水电站地下主厂房防火性能化设计研究
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摘要
随着我国经济建设的日益发展,各种类型的工业建筑相继涌现,并逐渐向着大型化、地下化以及高层化发展。由于此类现代化工业厂房中采用了大量新技术,新材料,新工艺,且生产过程和工艺流程的特殊要求,往往不能按照现有的相关国家防火规范的要求使用防火墙分隔。而工业厂房内往往存有大量的可燃物、甚至是易燃易爆物品,还有大批现代化的机器设备,增加了火灾发生的可能性和后果的严重性。
本文以水电站地下主厂房的性能化防火设计为例,探讨了性能化防火设计在工业厂房中的应用,是对性能化的防火设计方法在现代化工业厂房中的应用有益的探索。
通过FDS火灾模拟软件建立火灾模型,按照火灾场景的设计原则,选择了具有代表性的火灾场景进行火灾模拟,并对比分析了火源位置相同时有机械排烟和无机械排烟两种工况,以验证机械排烟系统的有效性。利用日本的人员安全疏散经验公式对人员的安全疏散时间进行了预测。根据性能化防火设计中的安全性判定准则和判据,以及设定的安全目标研究了该地下主厂房内火灾时人员安全疏散和防止火灾蔓延的性能。并利用多种方法和技术手段对不能满足人员安全疏散条件的场景提出了改进措施。最后对下一步研究内容及性能化防火研究的发展进行了展望。
With the development of economic construction of China, all kinds of industrial buildings have emerged, and turn towards the large scale gradually, underground as well as high-rise. Because of the extensive use of new technologies, new processes and new materials in these modern plants, and the special requirements of productive and technological processes, the use of firewall often don't accord with existing related national fire standards. Industrial buildings always store plenty of combustibles, inflammable and explosive materials and large quantities of modernization machinery equipments, which increase the possibility of fire and the severity of consequence.
Taking performance-based fire protection design for the underground power house for example, the paper discusses the application of performance-based fire protection design on industrial buildings and gives some solution to the application on modernization power houses in the future.
According to the design principle of fire scenario, we establish the fire models by FDS to stimulate several representative fire scenario, and comparative analysis two conditions through mechanical exhaust and non-mechanical exhaust at the same fire location in order to verify effectiveness of mechanical exhaust system. Safety evacuation time is predicted by using Japanese safety evacuation empirical formula. On the basis of safety judging criterion in performance-based fire protection design and setting safety target, the safety evacuation when fire occurred in underground power house and performance of preventing fire spread are analyzed. Various methods and technical means are used to propose improvement measures on some fire scenario which can't satisfy safety evacuation condition. At last, the paper looks ahead the next research contents and the development of performance-based fire protection.
本文以水电站地下主厂房的性能化防火设计为例,探讨了性能化防火设计在工业厂房中的应用,是对性能化的防火设计方法在现代化工业厂房中的应用有益的探索。
通过FDS火灾模拟软件建立火灾模型,按照火灾场景的设计原则,选择了具有代表性的火灾场景进行火灾模拟,并对比分析了火源位置相同时有机械排烟和无机械排烟两种工况,以验证机械排烟系统的有效性。利用日本的人员安全疏散经验公式对人员的安全疏散时间进行了预测。根据性能化防火设计中的安全性判定准则和判据,以及设定的安全目标研究了该地下主厂房内火灾时人员安全疏散和防止火灾蔓延的性能。并利用多种方法和技术手段对不能满足人员安全疏散条件的场景提出了改进措施。最后对下一步研究内容及性能化防火研究的发展进行了展望。
With the development of economic construction of China, all kinds of industrial buildings have emerged, and turn towards the large scale gradually, underground as well as high-rise. Because of the extensive use of new technologies, new processes and new materials in these modern plants, and the special requirements of productive and technological processes, the use of firewall often don't accord with existing related national fire standards. Industrial buildings always store plenty of combustibles, inflammable and explosive materials and large quantities of modernization machinery equipments, which increase the possibility of fire and the severity of consequence.
Taking performance-based fire protection design for the underground power house for example, the paper discusses the application of performance-based fire protection design on industrial buildings and gives some solution to the application on modernization power houses in the future.
According to the design principle of fire scenario, we establish the fire models by FDS to stimulate several representative fire scenario, and comparative analysis two conditions through mechanical exhaust and non-mechanical exhaust at the same fire location in order to verify effectiveness of mechanical exhaust system. Safety evacuation time is predicted by using Japanese safety evacuation empirical formula. On the basis of safety judging criterion in performance-based fire protection design and setting safety target, the safety evacuation when fire occurred in underground power house and performance of preventing fire spread are analyzed. Various methods and technical means are used to propose improvement measures on some fire scenario which can't satisfy safety evacuation condition. At last, the paper looks ahead the next research contents and the development of performance-based fire protection.
引文
[1]祝飞.浅议高层工业建筑火灾危险性特点及防火设计对策[J].科技咨询导报,2007,(1)：89.
[2]British Standard DD240, Fire safety engineering in building, Part1, Guide to the application of fire safety engineering principles,1997.
[3]Build Codo of Australia, Australia, Building Code Board, October 1996.
[4]V.Beek, Performance-based fire engineering design and its application in Australia, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Fire Safety Seiencc, Melbourne, Australia,1997.
[5]M T Puchovsky, Performance-based Fire Code and standards, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering,2nd Edition, Soeiety of Fire Protection Engineers and National Fire Protection Association, Boston, USA,1995.
[6]The SFPE Guide to Performance-based Fire protection Analysis and Design, Draft for Comments, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, USA, December 1998.
[7]许莉丹.浅析建筑物性能化防火设计及其在我国的发展现状[J].科技风,2009,(10)：232.
[8]许剑方.福州海峡国际会展中心性能化防火设计与分析[J].消防科学与技术,2010,(2)：109-112.
[9]万灏.某机场航站楼消防性能化设计实例解析[J].武警学院学报,2010,25(8)：27-31.
[10]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[11]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2003.
[12]霍然,胡源,李元洲.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社,2009.
[13]R.L.P.Custer&B.J.Meacham, Introduction to Performance-based Fire Safety, Quincy:National Fire Protection Association,1997.
[14]陈俊敏,郑雪松,付永胜.性能化防火设计中火灾场景设计的内容和方法[J].西南交通大学学报,2006,41(4)：438-441.
[15]Edward K Budniek, Harold E Nelson, David D Evans. Simplified Fire Growth Calculations, Fire Protection Handbook[M]. Quincy:National Fire Proteetion Association,1997.
[16]GB50084-2001,自动喷水灭火系统设计规范[S].中国计划出版社,2001.
[17]龚沛,章武首等.自动喷水灭火系统可靠性分析及发展方向[J].甘肃科技,2010,26(5)：92-94.
[18]黄晓家,姜文源.自动喷水灭火系统设计手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[19]刘文利,吕振纲,冉鹏.自动喷水灭火系统洒水喷头响应时间预测方法研究[J].建筑科学,2007,23(1)：44-48.
[20]朱五八,张和平等.高架仓库内喷头热响应性能研究[J].火灾科学,2004,13(2)：96-98.
[21]武宇,刘颖军.火灾自动报警系统可靠性分析[J].安防科技,2008,(1)：58-90.
[22]赵永代,王铁强.浅谈火灾自动报警系统误报、漏报的原因和对策[J].消防科学与技术,2001,(3)：32-34.
[23]陈颖.典型喷头响应时间工程计算模型研究[J].武警学院学报,2009,25(12)：5-9.
[24]EVANS D D, STROUP D W. Methods to Calculate the Response Time of Heat and Smoke Detectors Installed Below Large Unobstructural Ceilings [J]. Fire Technology,1986,22:54-56.
[25]王伟军,田玉敏.公共场所人员安全疏散评价方法探讨.武警学院学报,2008,24(6)：19-22.
[26]GB50016-2006.建筑设计防火规范[s].北京：中国计划出版社,2006.
[27]李建委,余明高等.地下仓库火灾烟气危害性研究.消防科学与技术,2009,28(9)：640-642.
[28]郭伟.体育馆人员安全疏散研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2009.
[29]张向阳.性能化排烟设计理念在中庭建筑中的应用[J].消防科学与技术,2005,24(5)：557-559.
[30]DGJ08-88-2006,民用建筑防排烟技术规程[S].
[31]NFPA92B, Guide for smoke management systems in malls, atria, and large areas[S].2000.
[32]许超.哈尔滨新纪元地下商业街火灾烟气的控制与人员疏散究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2008.
[33]王中翔.商业建筑火灾荷载调查和统计分析[J].武警学院学报,2009,25(4)：57-60.
[34]廖曙江,罗启才.火灾场景的确定原则和方法[J].消防科学与技术,2004,23(3)：249-251.
[35]王志刚,倪照鹏等.设计火灾时火灾热释放速率曲线的确定[J].安全与环境学报,2004,(4)：50-54.
[36]Fire Code Reform Center Limited. Fire Engineering Guidelines[R].1996.
[37]NFPA204-2002. Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting[S].
[38]ISO/WD 16733 Fire Safety Engineering-Seleetion of design fire scenarios and design fires. Nov 2003.
[39]Kevin McGrattan, Bryan Klein, Simo Hostikka, et al. Fire dynamics simulator (version 5) user's guide[R]. NIST Special Publication 1019-5. Gaithersburg:NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory,2007.
[40]Timo Korhonen, Simo Hostikka. FDS+Evac-Technical Reference+User's Guide [M]. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,2007.
[41]Kevin McGrattan, Simo Hostikka, et al. Fire dynamics simulator (version5) technical reference guide[R]. NIST Special Publication 1018-5. Gaithersburg:NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory,2007.
[42]邓玲.FDS场模拟计算中的网格分析[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(2)：207-210.
[43]邓玲.非均匀网格法在场模拟软件FDS中的应用[J].消防科学与技术,2007,26(2)：146-149.
[44]郭子东.建筑室内火灾场景设计综述[J].消防科学与技术,2010,28(2)：93-98.
[45]范维澄,王清安等.火灾科学导论[M].武汉,湖北科学技术出版社,1989.
[46]李引擎主编.建筑防火工程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[47]日本株式会社井上书院.日本避难安全检证法の解说及び计算例とその解说[M].2001.
[48]张树平主编.建筑防火设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[49]Kisko T M, Francis R L. EVACNET+:A computer program to determine optimal evacuation plans. Fire Saf J,1985, (9):211-220.
[50]Matthew Owen. The EXODUS evacuation model applied to building evacuation scenarios. Fire Engineers Journal,1996,20(7):27-30.
[51]Simulex User Guide[R]. London:Integrated Environmental Solutions Ltd.
[2]British Standard DD240, Fire safety engineering in building, Part1, Guide to the application of fire safety engineering principles,1997.
[3]Build Codo of Australia, Australia, Building Code Board, October 1996.
[4]V.Beek, Performance-based fire engineering design and its application in Australia, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium of Fire Safety Seiencc, Melbourne, Australia,1997.
[5]M T Puchovsky, Performance-based Fire Code and standards, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering,2nd Edition, Soeiety of Fire Protection Engineers and National Fire Protection Association, Boston, USA,1995.
[6]The SFPE Guide to Performance-based Fire protection Analysis and Design, Draft for Comments, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, USA, December 1998.
[7]许莉丹.浅析建筑物性能化防火设计及其在我国的发展现状[J].科技风,2009,(10)：232.
[8]许剑方.福州海峡国际会展中心性能化防火设计与分析[J].消防科学与技术,2010,(2)：109-112.
[9]万灏.某机场航站楼消防性能化设计实例解析[J].武警学院学报,2010,25(8)：27-31.
[10]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.
[11]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计[M].合肥：安徽科学技术出版社,2003.
[12]霍然,胡源,李元洲.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社,2009.
[13]R.L.P.Custer&B.J.Meacham, Introduction to Performance-based Fire Safety, Quincy:National Fire Protection Association,1997.
[14]陈俊敏,郑雪松,付永胜.性能化防火设计中火灾场景设计的内容和方法[J].西南交通大学学报,2006,41(4)：438-441.
[15]Edward K Budniek, Harold E Nelson, David D Evans. Simplified Fire Growth Calculations, Fire Protection Handbook[M]. Quincy:National Fire Proteetion Association,1997.
[16]GB50084-2001,自动喷水灭火系统设计规范[S].中国计划出版社,2001.
[17]龚沛,章武首等.自动喷水灭火系统可靠性分析及发展方向[J].甘肃科技,2010,26(5)：92-94.
[18]黄晓家,姜文源.自动喷水灭火系统设计手册[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[19]刘文利,吕振纲,冉鹏.自动喷水灭火系统洒水喷头响应时间预测方法研究[J].建筑科学,2007,23(1)：44-48.
[20]朱五八,张和平等.高架仓库内喷头热响应性能研究[J].火灾科学,2004,13(2)：96-98.
[21]武宇,刘颖军.火灾自动报警系统可靠性分析[J].安防科技,2008,(1)：58-90.
[22]赵永代,王铁强.浅谈火灾自动报警系统误报、漏报的原因和对策[J].消防科学与技术,2001,(3)：32-34.
[23]陈颖.典型喷头响应时间工程计算模型研究[J].武警学院学报,2009,25(12)：5-9.
[24]EVANS D D, STROUP D W. Methods to Calculate the Response Time of Heat and Smoke Detectors Installed Below Large Unobstructural Ceilings [J]. Fire Technology,1986,22:54-56.
[25]王伟军,田玉敏.公共场所人员安全疏散评价方法探讨.武警学院学报,2008,24(6)：19-22.
[26]GB50016-2006.建筑设计防火规范[s].北京：中国计划出版社,2006.
[27]李建委,余明高等.地下仓库火灾烟气危害性研究.消防科学与技术,2009,28(9)：640-642.
[28]郭伟.体育馆人员安全疏散研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2009.
[29]张向阳.性能化排烟设计理念在中庭建筑中的应用[J].消防科学与技术,2005,24(5)：557-559.
[30]DGJ08-88-2006,民用建筑防排烟技术规程[S].
[31]NFPA92B, Guide for smoke management systems in malls, atria, and large areas[S].2000.
[32]许超.哈尔滨新纪元地下商业街火灾烟气的控制与人员疏散究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2008.
[33]王中翔.商业建筑火灾荷载调查和统计分析[J].武警学院学报,2009,25(4)：57-60.
[34]廖曙江,罗启才.火灾场景的确定原则和方法[J].消防科学与技术,2004,23(3)：249-251.
[35]王志刚,倪照鹏等.设计火灾时火灾热释放速率曲线的确定[J].安全与环境学报,2004,(4)：50-54.
[36]Fire Code Reform Center Limited. Fire Engineering Guidelines[R].1996.
[37]NFPA204-2002. Standard for Smoke and Heat Venting[S].
[38]ISO/WD 16733 Fire Safety Engineering-Seleetion of design fire scenarios and design fires. Nov 2003.
[39]Kevin McGrattan, Bryan Klein, Simo Hostikka, et al. Fire dynamics simulator (version 5) user's guide[R]. NIST Special Publication 1019-5. Gaithersburg:NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory,2007.
[40]Timo Korhonen, Simo Hostikka. FDS+Evac-Technical Reference+User's Guide [M]. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,2007.
[41]Kevin McGrattan, Simo Hostikka, et al. Fire dynamics simulator (version5) technical reference guide[R]. NIST Special Publication 1018-5. Gaithersburg:NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory,2007.
[42]邓玲.FDS场模拟计算中的网格分析[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(2)：207-210.
[43]邓玲.非均匀网格法在场模拟软件FDS中的应用[J].消防科学与技术,2007,26(2)：146-149.
[44]郭子东.建筑室内火灾场景设计综述[J].消防科学与技术,2010,28(2)：93-98.
[45]范维澄,王清安等.火灾科学导论[M].武汉,湖北科学技术出版社,1989.
[46]李引擎主编.建筑防火工程[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2004.
[47]日本株式会社井上书院.日本避难安全检证法の解说及び计算例とその解说[M].2001.
[48]张树平主编.建筑防火设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[49]Kisko T M, Francis R L. EVACNET+:A computer program to determine optimal evacuation plans. Fire Saf J,1985, (9):211-220.
[50]Matthew Owen. The EXODUS evacuation model applied to building evacuation scenarios. Fire Engineers Journal,1996,20(7):27-30.
[51]Simulex User Guide[R]. London:Integrated Environmental Solutions Ltd.