai A and Burnstock G. Impaired sensory-motor nerve function in the isolated mesenteric arterial bed of streptozotocin- diabetic and ganglioside-treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1993; 110:1105-1111.
138.Ralevic V, Dikranian K and Burnstock G. long-term sensory denervation dose not modifiy endothelial function or endothelial substabce P and nitric oxide synthase in rat mesenteric arteries. J Vascular Res. 1995; 32:320-327.
139.Robertson D, Convertino VA and Vernikos J. The sympathetic nervous system and the physiologic consequences of spaceflight: a hypothesis. Am J Med Sci. 1994; 308:126-132.
140.Robertson D, Hollister AS, Carey EL, Tung CS, Goldberg MR and Robertson RM. Increased vascular beta2-adrenoceptor responsiveness in autonomic dysfunction . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983; 3:850-856.
141.Rodionov IM, Machkov BB, Tarasova OS, Timin EN and Vinogradova OL. Effect of 3-week suspension on sympathetic vasoconstrictor responses in rat . J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press}
142.Roer RD and Dillaman RM. Decreased femoral arterial flow during simulated mictogravity in the rat. J Appl Physiol. 1994; 76(5): 2125-2129.
143.Rovner AS, Thompson MM and Murphy RA. Two different heavy chains are found in smooth muscle myosin. Am J Physiol. 1986; 250:C861-C870.
144.Ruderman NB,Houghton CRS and Hems R. Evaluation of the isolated perfused rat hindquaretr for the study of muscle metabolism. Biochem J. 1971,124:639-651.
145.Ruegg JC. Smooth muscle tone. Physiol Rev. 1971; 51: 201-248.
146.Rayn US and Rubanyi, Eds. Endothelial regulation of vascular tone. New York. Marcel Dek
147. Sandier H. Cardiovascular effects of weightlessness and ground-based simulation. NASA-TM-88314,1988:1～103.
148. Sandier H, Goldwater DJ, Popp RL, Spaeeavento L and Harrison DC. Beta blockade in the compensation for bedrest cardiovascular deconditioning: Physiological and pharmocological observations. Am J Cardiol. 1985; 55: 114D～120D.
149. Sartore S, DeMar-zo N, Borrione A, Zaneilato A, Saggin L, Fabbri L and Sehiaffino S. Myosin heavy chain isoforms in human smooth muscle. Eur J Biochem. 1989; 179:79～85.
150. Schini VB and Vanhoutte PM. L-Arginin evokes both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations in L-Arginin-depleted aortas of the rat. Circ Res. 1991; 68:209～216.
151. Schneider VS, Leblane AD and Taggart LC. Bone and mineral metabolism. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 327～333, 1994.
152. Shen XY, Sun YZ and Xiang QL. The study of baroreceptor reflex function before and after bed rest. The Physiolgist. 1990; 31 (suppl);S22～S23.
153. Shepherd JT and Katusic ZS. Endothelium-derived vasoactive factors: Endothelium-dependent relaxation. Hypertension. 1991 ;18(suppl Ⅲ) :76～85.
154. Somlyo AP. Myosin isoforms in smooth muscle : how may they affect function and structure?. J Muscle Res and Cell Motility. 1993; 14:557～563.
155. Somlyo AP and Himpens B. Cell calcium and its regulation in smooth muscle. FASEB J. 1989;3:2266～2276.
156. Somlyo AP and Somlyo AV. Signal transduction and regulation in smooth muscle. Nature, 1994;372(6503):231-236.
157.Sparrow MP, Mitchell HW and Everett AW. Different ratio of myosin heavy chain isoforms in arterial smooth muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats . Basic Res Cardiol. 1990,85: 209-216.
158.Stepke B, Fleming JT, Joshua IG, Musacchia XJ. Head-down tilt whole body suspension influences aortic responsiveness in vitro . Nth Annual Meeting IUPS Commission on Gravitation Physiology, Program and Abstracts , abstract 51.
159.Spriet L, Matsos CG, Peters SJ, Heigenhauser GJF and Jones NL. Muscle metabolism and performance in perfused rat hindquarter during exercises. Am J Physiol. 248(Cell Physiol 17):C109-C118.
160.Stump CS,Overton JM and Tipton CM. Influence of single hindlimb support during simulated weightlessness in the rat. J Appl Physiol. 1990,68:627-634.
161.Sweeney HL, Yang Z, Zhi G, Stull JT and Trybus KM. Charge replacement near the phosphorylateble serine of the the myosin regulatory light chain mimics aspects of phosphorylation. Proc Natn Acad Sci USA. 1994; 91:1490-1494.
162.Tesfamarian P and Halpern W. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in resistance arteries from hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1988; 11:440-444.
163.Thornton WE and Rummel JA. Fluid shifts in weightlessness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1987; 58(suppl):A86-A90.
164.VanBreemen C, Aaronson P, LoutzenhiserR and Meisheri K. Ca~(2+) movement in smooth muscle. Chest. 1980;78(suppl):157-165.
165.Vanhoutte PM. Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle. Microcirculation. 1978;2:181 -209.
166.Vorobyov EI, Gazenko OG, Genin AM and Egorov AD. Medical results of Salyut-6 manned space flights. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1983;54(suppl):S31-S40.
167.Watenpaugh DE, Breit GA, Ballard RE, Zeitz S and Hargens AR. Vascular compliance in the leg is lower than that in the neck in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993; 25: S26.
168.Watenpaugh DE and AR Hargens. The cardiovascular system in microgravity. In: Fregly MJ and CM Blatteis,eds.Handbook of Physiology: Environmental Physiology. New York; Oxford University Press, 631-674, 1996.
169.Xie DW, Cho HJ, Calaycay J, Mamfod RA, Swiderek KM and Lee TD. Cloning and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages . Science. 1992; 256:225-228.
170.Yamashita T, Masuda Y and Tanaka S. Potassium channel openers relax A23187-induced nifidipine-resistant contraction of rat aorta. J Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1994;24:914-920.
171.Zhang LF. Experimental studies on effects of simulated weightlessness on myocardial function and structure. J Gravitational Physiol. 1994; 1:p133-p136.
172.Zhang LF, Chen J, Ding ZP and Ma J. Cardiovascular deconditioning effects of long-term simulated weightlessness in rats. Physiologist. 1993; 36(suppl):S26-S27.
173.Zhang LF, Ma J, Mao QW and Yu ZB. Plasticity of arterial vasculature during simulated weightlessness and its possible role in the genesis of postflight orthostatic intolerance. J Gravitational Physiology. 1997;(in press)
174. Zhang LF, Mao QW, Ma J and Yu ZB. Effects of simulated weightlessness on arterial vasculature-an experimental study on vascular deconditioning. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; (in press)
175. Zhang LF, Yu ZB, Ma J. Functional alterations in cardiac muscle after medium- or long-term simulated weightlessness and related cellular mechanisms. J Gravitational Physiol, 1995 ;2(1): 5～8.
176. Zheng J, Zhang LF, Wei JH and Wang XB. Effect of 21 days head-down bed rest on heart rate and blood pressure variability and orthostatic intolerance in men. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; 3. (in press)
177．陈杰．长期模拟失重下心脏脱适应变化的实验研究．第四军医大学博士学位论文．1992．
178．陈杰，马进，丁兆平等．一种模拟失重影响的大鼠尾部悬吊模型．空间科学学报．1993，13：159～162．
179．陈杰，张立藩，马进．长期模拟失重大鼠心肌收缩性能的改变．中华航空医学杂志．1995；6：42～46．
180．陈孟勤，曹济民．血管活动的个性化．生理科学进展．1996；27：203～209．
181．陈文杰主编．血液流变学．天津，天津科学技术出版社，1987．
182．丁兆平．长期模拟失重大鼠心血管脱适应效应及压力反射反应性的研究．第四军医大学硕士学位论文．1992．
183．丁兆平，张立藩，陈杰，马进．90d模拟失重大鼠动脉压力反射反应性的改变．中国应用生理学杂志．1993；9(4)：300～304．
184．董辉，杨藻宸．45Ca跨膜流动测定及其在钙拮抗剂研究中的应用．生理科学进展．1990；21：171～174．
185．韩启德，李金玲．老年大鼠血管α1肾上腺素受体及其亚型的改变． 生理学报．1991；43：22～30．
186．韩启德，李金玲，陈咏梅．自发性高血压大鼠血管α1肾上腺素受体亚型的改变．生理学报．1992；44：229～236．
187．何瑞荣主编．心血管生理学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1987．
188．李云霞，姚泰．血液循环．见：周衍椒，张镜如主编．生理学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1993．104～187
189．刘探娥．儿茶酚胺的心血管效应与病理生理．见：吴其夏主编．体液因素和血液循环病理生理学．北京，北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社，1991；1～13．
190．马进，陈杰，丁兆平，张立藩．模拟失重90天对大鼠长骨生物力学特性的影响．第四军医大学学报．1994；15(3)：218～220．
191．马进，张立藩，余志斌．长期尾部悬吊对大鼠左心室乳头肌等长收缩性能的影响．航天医学与医学工程．1996；9：49～53．
192．马永烈，孙亚志．失重／模拟失重下肌肉萎缩的研究进展．航天医学与医学工程．1997；10：149～152．
193．沈羡云．航天中的心血管问题．航天医学与医学工程．1992，5(4)：295～301．
194．王学铭．平滑肌收缩-松弛耦联机制及钙的调节作用．生理科学进展．1981；12：264～266．
195．魏金河，严拱东，庄祥昌．正常人动脉压力感受器反射开环增益的计算方法．生物物理学报．1986；2；168～175．
196．吴其夏．细胞钙转运的生物学意义．见：吴其夏主编．体液因素和血液循环病理生理学．北京，北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社，1991；160～170．
197．向求鲁，沈羡云，孟京瑞，等．模拟失重时兔血液流变学变化．中国应 用生理学杂志，1989；5(4)：364～370．
198．杨进．循环系统．见：成令忠主编．组织学与胚胎学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1989；104～113．
199．余志斌，张立藩．失重／模拟失重对心肌结构与功能的影响．航天医学与医学工程．1995；8：295～297．
200．余志斌，张立藩．中、长期尾部悬吊大鼠心肌功能与结构的变化．航天医学与医学工程．1997；10：140～143．
201．余志斌，张立藩．8周模拟失重大鼠左室心肌萎缩的特征．航天医学与医学工程．1996；9：103～107．
202．余志斌，张立藩，陈杰．模拟失重大鼠左心室乳头肌收缩性能及钙反应性的变化．中国应用生理学杂志．1994；10(2)：97～100．
203．余志斌，张立藩，陈杰．模拟失重大鼠心肌收缩性能降低的过程及其可逆性．中华航空医学杂志．1994；5：138～142．
204．余志斌，张立藩，陈杰．模拟失重可能损害心内膜内皮．航天医学与医学工程。1994；7：163～168．
205．岳文浩．平滑肌收缩原理．生理科学进展．1881；12：1～8．
206．张立藩．模拟失重对心血管功能与心肌超微结构的影响．航天医学与医学工程．1994；7；230～234．
207．张立藩、陈信主编．中国医学百科全书．航空航天医学分册．上海，上海科学技术出版社．1985，194～201．
208．郑永芳，张翠华，王晓芳．L-NNA和还原型Hb对SHRsp肠系膜内皮依赖性舒张的影响．生理学报．1994；46：568～574．
209．周吕，王立东．胃肠道平滑肌的结构与功能．见：周吕主编．胃肠生理学—基础与临床．北京， 科学出版社，1991；11～21．
210．周衍椒，张镜如主编．生理学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1993．
211．庄祥昌主编．失重生理学．北京，人民军医出版社，1990；25～96．
2. Angus JA. Arteriolar structure and its implications for function in health and disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 1994; 3:99-106.
3. Antonaccio MJ , Eds. Cardiovascular Pharmacology. New York, Raven Press, 1984.
4. Apel PW, Trapani A, Aprigliano O and Hermsmeyer K. Trophic effect of norepinephrine on the rat portal vein in organ culture. Cir Res. 1980; 47:770-775.
5. Arbeille Ph, Fomina G, Pottier J, Achaibou F and Kotovskaya A. Influence of the THIGH CUFFS countermeasure on the cardiovascular adaptation to 0.g (14 and 21 day Mir spaceflights). J Gravitational Physiology 1995,2(1):p9-p10.
6. Arbeille Ph, Fomina G, Pottier J, Porcher M, Coulon J, Kotovskaya A and Polliakov V. Heart, and peripheral arteries and veins during the 14 month Mir spaceflight. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; (in press)
7. Arbeille Ph, Fomina G,Sigaudo D,Porcher M, Boulay J and Gharib C. Hemodynamic reponses to LBNP during the 14d spaceflight " Cassiopee " . J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press)
8. Arbeille Ph and Herault S. Cardiac function at rest and during LBNP after 4 days and 6 weeks in HDT. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press)
9. Asano T and Hidaka H Vasodialatory action of HA1004 [n-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide], a novel calcium antagonist with no effect on cardiac function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1984; 231:141-145.
10. Babij P and Periasamy M. Myosin heavy chain isoform diversity in smooth muscle is produced by differential RNA processing. J Mol Biochem. 1989; 200:673-679.
11. Baisch F and Klein KE. Some Physiologic consequence of G-Induced body fluid shifts and muscle load reduction. Physiologist. 1984; 27(suppl): S103-S104.
12. Balasubramanian SV, Sikdar SK and Easwaran KRK. Bilayers containing calcium ionophore A23187 form channels . Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992; 189:1038-1042.
13. Bell DR, Webb RC,Bohr DF. Functional bases for individualities among vascular smooth muscles. J Cardiovas Pharmacol. 1985; 7:S1-S11.
14. Berecek KH and Bohr DF. Structural and functional changes in vascular resistance and reactivity in the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive pig. Cir Res. 1977;40(suppl I): 146-152.
15. Billman GE, Dickey DT, Sandier H and Stone HL. Effects of horizontal body casting on the baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate. J Appl Physiol. 1987; 52:1552-1556.
16. Bishop-Bailey D, Mitchell JA and Gross S. Selective of N-nitro -L-Arginin -p-nitro anilide to preferentially inhibit neuronal NO synthase can be explained by differential hydrolisis to N-nitro -L-Arginin. Br J Pharmacol. 1994; 109(suppl): S141.
17. Bjurstedt H. Gravitational physiology in the 1990s. The Physiologist. 1992,35(suppl 1):s5-s11.
18. Blamick CA, Goldwater DJ and Convertino VA. Leg vascular responsiveness during acute orthostasis following simulated weightlessness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988; 59:40-43.
19. Blomqvist CG. Cardiovascular adaptation to weightlessness. Med Sci Sport Exercise. 1983.15:428-431.
20. Blomqvist CG,Buckey JC,Gaffney FA, Lane LD, Levine BD and Watenpaugh DE. Mechanisms of post-flight orthostatic intolerance. J. Gravitational Physiol. 1994, 1(1): p122-p124.
21. Blomqvist CG and Stone HL. Cardiovascular adjustment to gravitational stress. In: Am Physiol Soc: Handbook of Physiology.Section 2.The cardiovascular System. Bethasda,Maryland. 1983;Vol 3, part2, chapter28, pp1025-1063.
22. Bondar RL, Kassam MS, Stein F and Dunphy PT. Cerebraovascular response to standing post spaceflight. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1993;64:430.
23. Bonen A, Clark MG and Henriksen EJ. Experimental approaches in muscle metabolism: hindlimb perfusion and isolated muscle incubations. Am J Physiol. 1994; 266(Endocrinol Metab 29):E1-E16.
24. Bredt DS and Synder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthase , a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990; 87:682-685.
25. Brizzee BL and Walker BR. Altered baroreflex function after tail suspension in the conscious rat. J Appl physiol. 1990; 69:2091-2096.
26. Buckey JC, Lane LD, Levine BD,Gaffney FA, Watepaugh DE and Blomqvist CG. Cardiovascular autonomic responses after spaceflight. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997;(in press).
27. Buckey JC, Lane LD, Levine BD, Watenpaugh DE, Wright SJ, Moore WE, Gaffney FA and Blomqvist CG. Orthostatic intoierance after spaceflight. 16 th Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting(1995), Program and Abstract, Abstract 14.
28. Bullard RW. Physiological problems of space travel. Ann Rev Physiol. 1972; 34: 204-234.
29. Bungo MW. The cardiopulmonary system. In: Nicogossian AE, Huntoon CL and Pool SL, Eds. Space Physiology andMedicine . Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1989; 159-200.
30. Bungo MW, Charles CB and Johnson PC. Cardiovascular deconditioning during space flight and the use of saline as a countermeasure to orthostatic intolerance. Aviat Space Environ. Med. 1985,56:985-990.
31. Bungo MW, Goldwater DJ, Popp RL and Sandler H. Echocardio-graphic evaluation of space shuttle crewmembers. J Appl Physiol. 1987; 62: 278-283.
32. Bungo MW and Johnson PC. Cardiovascular exaninations and observations of deconditioning during the space shuttle orbital flight test program. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1983, 54(11):1001-1004.
33. Burnstock G. Local mechanisms of blood flow control by perivascular nerves and endothelium. J Hypertension. 1990,8(suppl 7):s95-s106.
34. Busse R and Mulsch A. Calcium -dependent nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cytosol is mediated by calmodulin. FEBS Lett. 1990; 265:133-136.
35. Butler GC, Yamamoto Y and Hughson RL. Fractal nature of short-term systolic BP and HR variability during lower body negative pressure. Am J Physiol. 1994; 267:R26-R33.
36. Charles JB, Bungo MW and Fortner GW. Cardiopulmonary function. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 286-304,1994.
37. Charles JB and Lathers CM. Cardiovascular adaptation to spaceflight. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:1010-1023.
38. Chen J, Zhang LF, Ma J and Liu J. Ultrastructural changes of myocardium in long-term tail-suspended rats. Chinese J Aviat Med. 1995;(3): 133-137.
39. ConvertinoVA. Countermeasures against cardiovascular deconditioning. J Gravitational Physiol. 1994,1 (1):p125-p128.
40. Convertino VA, Doerr DF, Eckberg DL Fritsch JM and Vernikos-Danellis J. Head-down bed rest impairs vagal baroreflex responses and provokes orthostatic hypotension. J Appl Physiol. 1990; 68:1458-1464.
41. Convertino VA, Doerr DF and Vernikos J. Altered barorefiex control of forearm vascular resistance during simulated microgravity. J Gravitational Physiol. 1994; 1:P31-P32.
42. Convertino VA, Polet JL, Engelke KA, Hoffler GW, Lane LD and Blomqvist CG. Increased B-adrenergic responsiveness induced by 14 days exposure to simulated microgravity. J Gravitational Physiology. 1995,2(1):p66-p67.
43. Convertino VA, Previc FH, Ludwig DA and Engelken EJ. Effects of vestibular-ocular stimulation on responsiveness of the carotid-cardiac barorefiex. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press)
44. Cowley AW Jr, Liard JF and Guyton AC. Role of the baroreceptor reflex in daily control of arterial blood pressure and orther variables in dogs. Cir Res. 1973; 32:564-576.
45. Crandall CG, Engelke KA, Pawelczky JA,Raven PB and Convertino VA. Power Spectral and time-based analysis of heart rate variability following 15 days head-down bed rest. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994; 65: 1105-1109.
46. Day MK, Allen DL, Mohajerani L, Greenisen MC, Roy RR and Edgerton VR. Adaptations of human skeletal muscle fibers to spaceflight. j Gravitational Physiol. 1995; 2:P47-P51.
47. Delp MD, Brown M, Laughlin MH and Hasser EM. Rat aortic vasoreactivity is altered by old age and hindlimb unloading. J Appl Physiol, 1995;78(6):2079 - 2086.
48. Delp MD, Holder-Blinkley T, Laughlin MH and Hasser EM. Vasoconstrictor properties of rat aorta are diminished by hindlimb unweighting. J Appl Physiol. 1993,75(6):2620-2628.
49. Delp MD, McAllister RM and Laughlin MH. Exercise training alters endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity of rat abdominal aorta. J Appl Physiol. 1993; 75:1354-1363.
50. Dickey DT, Billman GE, Teoh K, Sandier H and Stone LH. The effect of horizontal body casting on blood volume drug responsiveness, and +Gz tolerancein the rhesus monkey. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1982,53(2):142-146.
51. Dinerman JL, Lowenstein CJ and Synder SH. Molecular mechanismsn of nitric oxide regulation. Circ Res. 1993; 73:217-222.
52. Driska SP, Stein PG and Porter R. Myosin dephosphorylation during rapid relaxation of hog carotid artery smooth muscle . Am J Physiol. 1989;256:C315-C321.
53. Ebashi S. Excitation-contraction coupling and the mechanism of muscle contrction. Ann Rev Physiol. 1991; 53:1-16.
54. Ebashi S. Regulatory proteins of smooth muscle. In: Casteels R, Godfraind T and Ruegg J , Eds. Excitation contraction coupling in smooth muscle. Amsterdam, Elsevier/North Holland, 1977, p325.
55. Eckberg DL and Fritsch JM. Influence of ten day head-down tilt bed rest on human carotid baroceptor-cardiac reflex function. Acta Physiol Scand. 1992; 144(S604):69-76.
56. Eckberg DL and Fritsch JM. Carotid baroreceptor cardiac-vagal reflex responses during 10 days of head-down tilt . Physiologist. 1990;33 (suppl):s177-s178.
57. Eckberg DL and Fritsch JM. Human autonomic responses to actual and simulated weightlessness. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991 ;31 (4):951-955.
58. Eddinger TJ and Murphy RA. Two smooth muscle myosin heavy chains differ in their light meromyosin fragment. Biochemistry. 1988; 27:3807-3811.
59. Edelman AM, Lin WH,Osterhout DJ,Bennett MK, Kennedy MB and Krebs EG. Phosphorylation of smooth muscle by type Ⅱ Ca~(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.. Mol Cell Biochem. 1990; 97:87-98.
60. Elliott GF and Worthington CR. How muscle may contract. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1994; 1200:109-116.
61. Filo RS, Bohr DF and Ruegg JC. Glycerinated Skeletal and smooth muscle: calcium and magnerium dependenence. Science. 1965;147:1581-1583.
62. Folkow B. Physiologocal aspects of primary hypertension. Physiol Rev. 1982; 62:347-428.
63. Folkow B. Structure and function of the arteries in hypertension. Am Heart J. 1987; 114:938-948.
64. Folkow B, Hallback M, Lundgren Y and Weiss L. Background of increased flow resistance and vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Physiol Scand. 1970; 80:93-106.
65. Forstermann U, Mulsch A, Bohme E and Busse R. Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by an acetylcholine induced endotheilium-derived factor from rabbit and canine arteries. Circ Res. 1986; 58:531-538.
66. Fritsch JM, Charles JB, Bennett BS , Johnes MM and Eckberg DL. Short-duration spaceflight impairs human carotid-baroreceptor cardiac reflex responses. J Appl Physiol. 1992,73:664-671.
67. Fritsch JM, Charles JB, Johes MM, Beightol LA and Eckberg DL. Spaceflight alters autonomic regulation of arterial pressure in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1994 ;77(4):1776-1783.
68. Fritsch JM, Rehbein TL and Geendenberg EJ. Spaceflight reduces orthostatic intolerance and arterial baroreflex sensitivity in humans. FASEBJ. 1993;7:A665.
69. Fuglsang A, Khromov A, Torok K, Somlyo AV and Somlyo AP. Flash photolysis studies of relaxation and cross-bridge datachment : higher sensitivity of tonic than phasic smooth muscle to MgADP. J Muscle Res and Cell Motility. 1993; 15:662-673.
70. Fung YC and Liu SQ. Changes of zero -stress state of rat pulmonary arteries in hypoxic hypertension. J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1991; 70:2455-2470.
71. Furchgott RF and Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the ralaxation of arterial smooth muscle by actylcholine . Nature. 1980;288:373-376.
72. Gauer OH and Thron HL. Postural changes in the circulation. In: Hamilton WE, Eds. Handbook of Physiology: Circulation, section 2, Vol III. Washington DC, Am Physiol Soc, 1965; 2409-2439.
73. Gazenko OG, Genin AM and Egorov AD. Summary of medical investigations in the USSRmanned space missions. Acta Astronautica. 1981; 8;907-917.
74. Gazenko OG and Ilyin EA. Physiological investigations of primates onboard biosatellites Cosmos-1514 and Cosmos-1667. Physiologist. 1987;30(suppl):S31-S34.
75. Goldberger AL, Mietus JE, Rigney DR, Wood ML and Fortney SM. Effects of head-down bed rest on complex heart rate variability: response to LBNP testing. J Appl Physiol. 1994; 77:2863-2869.
76. Goldstein MA, Edwards RJ and Schroeter JP. Cardiac morphology after conditions of microgravity during Cosmos 2044. J Appli Physiol. 1992,73(suppl):s94-s100
77. Gorski J,Hood DA and Terjung RL.Blood flow distribution in tissue of perfused rat hindlimb preparations. Am J Physiol. 1986, 250: E441-E448.
78. Guell A, Cornac A and Faurat MM. Lower body negative pressure as a countermeasure against orthostatic intolerance for long term space flight. Acta Astronautica. 1992, 27:103-107.
79. Hargens AR. Control of circulatory function in altered gravitational fields. The Physiologist. 1992,35(suppl 1):s80-s83.
80. Hargens AR, Millard RW, Pettersson K and Johansen K. Gravitational haenodynamics and oedema prevention in the giraffe. Nature. 1987; 329:59-60.
81. Hargens AR, Whalen RT, Watepaugh DE, Schwandt DF and Krock LP. Lower body negative pressure to provide load bearing in space . Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991; 62:934-937.
82. Harrison MH. Weightlessness and the cardiovascular system. Aviation Medicine Quarterly. 1989; 2:111-119.
83. Hartshorne DJ and Kawamura T. Regulation of contraction-relaxation in smooth muscle. News in Physiol Sci. 1992; 7:59-64.
84. Hishikawa K, Naraki T, Marumo T, Hayashi M, Suzuki H, Koto R and Saruta T. Pressure promotes DNA synthesis in rat culture vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 1994,93:1975-1980.
85. Hoar PE, Kerrick WG and Cossidy PS. Chicken gizzard: relation between calcium-activated phosphorylation and contraction. Science. 1979; 204: 503-506.
86. Hughson RL, Yamamoto Y, Blaber AP, Maillet A, Fortrat JO, Pavy-Letraon A, Marini JF, Guell A and Gaharib C. Effect of 28-day head-down bed rest with countermeasures on heart rate variability during LBNP. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1994; 65:293-300.
87. Hughson RL, Yamamoto Y, Butler GC, Guell A and Gharib C. Evaluation of spontaneous baroreflex response after 28 days head down tilt bedrest. Acta Astronautica. 1993; 29:601-605.
88. Hughson RL, Maillet A, Gharib C, Fortrat JO, Yamamoto Y, Pavy-Letraon A, Riviere D and Guell A. Reduced spontaneous baroreflex response slope during lower body negative pressure after 28 days of head down-bed rest J Appl Physiol 1994; 77:69-77.
89. Ignarro LJ, Buga GM and Wood KS. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987; 84:9265'9269.
90. Ilyin EA, Korolkov VI, Kozlovskaya IB, Lobachik VI and Truzhennikov AN. The monkey in space flight. Physiologist. 34(suppl):S49-s51.
91. Jaweed MM. Muscle structure and function. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 317-326,1994.
92. Johansson B and Somlyo AP. In: Bohr DF, Somlyo AP and Sparks AV, Eds. The handbook of Physiology: The cardiovascular system Vol II. Bethesda, Am Physiol Sci. 1980; 301-324.
93. Julou-Schaeffer G, Gray GA, Fleming I, Schott C, Parratt JR and Stoclet JC. Loss of vascular responsiveness induced by endotoxin involves L-arginine pathway. Am J Physiol. 1990; 259(Heart Circ Physiol. 28): H1038-H1043.
94. Katusic ZS,Shepherd JT. Endothelium-derived vasoactive factors: endothelium-dependent contraction. Hypertension, 1991 ;18 (5,suppl III):III86-III92.
95. Kawamoto S and Adelstein R. Characterization of myosin heavy chains in cultured aorta smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262:7282-7288.
96. Khromov A, Somlyo AV, Trentham DR, Zimmermann B and Somlyo AP. The role of MgADP in force maintaince by dephosphrylated cross-bridges in smooth muscle: a flash photolysis study. Biophysical J. 1995; 69: 2611-2622.
97. Kochar MS, Ebert TJ and Kotrly KJ. Primary dysfunction of the afferent limb of the arterial baroreceptor reflex system in a patient with severe supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984; 4: 802-805.
98. Lacolley PJ, Pannier BM, Cuche JL, Hermida JS, Laurent S, Maisonblanche P, Duchier JL, Levy BI and Safar ME. Microgravity and orthostatic intolerance : carotid hemodynamics and peripheral responses. Am J Physiol. 1993; 264:H588-H594.
99. Langille BL. Remodeling of developing and mature arteries: endothelium, smooth muscle and matrix. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol. 1993,21(suppl 1):s11-s17.
100.Langille BL,Bendeck MP and Keeley FW. Adaptations of carotid arteries of young and mature rabbits to reduced carotid blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1989,256 :H931-H939.
101 Laughlin MH, McAllister RM. Exercise training-induced coronary vascular adaptation. J Appl Physiol,1992;73(6):2209-2225.
102.Leach CS, Altchuler SI and Cintron-Trevino NM. The endocrine and metabolic response to space flight. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1983; 15: 432-440.
103.Levine BD, Buckey JC,Fritsch JM, Yancy CW, Watenpaugh DE, Snell PG, Lane LD, Eckberg DL and Blomqvist CG. Physical fitness and cardiovascular regulation : mechanisms of orthostatic intolerance. J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1991; 70:112-122
104.Lorsbach RB and Russell SW. A specific sequence of stimulation is required to induce synthesis of the antimicrobial molecule nitric oxide by mouse macrophage. Infect Immun. 1992; 60:2133-2135.
105.Louisy F, Schroiff P, Guezennec Cy and Guell A. Venous distensibility and venous emptying in the legs during a 42-day -6° head-down bedrest. J Gravitational Physiol 1995; 2:P15-P16.
106.Luscher TF, Diederich D , Weber E, Vanhoutt PM and Buhler FR. Endothelium-dependent responses in the carotid and renal arteries of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1988; 11:573-578.
107.Ma J, Zhang LF and Yu ZB. Effects of 14-day tail suspension on vasoreactivity of arteries from different parts of the body in rats. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; 3.(in press)
108.Ma J, Zhang LF, Yu ZB and Zhang LN. Time course and reversibility of arterial vasoreactivity changes in simulated microgravity rats. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; 4. (in press)
109.Mao QW, Zhang LF and Ma J. Observations on arteriolar network structure in soleus of tail-suspended rats. J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; 4. (in press)
110.Marsden DA, Schappert KT, Chen HS, Flowers M, Sundell CL and Wilcox JN. Molecular cloning and characterization of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Lett. 1992; 307:267-293.
111.Martin W, Villani GM, Jothianandan D and Fugchgott RF. Selective blockade of endothelium-dependent and glyceryl trinitrate- induced relaxation by hemoglobin and by methylene blue in the rabbit aorta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985; 232:708-716.
112.McDermott JC, Hutber A, Tan MH and Bonen A. The use of cell - free perfusate in the perfused rat hindquarter: methodological concerns. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1989;67:1450-1454.
113.McDonald KS, Delp MD , Fitts RH. Effect of hindlimb unweighting on tissue blood flow in the rat. J Appl Physiol,1992;72(6):2210- 2218.
114.Melada GA, Goldman RT, Luetscher JA and Zager PG. Hemodynamics,renal function,plasma renin and aldosterone in man after 5 to 14 days of bedrest. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1977, 46(8): 1049-1055.
115.Mellander S and Johansson B. Control of resistance, exchange, and capacitance function in the peripheral circulation. Pharmacol Rev.1968; 20:117-196.
116.McGregor DD. The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on vasoconstrictor responses in perfused mesenteric blood vessels of the rat. J Physiol. 1966; 177:21-30.
117.Mikhaylov VM, Kornilova LN, Zhernakov AF, Voskresenskiy AD, Pometov YuD and Alekseyev VN. Correlation between orthostatic tolerance and status of the vestibilar function in humans after long-term space flights. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1990; 24:49-50.
118.Miller VM. Interactions between neural and endothelial mechanisms in control of vascular tone. News in Physiol Sci. 1991,6:60-63.
119.Miller VM, John C and Burnett Jr. Modulation of NO and endothelin by chronic increases in blood flow in canine femoral arteries. Am J Physiol. 1992,263:H103-H108.
120.Miller VM, Aarhus LL and Vanhoutte PM. Modulation of endothelium-dependent responses by chronic alterations of blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1986; 251(Heart Circ Physiol 20):H520-H527.
121.Moncada S, Palmer Rmj and Higgs EA. Nitric oxide : physiology, pathphysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev. 1991; 43:109-138.
122.Mohammad M and Sparrow M. Changes in myosin heavy chain stoichiometry in pig tracheal smooth muscle during development. FEBS lett. 1988; 228: 109-112.
123.Mulvagh SL, Charles JB, Riddle JM, Rehbein TL and Mungo MW. Echocardiographic evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of short- duration spaceflight. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 31:1024-1026.
124.Mulvany MJ. Determinats Of vascular structure. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol 1992,19(suppl 5):sl-s6.
125.Mulvany MJ. Vascular growth in hypertension. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol 1992,20(suppl 1):s7-s11.
126.Mulvany MJ. The development and regression of vascular hypertrophy. J Cardiovascular Pharmacol. 1992,19(suppl 2):s22-s27.
127.Mulvany MJ and Halpern W. Contractile properties of small arterial resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Circ Res. 1977,41:19-26.
128.Murthy G and Hargens AR. Recent advances in space biomedicine. In: Reddy DC , Eds. Advances in Biomedical Engineering. New Dehli, Tada McGraw-Hill, 1994; ppl90-195.
129.NASA. Cardiopulmonary discipline science plan. NASA-TM- 108040. 1991.
130.National Research Council: A Strategy for Space Biology and Medical Science--for the 1980s-1990s. WAshington DC, National Academy Press. 1987, pl28-p 142.
131.Nicogossian AE and Gaiser KK. The space life science strategy for the 21st century. Acta Astronautica. 1992; 26:459-465.
132.Nicogossian AE, Pool SL and Uri JJ. Historical perspectives. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 1994; 3-50.
133.Nicogossian AE, Sawin CF, Huntoon CL. Overall physiologic responses to space flight. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 1994;211- 227.
134.Njemanze PC. Transcranial Doppler evaluation of syncope: an application in aerospace physiology. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991; 62:569-572.
135.Overton JM and Tipton CM. Effect of hindlimb suspension on cardiovascular responses to sympathomimetics and lower body negative pressure. J Appl Physiol. 1990; 68:355-362.
136.Parazynski SE, Hargens AR, Tucker B,Aratow M, Styf J and Grenshaw A. Transcapillary fluid shifts in tissues of the head and neck during and after simulated microgravity. J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1991; 71:2469-2475.
137.Ralevic V, Belai A and Burnstock G. Impaired sensory-motor nerve function in the isolated mesenteric arterial bed of streptozotocin- diabetic and ganglioside-treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1993; 110:1105-1111.
138.Ralevic V, Dikranian K and Burnstock G. long-term sensory denervation dose not modifiy endothelial function or endothelial substabce P and nitric oxide synthase in rat mesenteric arteries. J Vascular Res. 1995; 32:320-327.
139.Robertson D, Convertino VA and Vernikos J. The sympathetic nervous system and the physiologic consequences of spaceflight: a hypothesis. Am J Med Sci. 1994; 308:126-132.
140.Robertson D, Hollister AS, Carey EL, Tung CS, Goldberg MR and Robertson RM. Increased vascular beta2-adrenoceptor responsiveness in autonomic dysfunction . J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983; 3:850-856.
141.Rodionov IM, Machkov BB, Tarasova OS, Timin EN and Vinogradova OL. Effect of 3-week suspension on sympathetic vasoconstrictor responses in rat . J Gravitational Physiol. 1997; (in press}
142.Roer RD and Dillaman RM. Decreased femoral arterial flow during simulated mictogravity in the rat. J Appl Physiol. 1994; 76(5): 2125-2129.
143.Rovner AS, Thompson MM and Murphy RA. Two different heavy chains are found in smooth muscle myosin. Am J Physiol. 1986; 250:C861-C870.
144.Ruderman NB,Houghton CRS and Hems R. Evaluation of the isolated perfused rat hindquaretr for the study of muscle metabolism. Biochem J. 1971,124:639-651.
145.Ruegg JC. Smooth muscle tone. Physiol Rev. 1971; 51: 201-248.
146.Rayn US and Rubanyi, Eds. Endothelial regulation of vascular tone. New York. Marcel Dek
147. Sandier H. Cardiovascular effects of weightlessness and ground-based simulation. NASA-TM-88314,1988:1～103.
148. Sandier H, Goldwater DJ, Popp RL, Spaeeavento L and Harrison DC. Beta blockade in the compensation for bedrest cardiovascular deconditioning: Physiological and pharmocological observations. Am J Cardiol. 1985; 55: 114D～120D.
149. Sartore S, DeMar-zo N, Borrione A, Zaneilato A, Saggin L, Fabbri L and Sehiaffino S. Myosin heavy chain isoforms in human smooth muscle. Eur J Biochem. 1989; 179:79～85.
150. Schini VB and Vanhoutte PM. L-Arginin evokes both endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations in L-Arginin-depleted aortas of the rat. Circ Res. 1991; 68:209～216.
151. Schneider VS, Leblane AD and Taggart LC. Bone and mineral metabolism. In: AE Nicogossian, CL Huntoon, SL Pool, Eds. Space Physioligy and Medicine(3rd edition). Malvern, Lea & Febiger Press, 327～333, 1994.
152. Shen XY, Sun YZ and Xiang QL. The study of baroreceptor reflex function before and after bed rest. The Physiolgist. 1990; 31 (suppl);S22～S23.
153. Shepherd JT and Katusic ZS. Endothelium-derived vasoactive factors: Endothelium-dependent relaxation. Hypertension. 1991 ;18(suppl Ⅲ) :76～85.
154. Somlyo AP. Myosin isoforms in smooth muscle : how may they affect function and structure?. J Muscle Res and Cell Motility. 1993; 14:557～563.
155. Somlyo AP and Himpens B. Cell calcium and its regulation in smooth muscle. FASEB J. 1989;3:2266～2276.
156. Somlyo AP and Somlyo AV. Signal transduction and regulation in smooth muscle. Nature, 1994;372(6503):231-236.
157.Sparrow MP, Mitchell HW and Everett AW. Different ratio of myosin heavy chain isoforms in arterial smooth muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats . Basic Res Cardiol. 1990,85: 209-216.
158.Stepke B, Fleming JT, Joshua IG, Musacchia XJ. Head-down tilt whole body suspension influences aortic responsiveness in vitro . Nth Annual Meeting IUPS Commission on Gravitation Physiology, Program and Abstracts , abstract 51.
159.Spriet L, Matsos CG, Peters SJ, Heigenhauser GJF and Jones NL. Muscle metabolism and performance in perfused rat hindquarter during exercises. Am J Physiol. 248(Cell Physiol 17):C109-C118.
160.Stump CS,Overton JM and Tipton CM. Influence of single hindlimb support during simulated weightlessness in the rat. J Appl Physiol. 1990,68:627-634.
161.Sweeney HL, Yang Z, Zhi G, Stull JT and Trybus KM. Charge replacement near the phosphorylateble serine of the the myosin regulatory light chain mimics aspects of phosphorylation. Proc Natn Acad Sci USA. 1994; 91:1490-1494.
162.Tesfamarian P and Halpern W. Endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in resistance arteries from hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1988; 11:440-444.
163.Thornton WE and Rummel JA. Fluid shifts in weightlessness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1987; 58(suppl):A86-A90.
164.VanBreemen C, Aaronson P, LoutzenhiserR and Meisheri K. Ca~(2+) movement in smooth muscle. Chest. 1980;78(suppl):157-165.
165.Vanhoutte PM. Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle. Microcirculation. 1978;2:181 -209.
166.Vorobyov EI, Gazenko OG, Genin AM and Egorov AD. Medical results of Salyut-6 manned space flights. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1983;54(suppl):S31-S40.
167.Watenpaugh DE, Breit GA, Ballard RE, Zeitz S and Hargens AR. Vascular compliance in the leg is lower than that in the neck in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993; 25: S26.
168.Watenpaugh DE and AR Hargens. The cardiovascular system in microgravity. In: Fregly MJ and CM Blatteis,eds.Handbook of Physiology: Environmental Physiology. New York; Oxford University Press, 631-674, 1996.
169.Xie DW, Cho HJ, Calaycay J, Mamfod RA, Swiderek KM and Lee TD. Cloning and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages . Science. 1992; 256:225-228.
170.Yamashita T, Masuda Y and Tanaka S. Potassium channel openers relax A23187-induced nifidipine-resistant contraction of rat aorta. J Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1994;24:914-920.
171.Zhang LF. Experimental studies on effects of simulated weightlessness on myocardial function and structure. J Gravitational Physiol. 1994; 1:p133-p136.
172.Zhang LF, Chen J, Ding ZP and Ma J. Cardiovascular deconditioning effects of long-term simulated weightlessness in rats. Physiologist. 1993; 36(suppl):S26-S27.
173.Zhang LF, Ma J, Mao QW and Yu ZB. Plasticity of arterial vasculature during simulated weightlessness and its possible role in the genesis of postflight orthostatic intolerance. J Gravitational Physiology. 1997;(in press)
174. Zhang LF, Mao QW, Ma J and Yu ZB. Effects of simulated weightlessness on arterial vasculature-an experimental study on vascular deconditioning. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; (in press)
175. Zhang LF, Yu ZB, Ma J. Functional alterations in cardiac muscle after medium- or long-term simulated weightlessness and related cellular mechanisms. J Gravitational Physiol, 1995 ;2(1): 5～8.
176. Zheng J, Zhang LF, Wei JH and Wang XB. Effect of 21 days head-down bed rest on heart rate and blood pressure variability and orthostatic intolerance in men. J Gravitational Physiol. 1996; 3. (in press)
177．陈杰．长期模拟失重下心脏脱适应变化的实验研究．第四军医大学博士学位论文．1992．
178．陈杰，马进，丁兆平等．一种模拟失重影响的大鼠尾部悬吊模型．空间科学学报．1993，13：159～162．
179．陈杰，张立藩，马进．长期模拟失重大鼠心肌收缩性能的改变．中华航空医学杂志．1995；6：42～46．
180．陈孟勤，曹济民．血管活动的个性化．生理科学进展．1996；27：203～209．
181．陈文杰主编．血液流变学．天津，天津科学技术出版社，1987．
182．丁兆平．长期模拟失重大鼠心血管脱适应效应及压力反射反应性的研究．第四军医大学硕士学位论文．1992．
183．丁兆平，张立藩，陈杰，马进．90d模拟失重大鼠动脉压力反射反应性的改变．中国应用生理学杂志．1993；9(4)：300～304．
184．董辉，杨藻宸．45Ca跨膜流动测定及其在钙拮抗剂研究中的应用．生理科学进展．1990；21：171～174．
185．韩启德，李金玲．老年大鼠血管α1肾上腺素受体及其亚型的改变． 生理学报．1991；43：22～30．
186．韩启德，李金玲，陈咏梅．自发性高血压大鼠血管α1肾上腺素受体亚型的改变．生理学报．1992；44：229～236．
187．何瑞荣主编．心血管生理学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1987．
188．李云霞，姚泰．血液循环．见：周衍椒，张镜如主编．生理学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1993．104～187
189．刘探娥．儿茶酚胺的心血管效应与病理生理．见：吴其夏主编．体液因素和血液循环病理生理学．北京，北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社，1991；1～13．
190．马进，陈杰，丁兆平，张立藩．模拟失重90天对大鼠长骨生物力学特性的影响．第四军医大学学报．1994；15(3)：218～220．
191．马进，张立藩，余志斌．长期尾部悬吊对大鼠左心室乳头肌等长收缩性能的影响．航天医学与医学工程．1996；9：49～53．
192．马永烈，孙亚志．失重／模拟失重下肌肉萎缩的研究进展．航天医学与医学工程．1997；10：149～152．
193．沈羡云．航天中的心血管问题．航天医学与医学工程．1992，5(4)：295～301．
194．王学铭．平滑肌收缩-松弛耦联机制及钙的调节作用．生理科学进展．1981；12：264～266．
195．魏金河，严拱东，庄祥昌．正常人动脉压力感受器反射开环增益的计算方法．生物物理学报．1986；2；168～175．
196．吴其夏．细胞钙转运的生物学意义．见：吴其夏主编．体液因素和血液循环病理生理学．北京，北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社，1991；160～170．
197．向求鲁，沈羡云，孟京瑞，等．模拟失重时兔血液流变学变化．中国应 用生理学杂志，1989；5(4)：364～370．
198．杨进．循环系统．见：成令忠主编．组织学与胚胎学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1989；104～113．
199．余志斌，张立藩．失重／模拟失重对心肌结构与功能的影响．航天医学与医学工程．1995；8：295～297．
200．余志斌，张立藩．中、长期尾部悬吊大鼠心肌功能与结构的变化．航天医学与医学工程．1997；10：140～143．
201．余志斌，张立藩．8周模拟失重大鼠左室心肌萎缩的特征．航天医学与医学工程．1996；9：103～107．
202．余志斌，张立藩，陈杰．模拟失重大鼠左心室乳头肌收缩性能及钙反应性的变化．中国应用生理学杂志．1994；10(2)：97～100．
203．余志斌，张立藩，陈杰．模拟失重大鼠心肌收缩性能降低的过程及其可逆性．中华航空医学杂志．1994；5：138～142．
204．余志斌，张立藩，陈杰．模拟失重可能损害心内膜内皮．航天医学与医学工程。1994；7：163～168．
205．岳文浩．平滑肌收缩原理．生理科学进展．1881；12：1～8．
206．张立藩．模拟失重对心血管功能与心肌超微结构的影响．航天医学与医学工程．1994；7；230～234．
207．张立藩、陈信主编．中国医学百科全书．航空航天医学分册．上海，上海科学技术出版社．1985，194～201．
208．郑永芳，张翠华，王晓芳．L-NNA和还原型Hb对SHRsp肠系膜内皮依赖性舒张的影响．生理学报．1994；46：568～574．
209．周吕，王立东．胃肠道平滑肌的结构与功能．见：周吕主编．胃肠生理学—基础与临床．北京， 科学出版社，1991；11～21．
210．周衍椒，张镜如主编．生理学．北京，人民卫生出版社，1993．
211．庄祥昌主编．失重生理学．北京，人民军医出版社，1990；25～96．