肝脏磁敏感成像技术参数优选探讨及其在肝脏局灶性病变的初步应用
|
摘要
目的探索肝脏磁敏感成像(SWI)最佳扫描参数。
方法对20名成年健康志愿者行肝脏SWI,比较不同磁敏感编码因子(SENSE)及激励次数(NEX)对图象质量的影响。SENSE因子分别取1、1.5、2.5、3.5,NEX分别取l、2、3。
结果在不同参数的比较中,SENSE因子为1.5的图象质量较好,NEX为l的图象质量较好。
结论SENSE为1.5、NEX为1是肝脏SWI较好的扫描参数。
目的探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在肝脏局灶性病变内部结构的显示能力及其鉴别诊断中的应用价值。
方法搜集18例经临床及影像证实肝脏病变包括血管畸形、肝细胞癌、转移瘤、血管瘤以及肝囊肿患者共25个肝局灶性病变行常规T1WI、T2WI及SWI扫描。18例均同时行增强扫描,1例动静脉畸形同时行MRA检查,1例血管瘤动态增强后再次行SWI检查。
结果1例血管畸形SWI能较常规平扫、增强及3DMRA更清楚显示其异常静脉血管形态；4例肝细胞癌、3例胆管细胞癌及2例转移瘤,SWI均能显示病灶内瘤静脉及血液降解产物；5例肝血管瘤及3例肝囊肿,SWI均显示病灶呈均匀稍高信号,病灶较大者邻近静脉受压。
结论SWI在显示肝脏静脉性血管畸形、肿瘤相关静脉结构等方面优于常规MR序列,对肝脏局灶性病变有一定鉴别诊断价值,是研究肝脏局灶性病变内部结构的一种新的方法。
Objective To evaluate parameters of susceptibility weighted imaging in the liver.
Methods SWI of the liver was performed in 20 healthy adult volunteers. Different parameters include SENSE factor and number of excitation. SWI in liver was performed with different factor of SENSE including 1、1.5、2.5 and 3.5; and different number of excitation including 1、2、3.
Results SWI with SENSE of 1.5 was better than that with 1、2.5 and 3.5. SWI with 1 excitation showed higher quality than that with 2 and 3.
Conclusion SWI with SENSE factor 1.5 and 1 excitation was the better in SWI of the liver.
Objective To investigate the value of susceptibility weighted imaging in discovery and diagnosis of focal liver lesions.
Methods Eighteen patients with 25 focal liver lesions were collected,all of them were proved by diagnosis of clinic and imaging. It included liver vascular malformation (n=1),hepatocellular carcinoma (n =4), cholangiocellular carcinoma(n=3), metastatic tumor in liver(n=2), liver haemangioma (n=5), and liver cyst (n=3). MR imaging were performed with conventional T1WI, T2WI, SWI and dynamic Gd-DTPA contrast enhanced MRI.liver vascular malformation(n=1) performed 3DMRA and post-gadolinium enhanced SWI in one liver haemangioma was also obtained.
Results:In liver Vascular malformation(n=1), SWI is better than conventional MRI and 3D-MRA in discovering anormally vein form. SWI could discover tumor vascular structure and degradation products of blood in hepatocellular carcinoma (n=4), cholangiocellular carcinoma (n=3) and metastatic tumor in liver(n=2). SWI showed uniformity slightly hypso-signal in liver haemangioma (n=5) and liver cyst (n=3), and in comparatively large lesion of which the neighbourhood vein was compressed.
Conclusion:SWI was surpassed than conventional MRI sequences in discover liver venous Vascular malformation and vascular structure correlated in tumor. SWI is very helpful in differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions, It was a new approach to investigate the internal structures of focal liver lesions.
方法对20名成年健康志愿者行肝脏SWI,比较不同磁敏感编码因子(SENSE)及激励次数(NEX)对图象质量的影响。SENSE因子分别取1、1.5、2.5、3.5,NEX分别取l、2、3。
结果在不同参数的比较中,SENSE因子为1.5的图象质量较好,NEX为l的图象质量较好。
结论SENSE为1.5、NEX为1是肝脏SWI较好的扫描参数。
目的探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在肝脏局灶性病变内部结构的显示能力及其鉴别诊断中的应用价值。
方法搜集18例经临床及影像证实肝脏病变包括血管畸形、肝细胞癌、转移瘤、血管瘤以及肝囊肿患者共25个肝局灶性病变行常规T1WI、T2WI及SWI扫描。18例均同时行增强扫描,1例动静脉畸形同时行MRA检查,1例血管瘤动态增强后再次行SWI检查。
结果1例血管畸形SWI能较常规平扫、增强及3DMRA更清楚显示其异常静脉血管形态；4例肝细胞癌、3例胆管细胞癌及2例转移瘤,SWI均能显示病灶内瘤静脉及血液降解产物；5例肝血管瘤及3例肝囊肿,SWI均显示病灶呈均匀稍高信号,病灶较大者邻近静脉受压。
结论SWI在显示肝脏静脉性血管畸形、肿瘤相关静脉结构等方面优于常规MR序列,对肝脏局灶性病变有一定鉴别诊断价值,是研究肝脏局灶性病变内部结构的一种新的方法。
Objective To evaluate parameters of susceptibility weighted imaging in the liver.
Methods SWI of the liver was performed in 20 healthy adult volunteers. Different parameters include SENSE factor and number of excitation. SWI in liver was performed with different factor of SENSE including 1、1.5、2.5 and 3.5; and different number of excitation including 1、2、3.
Results SWI with SENSE of 1.5 was better than that with 1、2.5 and 3.5. SWI with 1 excitation showed higher quality than that with 2 and 3.
Conclusion SWI with SENSE factor 1.5 and 1 excitation was the better in SWI of the liver.
Objective To investigate the value of susceptibility weighted imaging in discovery and diagnosis of focal liver lesions.
Methods Eighteen patients with 25 focal liver lesions were collected,all of them were proved by diagnosis of clinic and imaging. It included liver vascular malformation (n=1),hepatocellular carcinoma (n =4), cholangiocellular carcinoma(n=3), metastatic tumor in liver(n=2), liver haemangioma (n=5), and liver cyst (n=3). MR imaging were performed with conventional T1WI, T2WI, SWI and dynamic Gd-DTPA contrast enhanced MRI.liver vascular malformation(n=1) performed 3DMRA and post-gadolinium enhanced SWI in one liver haemangioma was also obtained.
Results:In liver Vascular malformation(n=1), SWI is better than conventional MRI and 3D-MRA in discovering anormally vein form. SWI could discover tumor vascular structure and degradation products of blood in hepatocellular carcinoma (n=4), cholangiocellular carcinoma (n=3) and metastatic tumor in liver(n=2). SWI showed uniformity slightly hypso-signal in liver haemangioma (n=5) and liver cyst (n=3), and in comparatively large lesion of which the neighbourhood vein was compressed.
Conclusion:SWI was surpassed than conventional MRI sequences in discover liver venous Vascular malformation and vascular structure correlated in tumor. SWI is very helpful in differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions, It was a new approach to investigate the internal structures of focal liver lesions.
引文
[1]Barnes SR, Haacke EM. Susceptibility-weighted imaging:clinical angiographic applications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am.2009 Feb;17(1):47-61.
[2]Lee KH, Liapi E, Vossen JA, et al. Distribution of iron oxide containing Embosphere particles after transcatheter arterial embolization in an animal model of liver cancer:evaluation with MR imaging and implication for therapy[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol,2008,19(10):1490-1496.
[3]Haacke EM, Mittal S, Wu Z, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging:technical aspects and clinical applications, part 1. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2009 Jan;30(1):19-30.
[4]Mittal S, Wu Z, Neelavalli J, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging:technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2009 Feb;30(2):232-252.
[5]卞读军,胡冬煦,肖恩华,等.肝脏磁共振扩散加权成像技术探讨.实用放射学杂志,200,24(10)：1428-1431.
[6]Tsui YK, Tsai FY, Hasso AN, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging for differential diagnosis of cerebral vascular pathology:A pictorial review.J Neurol Sci,2009,15;287(1-2):7-16.
[7]杨正汉,冯逢,王霄英,主编.磁共振成像技术指南.北京：人民军医出版社,2007,6.
[8]Akisik FM, Sandrasegaran K, Aisen AM, et al. Abdominal MR Imaging at 3.0 T.Radiographics,2007,27(5):1433-44.
[9]祝玉芬,梁志会,崔进国,等.SENSE/BALFFE技术在肝脏肿瘤诊断的应用.中国CT和MR杂志,2006,4(2)：35-36.
[10]顾欣,袁滨,袁飞,等.3.0T磁共振SENSE及SPAIR技术在腹部扫描中的优势及应用.医疗卫生装备,2005,26(9)：51-52.
[11]胡军武,冯定义,邹明丽,主编.MRI应用技术.武汉：湖北科学技术出版社,2003,34.
[12]Santhosh K, Kesavadas C, Thomas B,et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:a new tool in magnetic resonance imaging of stroke. Clinic Radiology.2009 Jan;64(1):74-83.
[13]Tong KA, Ashwal S, Obenaus A,et al. Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging:a review of clinical applications in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2008 Jan;29(1):9-17.
[14]Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haacke EM, et al. Clinical applications of neuroimaging with susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2005,22:439-450.
[15]Rauscher A,Sedlacik J,Deidtuing A, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:data acquisition, image reconstruction and clinical applications.Z Med Phys,2006, 16:240-250.
[16]Pintaske I,Muller-Bierl B, Schick F,et al. Effect of spatial distribution of magnetic dipoles on Larmor frequency distribution and MR Signal decay:a numerical approach under static dephasing conditions.MAGMA,2006,19:46-53.
[17]Anzalone N,Scotti R, Riva R. Neuroradiologic differential diagnosis of cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Neurol Sci,2004,25 Suppl 1:S3-S5.
[18]Haache EM,Cheng YNC,House W,et al. Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging,2005,23:1-25.
[19]杨昂,张雪林.磁敏感加权成像相位图对脑内顺磁性物质与逆磁性物质的鉴别诊断.中华放射学杂志,2009,43：590-594.
[20]Gupta RK,Rao SB,Jain R,et al. Differentiation of calcification from chronic hemorrhage with corrected gradienr echo phase imaging.J Comput Assist Tomogr,2001,25:698-704.
[21]朱文珍,漆剑频,申皓,等.MR磁敏感成像技术在脑部血管性病变中的应用.中华放射学杂志,2007,41：1040-1044.
[22]葛雅丽,葛雪松,田欣,等.磁共振磁敏感成像技术在脑部血管畸形中的应用优势.实用放射学杂志,2008,24(11)：1537-1539.
[23]Rcichenbach JR, Jonetz-Mentzel L, Fitzek C, et al. High-resolution blood oxygen-level dependent MR venography(HRBV):a new technique Neuroradiology,2001,43(5):364-369.
[24]Fujima N, Kudo K, Terae S,et. al. Spinal arteriovenous malformation:evaluation of change in venous oxygenation with susceptibility-weighted MR imaging after treatment. Radiology.2010 Mar;254(3):891-899.
[25]Saini J, Thomas B, Bodhey NK,et al.Susceptibility-weighted imaging in cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2009 Jan;30(1):E6.
[26]Somasundaram S, Kesavadas C, Thomas B. Susceptibility weighted imaging in holohemispheric venous angioma with cerebral hemiatrophy. Neurol India. 2008J,56(1):103-104.
[27]王滨,周康荣.肝脏原发性非肝细胞性恶性肿瘤的CT观察.上海医科大学学报,1995,22：151
[28]周永红,王滨,乔慧洁,等,肝细胞癌和胆管细胞癌螺旋CT增强差异的分子生物学基础.临床放射学杂志,2009,28(4)：505-509.
[29]肖运平,肖恩华,梁斌,等.周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的影像学表现与病理对照分析.实用放射学杂志,2006,22：952-955.
[30]Matsui O, Ueda K, Kobayashi S, et al. Intra-and perinodular hemodynamics of hepatocellular carcinoma:CT observation during intra-arterial contrast injection. Abdom Imaging.2002 Mar-Apr;27(2):147-156.
[31]Kim HC, Kim TK, Sung KB, et al. Radiographics. CT during hepatic arteriography and portography:an illustrative review.2002 Sep-Oct;22(5): 1041-1051.
[32]Hori M, Mori H, Aoki S,et al. Three-dimensional susceptibility-weighted imaging at 3T using various image analysis methods in the estimation of grading intracranial gliomas. Magn Reson Imaging.2010 May;28(4):594-598
[33]Li C, Ai B, Li Y, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging in grading brain astrocytomas.European Journal of Radiology,2009 Aug 31.
[34]李兴胜,王世锦,谭戈峰.脏转移瘤的表现与病理分析.临床肝胆病杂志,2006,22(8)：264-266.
[35]吴元佐,王国良,韩洪杰,等.肝脏转移性肿瘤的血管造影表现及临床意义.医学影像学杂志,2002,12(4)255-257.
[36]Zhang W, Ma XX, Ji YM, et al. Haemorrhage detection in brain metastases of lung cancer patients using magnetic resonance imaging. J Int Med Res.2009 Jul-Aug;37(4):1139-1144.
[37]Kan Z,Ivancev K, Lunderquist A,et al. In vivo microscopy of hepatic tumors in animal models:a dynamic investigation of blood supply to hepatic metastases.Radiology.1993 Jun;187(3):621-626.
[38]时高峰,王琦,李志岗,等.经肠系膜上动脉行门静脉血管成像及CT灌注成像评价肝转移癌血供.癌症,2007,26(11)：1257-1262.
[39]任伯绪,史河水,孔祥泉,等.磁敏感成像序列对颅内海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值.临床放射学杂志,2005,24(11)：960-963.
[40]Pinker K, Stavrou I, Szomolanyi P, et al. Improved preoperative evaluation of cerebral cavernomas by high-field, high-resolution susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla:comparison with standard (1.5T) magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with histopathological findings--preliminary results. Invest Radiol.2007 Jun;42(6):346-351.
[41]Cooper AD, Campeau NG, Meissner I. Susceptibility-weighted imaging in familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Neurology.2008 Jul 29;71(5):382.
[42]孙晓力,李国威,扬少毅,等.肝海绵状血管瘤超微结构及其与临床特征的关系.世界华人消化杂志,2006,14(32)：3107-3110.
[43]欧阳墉,王颖,欧阳雪晖,等.肝海绵状血管瘤血供和介入治疗的争议和探讨.中华放射学杂志,2004,38(7)：746-750.
[44]Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Nishitani H. Susceptibility-weighted MRI of endometrioma:preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol.2008 Nov;191(5): 1366-1370.
[1]Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haacke EM, et al. Clinical applications of neuro-imaging with susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging,2005,22:439-450.
[2]Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haddar D, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging to visualize blood products and improve tumor constrast in the study of brain masses. J Magn Reson Imaging,2006,24:41-51.
[3]Rauscher A, Sedlacik J, Deidtuing A, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:data acquisition, image reconstruction and clinical applications.Z Med Phys,2006, 16:240-250.
[4]Pintaske I, Muller-Bierl B, Schick F, et al. Effect of spatial distribution of magnetic dipoles on Larmor frequency distribution and MRSignal decay:a numerical approach under static dephasing conditions.MAGMA,2006,19:46-53.
[5]Anzalone N, Scotti R, Riva R. Neuroradiologic differential diagnosis of cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Neurol Sci,2004,25 Suppl 1:S3-S5.
[6]Haache EM, Cheng YNC, House W, et al. Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging,2005,23:1-25.
[7]杨昂,张雪林.磁敏感加权成像相位图对脑内顺磁性物质与逆磁性物质的鉴别诊断.中华放射学杂志,2009,43：590-594.
[8]Gupta RK, Rao SB, Jain R, et al. Differentiation of calcification from chronic hemorrhage with corrected gradienr echo phase imaging.J Comput Assist Tomogr,2001,25:698-704.
[9]Linfante I, Llinas RH, Caplan LR, et al. MRI features of intracerebral hemorrhage within 2 hours from symptom onset. Stroke,1999,30:2263-2267.
[10]Patel MR, Edelman PP, Warach S. Detection of hyperacute primary intraparenchymal hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging.Stroke,1996,27:2321-2324.
[11]申宝忠,王丹,孙夕林.MR磁敏感成像在脑内出血性疾病中的应用.中华放射学杂志,2009,43：156-160.
[12]贺丹,陈德强,杨丽.3.0T磁共振SWI序列对颅内海绵状血管畸形的诊断价值.中国医学影像技术,2008,24(11)：1743-1745.
[13]张琳,漆剑频,朱文珍.磁敏感成像在脑微出血诊断中的应用价值,放射学实践.2009,24(1)：19-22.
[14]杨昂,张雪霖,陈燕萍.SWI在高血压患者伴发脑内微出血的诊断应用.临床放射学杂志.2009,28(8)：1055-1059.
[15]Derex L, Nighoghossian N, Hermier M, et al. Thrombolysis for Ischem ic Stroke in Patients with Old M icrobleeds on Pretreatment MRI[J]. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2004,17(2):238241.
[16]Wycliffe ND, Chao J, Holshouser BA,et al. Reliability in detection of hemorrhage in acute infarct by a new thraa-dimensional gradient recalled echo susceptibility weighted imaging technique compared to computed tomography:a retrospective study. J Magn Reson Imaging,2004,20:372-377.
[17]朱文珍,漆剑平,申皓,等.MR磁敏感成像技术在脑部血管性病变中的应用,中华放射学杂志,2007,41：1040-1044.
[18]陈德强,贺丹,冯平勇.磁敏感加权成像对脑静脉(窦)血栓形成的诊断价值.临床放射学杂志,2009,28(7)：921-923.
[19]Zhu WZ, Qi JP, Zhan CJ, et al. Magnetic resonance susceptibility weighted imaging in detecting intracranial calcification and hemorrhage.Chinese medical journal,2008,121 (20):2021-2025.
[20]Thomas B, Somasundaram S, Thamburaj K.Kesavadas C, et al. Clinical applications of susceptility weighted MR imaging of the brain -a pictorial review.Neuroradiology,2008,50(2):105-116.
[21]Yoshida Y, Terae S, Kudo K, et al. Capillary Telangiectasia of theBrain Stem Diagnosed by Susceptibility weighted Imaging. JComput Assist Tomogr.2006, 30(6):980—982.
[22]Qi Yang, Jiantao Liu, Samuel R.S. Barnes. Imaging the vessel wall in major peripheral arteries using susceptibility weighted imaging.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging.JMRI.2009,30:357-365.
[23]Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in children:clinical correlation with hemorrhagic Iesions.Ann Neurol,2004,56:36-50.
[24]Shen Y, Kou Z, Kreipke CW, et al. In vivo measurement of tissue damage, oxygen saturation changes and blood flowchanges after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats using susceptibility weighted imaging.Magn Reson Imaging, 2007,25(2):219-227.
[25]Cha S, Knopp EA, Johnson G. et.al. Intracranial Mass Lesions Dynamic Contrast enhanced Susceptibility weighted Echo planar Perfusion MR Imaging. Radio-logy,2002,223(1):11-29.
[26]Santhosh K, Kesavadas C, Thonas B, Gupta AK, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:a new tool in magnetic resonance imaging of stroke. Clinical Radiology, 2009,64(1):74-83.
[27]黄鹤,何宁,张玉东.脑神经胶质瘤磁敏感加权成像与病理分级之间的关系。肿瘤.2008,8(12)：1077-0180.
[28]张维,赵建农,陈维娟.磁敏感加权成像对脑肿瘤内部结构研究初探.临床放射学杂志.2009,28(6)：759-762.
[29]田欣,宦怡,葛雅丽.磁敏感加权成像在脑部病变诊断中的应用.实用放射学杂志.2008,24(6)：731-733.
[30]Sedlacik J, Helm K, Rauscher A, et al. Investigations on the effect of caffeine on cerebral venous vessel contrast by using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) at 1.5,3 and 7T. Neuroimage,2008,40:8-11.
[31]Haacke EM, Makki M, Ge Y, Characterizing iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions using susceptibility weighted imaging.J Magn Reson Imaging.2009,29(3): 537-544.
[32]冯逢,有慧,胡凌.磁敏感加权成像鉴别多系统萎缩与特发性帕金森病的初步研究.中国医学影像技术,2007,23(6)：781-784.
[33]舒红格,漆剑频,朱文珍.颅脑钙化灶的MR磁敏感成像.放射学实践,2008,23(11)：1187-1189.
[34]Tan IL, van Schijndel RA, Pouwels PJ, et al. MR venography of multiple sclerosis. AJNR,2000,21(6):1039-1042.
[35]Machann J, Haap M., Liebig G., Caussen C.D, et al. Susceptibility-weighted MRI for assessment of ferritin content in liver and spleen in people at high risk for type 2 diabetes and detection of changes after phlebotomy:Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med.2007,15:219.
[36]Lee KH, Liapi E, Vossen JA,et al. Distribution of iron oxide-containing Embosphere particles after transcatheter arterial embolization in an animal model of liver cancer:evaluation with MR imaging and implication for therapy.J Vasc Interv Radiol.2008,19(10):1490-1496.
[37]Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Nishitani H. Susceptibility weighted MRI of endometrioma:preliminary results. AJR,2008,191 (5):1366-1370.
[38]Thomas BP,, Welch EB,, Niederhauser BD.et al. High-resolution 7T MRI of the human hippocampus in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging.2008,28(5):1266-1272.
[2]Lee KH, Liapi E, Vossen JA, et al. Distribution of iron oxide containing Embosphere particles after transcatheter arterial embolization in an animal model of liver cancer:evaluation with MR imaging and implication for therapy[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol,2008,19(10):1490-1496.
[3]Haacke EM, Mittal S, Wu Z, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging:technical aspects and clinical applications, part 1. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2009 Jan;30(1):19-30.
[4]Mittal S, Wu Z, Neelavalli J, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging:technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2009 Feb;30(2):232-252.
[5]卞读军,胡冬煦,肖恩华,等.肝脏磁共振扩散加权成像技术探讨.实用放射学杂志,200,24(10)：1428-1431.
[6]Tsui YK, Tsai FY, Hasso AN, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging for differential diagnosis of cerebral vascular pathology:A pictorial review.J Neurol Sci,2009,15;287(1-2):7-16.
[7]杨正汉,冯逢,王霄英,主编.磁共振成像技术指南.北京：人民军医出版社,2007,6.
[8]Akisik FM, Sandrasegaran K, Aisen AM, et al. Abdominal MR Imaging at 3.0 T.Radiographics,2007,27(5):1433-44.
[9]祝玉芬,梁志会,崔进国,等.SENSE/BALFFE技术在肝脏肿瘤诊断的应用.中国CT和MR杂志,2006,4(2)：35-36.
[10]顾欣,袁滨,袁飞,等.3.0T磁共振SENSE及SPAIR技术在腹部扫描中的优势及应用.医疗卫生装备,2005,26(9)：51-52.
[11]胡军武,冯定义,邹明丽,主编.MRI应用技术.武汉：湖北科学技术出版社,2003,34.
[12]Santhosh K, Kesavadas C, Thomas B,et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:a new tool in magnetic resonance imaging of stroke. Clinic Radiology.2009 Jan;64(1):74-83.
[13]Tong KA, Ashwal S, Obenaus A,et al. Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging:a review of clinical applications in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2008 Jan;29(1):9-17.
[14]Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haacke EM, et al. Clinical applications of neuroimaging with susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2005,22:439-450.
[15]Rauscher A,Sedlacik J,Deidtuing A, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:data acquisition, image reconstruction and clinical applications.Z Med Phys,2006, 16:240-250.
[16]Pintaske I,Muller-Bierl B, Schick F,et al. Effect of spatial distribution of magnetic dipoles on Larmor frequency distribution and MR Signal decay:a numerical approach under static dephasing conditions.MAGMA,2006,19:46-53.
[17]Anzalone N,Scotti R, Riva R. Neuroradiologic differential diagnosis of cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Neurol Sci,2004,25 Suppl 1:S3-S5.
[18]Haache EM,Cheng YNC,House W,et al. Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging,2005,23:1-25.
[19]杨昂,张雪林.磁敏感加权成像相位图对脑内顺磁性物质与逆磁性物质的鉴别诊断.中华放射学杂志,2009,43：590-594.
[20]Gupta RK,Rao SB,Jain R,et al. Differentiation of calcification from chronic hemorrhage with corrected gradienr echo phase imaging.J Comput Assist Tomogr,2001,25:698-704.
[21]朱文珍,漆剑频,申皓,等.MR磁敏感成像技术在脑部血管性病变中的应用.中华放射学杂志,2007,41：1040-1044.
[22]葛雅丽,葛雪松,田欣,等.磁共振磁敏感成像技术在脑部血管畸形中的应用优势.实用放射学杂志,2008,24(11)：1537-1539.
[23]Rcichenbach JR, Jonetz-Mentzel L, Fitzek C, et al. High-resolution blood oxygen-level dependent MR venography(HRBV):a new technique Neuroradiology,2001,43(5):364-369.
[24]Fujima N, Kudo K, Terae S,et. al. Spinal arteriovenous malformation:evaluation of change in venous oxygenation with susceptibility-weighted MR imaging after treatment. Radiology.2010 Mar;254(3):891-899.
[25]Saini J, Thomas B, Bodhey NK,et al.Susceptibility-weighted imaging in cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2009 Jan;30(1):E6.
[26]Somasundaram S, Kesavadas C, Thomas B. Susceptibility weighted imaging in holohemispheric venous angioma with cerebral hemiatrophy. Neurol India. 2008J,56(1):103-104.
[27]王滨,周康荣.肝脏原发性非肝细胞性恶性肿瘤的CT观察.上海医科大学学报,1995,22：151
[28]周永红,王滨,乔慧洁,等,肝细胞癌和胆管细胞癌螺旋CT增强差异的分子生物学基础.临床放射学杂志,2009,28(4)：505-509.
[29]肖运平,肖恩华,梁斌,等.周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的影像学表现与病理对照分析.实用放射学杂志,2006,22：952-955.
[30]Matsui O, Ueda K, Kobayashi S, et al. Intra-and perinodular hemodynamics of hepatocellular carcinoma:CT observation during intra-arterial contrast injection. Abdom Imaging.2002 Mar-Apr;27(2):147-156.
[31]Kim HC, Kim TK, Sung KB, et al. Radiographics. CT during hepatic arteriography and portography:an illustrative review.2002 Sep-Oct;22(5): 1041-1051.
[32]Hori M, Mori H, Aoki S,et al. Three-dimensional susceptibility-weighted imaging at 3T using various image analysis methods in the estimation of grading intracranial gliomas. Magn Reson Imaging.2010 May;28(4):594-598
[33]Li C, Ai B, Li Y, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging in grading brain astrocytomas.European Journal of Radiology,2009 Aug 31.
[34]李兴胜,王世锦,谭戈峰.脏转移瘤的表现与病理分析.临床肝胆病杂志,2006,22(8)：264-266.
[35]吴元佐,王国良,韩洪杰,等.肝脏转移性肿瘤的血管造影表现及临床意义.医学影像学杂志,2002,12(4)255-257.
[36]Zhang W, Ma XX, Ji YM, et al. Haemorrhage detection in brain metastases of lung cancer patients using magnetic resonance imaging. J Int Med Res.2009 Jul-Aug;37(4):1139-1144.
[37]Kan Z,Ivancev K, Lunderquist A,et al. In vivo microscopy of hepatic tumors in animal models:a dynamic investigation of blood supply to hepatic metastases.Radiology.1993 Jun;187(3):621-626.
[38]时高峰,王琦,李志岗,等.经肠系膜上动脉行门静脉血管成像及CT灌注成像评价肝转移癌血供.癌症,2007,26(11)：1257-1262.
[39]任伯绪,史河水,孔祥泉,等.磁敏感成像序列对颅内海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值.临床放射学杂志,2005,24(11)：960-963.
[40]Pinker K, Stavrou I, Szomolanyi P, et al. Improved preoperative evaluation of cerebral cavernomas by high-field, high-resolution susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla:comparison with standard (1.5T) magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with histopathological findings--preliminary results. Invest Radiol.2007 Jun;42(6):346-351.
[41]Cooper AD, Campeau NG, Meissner I. Susceptibility-weighted imaging in familial cerebral cavernous malformations. Neurology.2008 Jul 29;71(5):382.
[42]孙晓力,李国威,扬少毅,等.肝海绵状血管瘤超微结构及其与临床特征的关系.世界华人消化杂志,2006,14(32)：3107-3110.
[43]欧阳墉,王颖,欧阳雪晖,等.肝海绵状血管瘤血供和介入治疗的争议和探讨.中华放射学杂志,2004,38(7)：746-750.
[44]Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Nishitani H. Susceptibility-weighted MRI of endometrioma:preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol.2008 Nov;191(5): 1366-1370.
[1]Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haacke EM, et al. Clinical applications of neuro-imaging with susceptibility-weighted imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging,2005,22:439-450.
[2]Sehgal V, Delproposto Z, Haddar D, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging to visualize blood products and improve tumor constrast in the study of brain masses. J Magn Reson Imaging,2006,24:41-51.
[3]Rauscher A, Sedlacik J, Deidtuing A, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:data acquisition, image reconstruction and clinical applications.Z Med Phys,2006, 16:240-250.
[4]Pintaske I, Muller-Bierl B, Schick F, et al. Effect of spatial distribution of magnetic dipoles on Larmor frequency distribution and MRSignal decay:a numerical approach under static dephasing conditions.MAGMA,2006,19:46-53.
[5]Anzalone N, Scotti R, Riva R. Neuroradiologic differential diagnosis of cerebral intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Neurol Sci,2004,25 Suppl 1:S3-S5.
[6]Haache EM, Cheng YNC, House W, et al. Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging.Magn Reson Imaging,2005,23:1-25.
[7]杨昂,张雪林.磁敏感加权成像相位图对脑内顺磁性物质与逆磁性物质的鉴别诊断.中华放射学杂志,2009,43：590-594.
[8]Gupta RK, Rao SB, Jain R, et al. Differentiation of calcification from chronic hemorrhage with corrected gradienr echo phase imaging.J Comput Assist Tomogr,2001,25:698-704.
[9]Linfante I, Llinas RH, Caplan LR, et al. MRI features of intracerebral hemorrhage within 2 hours from symptom onset. Stroke,1999,30:2263-2267.
[10]Patel MR, Edelman PP, Warach S. Detection of hyperacute primary intraparenchymal hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging.Stroke,1996,27:2321-2324.
[11]申宝忠,王丹,孙夕林.MR磁敏感成像在脑内出血性疾病中的应用.中华放射学杂志,2009,43：156-160.
[12]贺丹,陈德强,杨丽.3.0T磁共振SWI序列对颅内海绵状血管畸形的诊断价值.中国医学影像技术,2008,24(11)：1743-1745.
[13]张琳,漆剑频,朱文珍.磁敏感成像在脑微出血诊断中的应用价值,放射学实践.2009,24(1)：19-22.
[14]杨昂,张雪霖,陈燕萍.SWI在高血压患者伴发脑内微出血的诊断应用.临床放射学杂志.2009,28(8)：1055-1059.
[15]Derex L, Nighoghossian N, Hermier M, et al. Thrombolysis for Ischem ic Stroke in Patients with Old M icrobleeds on Pretreatment MRI[J]. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2004,17(2):238241.
[16]Wycliffe ND, Chao J, Holshouser BA,et al. Reliability in detection of hemorrhage in acute infarct by a new thraa-dimensional gradient recalled echo susceptibility weighted imaging technique compared to computed tomography:a retrospective study. J Magn Reson Imaging,2004,20:372-377.
[17]朱文珍,漆剑平,申皓,等.MR磁敏感成像技术在脑部血管性病变中的应用,中华放射学杂志,2007,41：1040-1044.
[18]陈德强,贺丹,冯平勇.磁敏感加权成像对脑静脉(窦)血栓形成的诊断价值.临床放射学杂志,2009,28(7)：921-923.
[19]Zhu WZ, Qi JP, Zhan CJ, et al. Magnetic resonance susceptibility weighted imaging in detecting intracranial calcification and hemorrhage.Chinese medical journal,2008,121 (20):2021-2025.
[20]Thomas B, Somasundaram S, Thamburaj K.Kesavadas C, et al. Clinical applications of susceptility weighted MR imaging of the brain -a pictorial review.Neuroradiology,2008,50(2):105-116.
[21]Yoshida Y, Terae S, Kudo K, et al. Capillary Telangiectasia of theBrain Stem Diagnosed by Susceptibility weighted Imaging. JComput Assist Tomogr.2006, 30(6):980—982.
[22]Qi Yang, Jiantao Liu, Samuel R.S. Barnes. Imaging the vessel wall in major peripheral arteries using susceptibility weighted imaging.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging.JMRI.2009,30:357-365.
[23]Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, et al. Diffuse axonal injury in children:clinical correlation with hemorrhagic Iesions.Ann Neurol,2004,56:36-50.
[24]Shen Y, Kou Z, Kreipke CW, et al. In vivo measurement of tissue damage, oxygen saturation changes and blood flowchanges after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats using susceptibility weighted imaging.Magn Reson Imaging, 2007,25(2):219-227.
[25]Cha S, Knopp EA, Johnson G. et.al. Intracranial Mass Lesions Dynamic Contrast enhanced Susceptibility weighted Echo planar Perfusion MR Imaging. Radio-logy,2002,223(1):11-29.
[26]Santhosh K, Kesavadas C, Thonas B, Gupta AK, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging:a new tool in magnetic resonance imaging of stroke. Clinical Radiology, 2009,64(1):74-83.
[27]黄鹤,何宁,张玉东.脑神经胶质瘤磁敏感加权成像与病理分级之间的关系。肿瘤.2008,8(12)：1077-0180.
[28]张维,赵建农,陈维娟.磁敏感加权成像对脑肿瘤内部结构研究初探.临床放射学杂志.2009,28(6)：759-762.
[29]田欣,宦怡,葛雅丽.磁敏感加权成像在脑部病变诊断中的应用.实用放射学杂志.2008,24(6)：731-733.
[30]Sedlacik J, Helm K, Rauscher A, et al. Investigations on the effect of caffeine on cerebral venous vessel contrast by using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) at 1.5,3 and 7T. Neuroimage,2008,40:8-11.
[31]Haacke EM, Makki M, Ge Y, Characterizing iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions using susceptibility weighted imaging.J Magn Reson Imaging.2009,29(3): 537-544.
[32]冯逢,有慧,胡凌.磁敏感加权成像鉴别多系统萎缩与特发性帕金森病的初步研究.中国医学影像技术,2007,23(6)：781-784.
[33]舒红格,漆剑频,朱文珍.颅脑钙化灶的MR磁敏感成像.放射学实践,2008,23(11)：1187-1189.
[34]Tan IL, van Schijndel RA, Pouwels PJ, et al. MR venography of multiple sclerosis. AJNR,2000,21(6):1039-1042.
[35]Machann J, Haap M., Liebig G., Caussen C.D, et al. Susceptibility-weighted MRI for assessment of ferritin content in liver and spleen in people at high risk for type 2 diabetes and detection of changes after phlebotomy:Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med.2007,15:219.
[36]Lee KH, Liapi E, Vossen JA,et al. Distribution of iron oxide-containing Embosphere particles after transcatheter arterial embolization in an animal model of liver cancer:evaluation with MR imaging and implication for therapy.J Vasc Interv Radiol.2008,19(10):1490-1496.
[37]Takeuchi M, Matsuzaki K, Nishitani H. Susceptibility weighted MRI of endometrioma:preliminary results. AJR,2008,191 (5):1366-1370.
[38]Thomas BP,, Welch EB,, Niederhauser BD.et al. High-resolution 7T MRI of the human hippocampus in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging.2008,28(5):1266-1272.