空间锥体目标微动特性与识别方法研究
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摘要
自从上世纪50年代开始，空间锥体真假目标识别一直就是雷达自动目标识别领域研究的热点和重点。其识别能力在很大程度上反映了防御系统探测能力的总体水平。随着雷达工艺水平的提高和信号处理技术的进步，微动及微多普勒近年来成为研究的热点，并在目标检测、分辨与识别领域展现出巨大的潜力。空间锥体目标在外太空飞行过程中存在自旋、进动、摆动、章动等不同形式的微动，被认为是反映目标属性的固有特征。因此，深入研究空间锥体目标的微动特性以及基于微动特性的识别方法，对于发展我国新体制雷达技术以及增强我国国土防御能力具有十分重大的军事意义和理论价值。
本论文主要围绕国防预研等相关项目，结合空间锥体目标识别的工程应用背景，从信号预处理、特征分析与特征提取、窄带成像三个主要方面展开相关理论和技术的研究。论文的主要工作概括如下：
1、介绍了微动及微多普勒的原理。首先分析了空间锥体目标的典型微动，随后建立了等效散射点模型以及固定散射点模型。最后分析了遮挡效应对空间锥体目标微多普勒的影响。
2、研究了回波信号的预处理。首先分析了目标的高速运动以及加速度对回波信号包络、相位和微多普勒频率的影响。随后指出在保持目标微多普勒特性不变的基础上，应用包络对齐方法或Keystone算法均可以实现距离徙动的校正。在此基础上，进一步分析了加速度对回波信号微多普勒频谱的影响，并提出加速度估计与补偿的新方法。该方法通过在一定范围内对加速度进行搜索，利用频域熵最小准则，有效实现了加速度的估计。为后续微多普勒特征的提取奠定了基础。
3、提出了基于目标微动特征的群目标分辨算法。首先分析了传统群目标分辨算法的实质与局限性。在多普勒域、距离域以及方位域均无法分辨目标的情况下，指出目标微动特性是实现群目标分辨的新途径。随后提出了实现群目标分辨的新方法。该方法将Viterbi算法与B分布相结合抽取群目标的微多普勒特征，并应用谱分析抽取目标的微动参数，实现群目标分辨。
4、提出了基于目标微动特性差异的空间锥体目标识别方法。空间锥体目标在大气层外飞行过程中存在不同的微动。进动是目标的特有属性，而诱饵的特有属性为摆动或自旋等。基于这一现象，首先详细分析了进动、摆动以及自旋目标调制信号的多普勒特性。分析指出进动、摆动与自旋目标的微多普勒频谱虽然均可以近似为线谱，但是频谱分布存在明显的差异。在此基础上，提出从微多普勒域或特征谱提取识别特征的分类方法。
在微多普勒域，提取多普勒谱波形熵和标准差作为识别特征。依据回波信号的频谱为线谱的特点，提出了应用谐波和的形式描述回波信号并采用特征值分解提取特征谱作为识别特征的识别方法。并讨论了脉冲重复频率、积累时间对识别性能的影响。
5、研究了进动目标窄带成像以及微动参数的估计方法。首先依据目标回波信号的微多普勒特性，提出了应用匹配滤波的方法实现目标窄带成像的快速算法。随后提出了进动目标微动参数估计的新算法。该方法分为粗估计与精估计两步。第一步通过计算信号瞬时频率的方法抽取目标的微多普勒频率，然后应用傅立叶变换对目标的进动参数进行粗估计；第二步基于窄带信号，通过相干积累的方法对目标的二维时频谱密度函数进行重构得到目标的高分辨率三维分布，利用聚焦熵的概念在特定范围内对微动参数进行搜索，获得较高的估计精度。
Since the1950s, the space cone target recognition has been a hot topic of theradar automatic target recognition (RATR) study. And the recognition abilityrepresents the detection performance of the defense system to a great extent. With thedevelopment of the radar technology and advanced signal processing technology, themicro-motion and micro-Doppler are the focuses in current researches and haveshown enormous potential in the domain of target detection, resolution andrecognition. During a flight in the exoatmosphere, the space cone targets havedifferent micro-motion, such as a spin, a precession, a wobble and a nutation.Making research on micro-motion characteristic and micro-motion-based recognitionof space cone targets is of great significance for the development of the new-typeradar and for the promotion of the defense capability.
By considering the engineering background of space cone targets recognition,this dissertation gives our researches on theories and techniques of RATR, mainlyfocusing on the following three aspects, i.e., signal preprocessing, feature analysisand extraction and narrow band imaging, which are supported by Advanced DefenseResearch Programs of China. The main work of this dissertation is as follows:
1．The principles of the micro-motion and micro-Doppler are introduced. Firstly,the typical micro-motion induced by space cone targets is analyzed. Then theequivalent scattering point model and the fixed scattering point model are established.At last, the influence of occlusion effect on micro-Doppler is studied.
2．The signal preprocessing is researched. Firstly, the influence of the highspeed and acceleration on the echo envelope, phase and micro-Doppler is analyzed.Secondly, it is pointed out that keystone algorithm or range alignment method can beused to correct distance migration without changing the micro-Doppler characteristic.Thirdly, a new method is proposed to estimate and compensate acceleration. Basedon the minimum entropy criterion, the estimation accuracy of acceleration isoptimized by picking up the acceleration in a certain range.
3．A novel method is proposed to implement the multi-targets resolution basedon the micro-motion characteristic. The essence and the limitation of traditionalmulti-targets resolution algorithms are analyzed. Then the analysis shows that themicro-motion offers a new way to resolve targets with the same velocity and the same range. The proposed method combines the B-Distribution(BD) and the Viterbialgorithm to extract the micro-Doppler of the multi-targets, and then the DFT isapplied to extract the micro-motion parameters.
4．Two different methods based on the difference of micro-motion are proposedto recognize the space cone targets. When a cone-shaped target is flying inexoatmosphere, the micro-motion of the target belongs to a precession and that of thedecoy belongs to a spin or a wobble. Based on the difference of the target and thedecoy in the micro-motion, the micro-Doppler signature of the target and the decoy isanalyzed in detail. The analysis shows that the micro-Doppler Spectra of precessiontargets，wobble targets and spin targets is approximated as a line-Spectrum, but thereare significant differences. Based on the difference, the recognition feature isextracted from the micro-Doppler Spectrum and the eigenvalue spectrum.
In micro-Doppler domain, the entropy and standard deviation are extracted asthe recognition feature. Based on the harmonic model, eigenvalue decomposition isapplied to compute the eigenvalue as the recognition feature. At last, the influence ofthe pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and the accumulating time on recognition rate isanalyzed.
5．Narrow band imaging and micro-motion parameters estimation of space coneprecession targets are studied. Firstly, according to the micro-Doppler characteristicof a precession target, a method of matching filter is applied. And the result showsthat it is a simple and efficient algorithm in general applications. Secondly, a newmethod is proposed to estimate micro-motion parameters of space precession targets.The proposed method is as follows: firstly, based on the micro-Doppler characteristicof a precession target, the Fourier transformation is applied to estimate precessionparameters coarsely; secondly, based on the time-frequency spectrum characteristicof the echo signal, coherent accumulation is applied to obtain a3-D high resolutiondistribution of the target. The estimation accuracy of the parameters is refined bycalculating the whole image entropy.
本论文主要围绕国防预研等相关项目，结合空间锥体目标识别的工程应用背景，从信号预处理、特征分析与特征提取、窄带成像三个主要方面展开相关理论和技术的研究。论文的主要工作概括如下：
1、介绍了微动及微多普勒的原理。首先分析了空间锥体目标的典型微动，随后建立了等效散射点模型以及固定散射点模型。最后分析了遮挡效应对空间锥体目标微多普勒的影响。
2、研究了回波信号的预处理。首先分析了目标的高速运动以及加速度对回波信号包络、相位和微多普勒频率的影响。随后指出在保持目标微多普勒特性不变的基础上，应用包络对齐方法或Keystone算法均可以实现距离徙动的校正。在此基础上，进一步分析了加速度对回波信号微多普勒频谱的影响，并提出加速度估计与补偿的新方法。该方法通过在一定范围内对加速度进行搜索，利用频域熵最小准则，有效实现了加速度的估计。为后续微多普勒特征的提取奠定了基础。
3、提出了基于目标微动特征的群目标分辨算法。首先分析了传统群目标分辨算法的实质与局限性。在多普勒域、距离域以及方位域均无法分辨目标的情况下，指出目标微动特性是实现群目标分辨的新途径。随后提出了实现群目标分辨的新方法。该方法将Viterbi算法与B分布相结合抽取群目标的微多普勒特征，并应用谱分析抽取目标的微动参数，实现群目标分辨。
4、提出了基于目标微动特性差异的空间锥体目标识别方法。空间锥体目标在大气层外飞行过程中存在不同的微动。进动是目标的特有属性，而诱饵的特有属性为摆动或自旋等。基于这一现象，首先详细分析了进动、摆动以及自旋目标调制信号的多普勒特性。分析指出进动、摆动与自旋目标的微多普勒频谱虽然均可以近似为线谱，但是频谱分布存在明显的差异。在此基础上，提出从微多普勒域或特征谱提取识别特征的分类方法。
在微多普勒域，提取多普勒谱波形熵和标准差作为识别特征。依据回波信号的频谱为线谱的特点，提出了应用谐波和的形式描述回波信号并采用特征值分解提取特征谱作为识别特征的识别方法。并讨论了脉冲重复频率、积累时间对识别性能的影响。
5、研究了进动目标窄带成像以及微动参数的估计方法。首先依据目标回波信号的微多普勒特性，提出了应用匹配滤波的方法实现目标窄带成像的快速算法。随后提出了进动目标微动参数估计的新算法。该方法分为粗估计与精估计两步。第一步通过计算信号瞬时频率的方法抽取目标的微多普勒频率，然后应用傅立叶变换对目标的进动参数进行粗估计；第二步基于窄带信号，通过相干积累的方法对目标的二维时频谱密度函数进行重构得到目标的高分辨率三维分布，利用聚焦熵的概念在特定范围内对微动参数进行搜索，获得较高的估计精度。
Since the1950s, the space cone target recognition has been a hot topic of theradar automatic target recognition (RATR) study. And the recognition abilityrepresents the detection performance of the defense system to a great extent. With thedevelopment of the radar technology and advanced signal processing technology, themicro-motion and micro-Doppler are the focuses in current researches and haveshown enormous potential in the domain of target detection, resolution andrecognition. During a flight in the exoatmosphere, the space cone targets havedifferent micro-motion, such as a spin, a precession, a wobble and a nutation.Making research on micro-motion characteristic and micro-motion-based recognitionof space cone targets is of great significance for the development of the new-typeradar and for the promotion of the defense capability.
By considering the engineering background of space cone targets recognition,this dissertation gives our researches on theories and techniques of RATR, mainlyfocusing on the following three aspects, i.e., signal preprocessing, feature analysisand extraction and narrow band imaging, which are supported by Advanced DefenseResearch Programs of China. The main work of this dissertation is as follows:
1．The principles of the micro-motion and micro-Doppler are introduced. Firstly,the typical micro-motion induced by space cone targets is analyzed. Then theequivalent scattering point model and the fixed scattering point model are established.At last, the influence of occlusion effect on micro-Doppler is studied.
2．The signal preprocessing is researched. Firstly, the influence of the highspeed and acceleration on the echo envelope, phase and micro-Doppler is analyzed.Secondly, it is pointed out that keystone algorithm or range alignment method can beused to correct distance migration without changing the micro-Doppler characteristic.Thirdly, a new method is proposed to estimate and compensate acceleration. Basedon the minimum entropy criterion, the estimation accuracy of acceleration isoptimized by picking up the acceleration in a certain range.
3．A novel method is proposed to implement the multi-targets resolution basedon the micro-motion characteristic. The essence and the limitation of traditionalmulti-targets resolution algorithms are analyzed. Then the analysis shows that themicro-motion offers a new way to resolve targets with the same velocity and the same range. The proposed method combines the B-Distribution(BD) and the Viterbialgorithm to extract the micro-Doppler of the multi-targets, and then the DFT isapplied to extract the micro-motion parameters.
4．Two different methods based on the difference of micro-motion are proposedto recognize the space cone targets. When a cone-shaped target is flying inexoatmosphere, the micro-motion of the target belongs to a precession and that of thedecoy belongs to a spin or a wobble. Based on the difference of the target and thedecoy in the micro-motion, the micro-Doppler signature of the target and the decoy isanalyzed in detail. The analysis shows that the micro-Doppler Spectra of precessiontargets，wobble targets and spin targets is approximated as a line-Spectrum, but thereare significant differences. Based on the difference, the recognition feature isextracted from the micro-Doppler Spectrum and the eigenvalue spectrum.
In micro-Doppler domain, the entropy and standard deviation are extracted asthe recognition feature. Based on the harmonic model, eigenvalue decomposition isapplied to compute the eigenvalue as the recognition feature. At last, the influence ofthe pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and the accumulating time on recognition rate isanalyzed.
5．Narrow band imaging and micro-motion parameters estimation of space coneprecession targets are studied. Firstly, according to the micro-Doppler characteristicof a precession target, a method of matching filter is applied. And the result showsthat it is a simple and efficient algorithm in general applications. Secondly, a newmethod is proposed to estimate micro-motion parameters of space precession targets.The proposed method is as follows: firstly, based on the micro-Doppler characteristicof a precession target, the Fourier transformation is applied to estimate precessionparameters coarsely; secondly, based on the time-frequency spectrum characteristicof the echo signal, coherent accumulation is applied to obtain a3-D high resolutiondistribution of the target. The estimation accuracy of the parameters is refined bycalculating the whole image entropy.
引文
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