油页岩固体热载体回转干馏系统及运行特性研究
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摘要
随着人类社会经济的发展,全球对能源需求的持续增长和化石资源日益枯竭所引起的供需矛盾越发突出。油页岩资源储量丰富,是石油天然气等化石资源的重要补充能源。大力发展油页岩工业,不仅可以为全球的能源供应保驾护航,而且对于原油不能满足本国需求的发展中国家,其开发是关乎国民经济发展、国家能源安全的重大问题。油页岩资源的开发利用虽然历史悠久,但由于油页岩资源属于贫矿,存在开发成本高、环境污染严重等问题,高效、清洁、大规模综合利用尚未完全实现。
本文设计了油页岩固体热载体干馏实验台,对回转装置测温、回转炉内颗粒运动过程、固体热载体与油页岩颗粒间传热等问题进行了详细研究,结果表明：无线测温监控装置应用于回转干馏炉是可行的；通过对桦甸油页岩基本特性进行研究,并分析了铝甑测定的含油率与在回转干馏炉内干馏结果出现差异的原因,进一步验证了采用回转式系统有益于提高颗粒状油页岩干馏效果的结论。
1、以带有直角抄板的回转式干馏炉为研究平台,在炉体倾角、转速两种变量的影响下,研究了油页岩和固体热载体(灰)的不同配比、干馏炉的不同转向对混合物料在炉内停留时间的影响。炉体转向的不同造成了抄板工作模式的不同,当灰分占有更大比例份额以及工作在直角抄板模式下,物料在炉内的停留时间较长。
2、采用由散体动力学出发的颗粒轨迹模型推导了炉内颗粒停留时间物理模型。通过模型得出的颗粒停留时间计算值与实验测量值较为吻合,预测误差<15%；而高转速、大倾角及高填充率时,模型的适用性降低。
3、以离散元素法为理论基础,在炉体转速为10r/min、逆时针旋转(作用在直角抄板模式)、填充率为30%,炉体倾角分别为2.160,3.24°,4.330时,仿真分析了炉体3种倾角时的颗粒停留时间。结果表明,颗粒在炉内抛落轨迹类似抛物线,不同倾角时颗粒停留时间符合正态分布规律；仿真结果与实验结果基本一致。
4、单颗粒及颗粒群的运行轨迹仿真表明,颗粒间的碰撞会造成卸落轨迹的偏离和分散。在相同的炉体转速时,填充率的变化对于颗粒运行轨迹无明显影响；而在相同填充率下,随着炉体转速加大,颗粒卸落时具有更高的横向速度,但因其同时受到抄板的影响,所以颗粒的携带距离并不一定更远。对于整个颗粒群,当填充率较小时,抄板的携带作用明显,颗粒群的卸落过程中抛落明显；而当填充率较高时,大部分颗粒的运动形式为滚落及滑落。炉体转速的提高,可以明显加快抄板的卸料速度,并提高颗粒的横向位移速度。
5、模拟研究了干馏炉转速和物料填充率对于油页岩与固体热载体间混合时间以及颗粒间温度分布均匀性的影响。填充率一定时,炉体转速越快,达到500℃时所需的混合时间也越长,两者基本呈线性关系；转速一定时,填充率越大,所需的混合时间就越短。油页岩颗粒的平均温度在传热初期变化较快,随着油页岩颗粒与固体热载体间温差的减小,油页岩颗粒的平均温升速度变缓。填充率较低时,提高转速有利于颗粒的混合,减少颗粒间的温差,使传热更均匀。但填充率较高时,增加转速不会明显提高颗粒间传热的均匀程度。转速一定时,总体上可以认为填充率越小,油页岩颗粒的温度方差越小,即此时油页岩颗粒受热更均匀。
6、以页岩灰作为固体热载体,利用回转干馏炉针对两种粒径分布条件下的油页岩颗粒进行了干馏实验,以出油率为指标研究了不同因素对干馏过程的影响。当油页岩粒径分布为0-3mm,油页岩与固体热载体混合比例为1：4,固体热载体初温为750℃,回转干馏炉转速为19r/min寸,油页岩出油率可以达到95.02%；油页岩的出油率随转速的提高而增加,但到一定值后(转速ω>19r/min),出油率则显著下降。过快或过慢的转速都不利于油页岩与固体热载体间的换热,从而影响到出油率；较高的固体热载体初始温度有利于提高出油率,但过高则会造成页岩油蒸汽在高温区的二次裂解,减少出油率；油页岩与固体热载体的混合比在1：4时达到最佳的经济性。过少的固体热载体有可能无法提供足够的热量,而过多则会造成热能的浪费和油页岩干馏处理量的降低；较小粒径的油页岩颗粒具有较大的比表面积,有利于其与固体热载体的换热,所以干馏效果较好。
With the development of the human society and economy, the contradiction between supply and demand on energy resources become more and more severe, for the global demand for energy keeps growing, while the mineral energy resources are increasingly exhausted. Oil shale resource with its abundant reserves is an important supplement of the fossil resources which are represented by oil and gas. Vigorous developing of oil shale industry can not only maintain global energy supplies, but also relates to the major concern of the developing countries which don't have enough crude oil, the national economic development and energy security. Although the development of oil shale resources has a long history, but because of the lean ore, the expensive exploiting cost and severe environmental contamination, the large-scale development and utilization has been a bust.
In the thesis, we self-design and build the oil shale and heat carrier rotary distillation experimental system, detailed studied temperature measurement of rotary equipment, particle motion process in retort and heat transfer between solid heat carrier and oil shale. The results show that it is feasible that using wireless temperature measuring devices for rotary retort. The conclusion that using rotary retort is beneficial to improve oil yield efficient is further verified, by studying the basic features of oil shale which is mined in Huadian and analyzing the reasons which caused different oil yield between aluminum retort method and the self-designed rotary retort.
1. On the platform of rotary retort in which the right angle stirring plate is internal installed, under different retort inclination and rotate speed, the mean residence time of mixture has been researched that is influenced by the particle proportion of the mixture consisting of oil shale particle and solid heat carriers (ash) and by the retort rotation direction. The different retort rotation direction can make differnet work pattern of stirring plate, and the mean residence time of mixture will be longer when ash has a greater proportion and the stirring plate works at right angle pattern.
2. The physics model of particle mean residence time has been deduced by particulate trajectory model which is derived from granular dynamics theory. The results from this model relatively agree with measured particle mean residence time data, and the mean prediction error is less than15%. But the model is not sufficient when it works at high rotate speed, large retort inclination and high filling rate.
3. Theoretically based on discrete element method, when retort rotate speed is10r/min, rotation is anti-clockwise (work at right angle stirring plate), filling rate is 30%, and retort inclinations are2.16°,3.24°,4.33°respectively, the three particle mean residence times have been simulated. The results show that:the lift and drop trajectory of particles in retort is similar to parabola; at different retort inclination, the particle mean residence time is in accord with normal distribution; and simulation and experiment results show a good consistency.
4. Motion track simulation of single particle and granular flow shows that impact between particles will cause particles deviation, dispersion and off-track. When at the same rotary speed, the change of filling rate is of no significant effect on motion track of particles. When at the same filling rate, particles has higher horizontal speed as the rotary speed increase, meanwhile, due to the impact of the right angle stirring plate, particles are not have farther lateral displacement. To the granular flow, when the filling rate is lower, the impact of the right angle stirring plate is more obvious, there are more particles dropped on the retort floor. But when the filling rate is higher, most of the particles are moving by rolling and slipping. When the rotary speed increases, discharge rate of particles on stirring plate is significantly raised, and get the particle's lateral speed faster.
5. The influence of rotate speed and filling rate on the heat transfer time of mixing oil shale and solid heat carrier and temperature distribution uniformity among particles has been conducted. At a fixed filling rate, the heat transfer time needed to reach500℃increases in accord with the increase of rotate speed. They are in linear related. At a fixed rotate speed, the needed heat transfer time decreases with the increase of filling rate. The mean temperature of oil shale particle changes fast at the beginning of heat transfer; and then change slowly when the temperature diffirence between oil shale and ash is decreasing. At a lower filling rate, the increase of rotate speed is benefit to particle mixing, decrease temperture difference, and get more heat transfer uniformity. But if the filling rate is higher, the increase of rotate speed can not improve uniformity obviously. At a fixed rotate speed, the temperature variance descreases according to filling rate, and then the oil shale heat evenly.
6. The shale ash being served as solid heat carrier, the distillation experiments have been implemented by the rotary retort on2kinds of oil shale particles which have different size distribution. Based on the quantitve evaluation of the oil yield, the influence of certain factors on distillation process has been studied. When the size distribution is0-3mm, the mix proportion of oil shale and solid heat carrier is1:4, the initial temperature of solid heat carrier is750℃and the rotate speed is19r/min, the oil yielding rate can achieve95.02%. The oil yielding rate increases in accord with rotate speed, but decreases obviously when the rotate speed ω>19r/min. The rotate speed that is either too fast or too slow will adversely affect the heat transfer between oil shale and solid heat carrier, thus will decrease oil yielding rate. A higher initial temperature of solid heat carrier is benefit to oil yielding rate, but a too high initial temperature of solid heat carrier will cause shale oil vapour secondary pyrogenation in the high-temperature region, therefore, decrease oil yielding rate. The best economical efficiency can be achieved when the mix proportion is1:4. If the solid heat carrier is in less proportion, it may not supply enough heat, and if in too much proportion, it will cause heat waste and decrease in the capacity of oil shale processing. Small-sized oil shale particle has larger surface area, so it is beneficial to heat transfer, thus will have good distillation effect.
本文设计了油页岩固体热载体干馏实验台,对回转装置测温、回转炉内颗粒运动过程、固体热载体与油页岩颗粒间传热等问题进行了详细研究,结果表明：无线测温监控装置应用于回转干馏炉是可行的；通过对桦甸油页岩基本特性进行研究,并分析了铝甑测定的含油率与在回转干馏炉内干馏结果出现差异的原因,进一步验证了采用回转式系统有益于提高颗粒状油页岩干馏效果的结论。
1、以带有直角抄板的回转式干馏炉为研究平台,在炉体倾角、转速两种变量的影响下,研究了油页岩和固体热载体(灰)的不同配比、干馏炉的不同转向对混合物料在炉内停留时间的影响。炉体转向的不同造成了抄板工作模式的不同,当灰分占有更大比例份额以及工作在直角抄板模式下,物料在炉内的停留时间较长。
2、采用由散体动力学出发的颗粒轨迹模型推导了炉内颗粒停留时间物理模型。通过模型得出的颗粒停留时间计算值与实验测量值较为吻合,预测误差<15%；而高转速、大倾角及高填充率时,模型的适用性降低。
3、以离散元素法为理论基础,在炉体转速为10r/min、逆时针旋转(作用在直角抄板模式)、填充率为30%,炉体倾角分别为2.160,3.24°,4.330时,仿真分析了炉体3种倾角时的颗粒停留时间。结果表明,颗粒在炉内抛落轨迹类似抛物线,不同倾角时颗粒停留时间符合正态分布规律；仿真结果与实验结果基本一致。
4、单颗粒及颗粒群的运行轨迹仿真表明,颗粒间的碰撞会造成卸落轨迹的偏离和分散。在相同的炉体转速时,填充率的变化对于颗粒运行轨迹无明显影响；而在相同填充率下,随着炉体转速加大,颗粒卸落时具有更高的横向速度,但因其同时受到抄板的影响,所以颗粒的携带距离并不一定更远。对于整个颗粒群,当填充率较小时,抄板的携带作用明显,颗粒群的卸落过程中抛落明显；而当填充率较高时,大部分颗粒的运动形式为滚落及滑落。炉体转速的提高,可以明显加快抄板的卸料速度,并提高颗粒的横向位移速度。
5、模拟研究了干馏炉转速和物料填充率对于油页岩与固体热载体间混合时间以及颗粒间温度分布均匀性的影响。填充率一定时,炉体转速越快,达到500℃时所需的混合时间也越长,两者基本呈线性关系；转速一定时,填充率越大,所需的混合时间就越短。油页岩颗粒的平均温度在传热初期变化较快,随着油页岩颗粒与固体热载体间温差的减小,油页岩颗粒的平均温升速度变缓。填充率较低时,提高转速有利于颗粒的混合,减少颗粒间的温差,使传热更均匀。但填充率较高时,增加转速不会明显提高颗粒间传热的均匀程度。转速一定时,总体上可以认为填充率越小,油页岩颗粒的温度方差越小,即此时油页岩颗粒受热更均匀。
6、以页岩灰作为固体热载体,利用回转干馏炉针对两种粒径分布条件下的油页岩颗粒进行了干馏实验,以出油率为指标研究了不同因素对干馏过程的影响。当油页岩粒径分布为0-3mm,油页岩与固体热载体混合比例为1：4,固体热载体初温为750℃,回转干馏炉转速为19r/min寸,油页岩出油率可以达到95.02%；油页岩的出油率随转速的提高而增加,但到一定值后(转速ω>19r/min),出油率则显著下降。过快或过慢的转速都不利于油页岩与固体热载体间的换热,从而影响到出油率；较高的固体热载体初始温度有利于提高出油率,但过高则会造成页岩油蒸汽在高温区的二次裂解,减少出油率；油页岩与固体热载体的混合比在1：4时达到最佳的经济性。过少的固体热载体有可能无法提供足够的热量,而过多则会造成热能的浪费和油页岩干馏处理量的降低；较小粒径的油页岩颗粒具有较大的比表面积,有利于其与固体热载体的换热,所以干馏效果较好。
With the development of the human society and economy, the contradiction between supply and demand on energy resources become more and more severe, for the global demand for energy keeps growing, while the mineral energy resources are increasingly exhausted. Oil shale resource with its abundant reserves is an important supplement of the fossil resources which are represented by oil and gas. Vigorous developing of oil shale industry can not only maintain global energy supplies, but also relates to the major concern of the developing countries which don't have enough crude oil, the national economic development and energy security. Although the development of oil shale resources has a long history, but because of the lean ore, the expensive exploiting cost and severe environmental contamination, the large-scale development and utilization has been a bust.
In the thesis, we self-design and build the oil shale and heat carrier rotary distillation experimental system, detailed studied temperature measurement of rotary equipment, particle motion process in retort and heat transfer between solid heat carrier and oil shale. The results show that it is feasible that using wireless temperature measuring devices for rotary retort. The conclusion that using rotary retort is beneficial to improve oil yield efficient is further verified, by studying the basic features of oil shale which is mined in Huadian and analyzing the reasons which caused different oil yield between aluminum retort method and the self-designed rotary retort.
1. On the platform of rotary retort in which the right angle stirring plate is internal installed, under different retort inclination and rotate speed, the mean residence time of mixture has been researched that is influenced by the particle proportion of the mixture consisting of oil shale particle and solid heat carriers (ash) and by the retort rotation direction. The different retort rotation direction can make differnet work pattern of stirring plate, and the mean residence time of mixture will be longer when ash has a greater proportion and the stirring plate works at right angle pattern.
2. The physics model of particle mean residence time has been deduced by particulate trajectory model which is derived from granular dynamics theory. The results from this model relatively agree with measured particle mean residence time data, and the mean prediction error is less than15%. But the model is not sufficient when it works at high rotate speed, large retort inclination and high filling rate.
3. Theoretically based on discrete element method, when retort rotate speed is10r/min, rotation is anti-clockwise (work at right angle stirring plate), filling rate is 30%, and retort inclinations are2.16°,3.24°,4.33°respectively, the three particle mean residence times have been simulated. The results show that:the lift and drop trajectory of particles in retort is similar to parabola; at different retort inclination, the particle mean residence time is in accord with normal distribution; and simulation and experiment results show a good consistency.
4. Motion track simulation of single particle and granular flow shows that impact between particles will cause particles deviation, dispersion and off-track. When at the same rotary speed, the change of filling rate is of no significant effect on motion track of particles. When at the same filling rate, particles has higher horizontal speed as the rotary speed increase, meanwhile, due to the impact of the right angle stirring plate, particles are not have farther lateral displacement. To the granular flow, when the filling rate is lower, the impact of the right angle stirring plate is more obvious, there are more particles dropped on the retort floor. But when the filling rate is higher, most of the particles are moving by rolling and slipping. When the rotary speed increases, discharge rate of particles on stirring plate is significantly raised, and get the particle's lateral speed faster.
5. The influence of rotate speed and filling rate on the heat transfer time of mixing oil shale and solid heat carrier and temperature distribution uniformity among particles has been conducted. At a fixed filling rate, the heat transfer time needed to reach500℃increases in accord with the increase of rotate speed. They are in linear related. At a fixed rotate speed, the needed heat transfer time decreases with the increase of filling rate. The mean temperature of oil shale particle changes fast at the beginning of heat transfer; and then change slowly when the temperature diffirence between oil shale and ash is decreasing. At a lower filling rate, the increase of rotate speed is benefit to particle mixing, decrease temperture difference, and get more heat transfer uniformity. But if the filling rate is higher, the increase of rotate speed can not improve uniformity obviously. At a fixed rotate speed, the temperature variance descreases according to filling rate, and then the oil shale heat evenly.
6. The shale ash being served as solid heat carrier, the distillation experiments have been implemented by the rotary retort on2kinds of oil shale particles which have different size distribution. Based on the quantitve evaluation of the oil yield, the influence of certain factors on distillation process has been studied. When the size distribution is0-3mm, the mix proportion of oil shale and solid heat carrier is1:4, the initial temperature of solid heat carrier is750℃and the rotate speed is19r/min, the oil yielding rate can achieve95.02%. The oil yielding rate increases in accord with rotate speed, but decreases obviously when the rotate speed ω>19r/min. The rotate speed that is either too fast or too slow will adversely affect the heat transfer between oil shale and solid heat carrier, thus will decrease oil yielding rate. A higher initial temperature of solid heat carrier is benefit to oil yielding rate, but a too high initial temperature of solid heat carrier will cause shale oil vapour secondary pyrogenation in the high-temperature region, therefore, decrease oil yielding rate. The best economical efficiency can be achieved when the mix proportion is1:4. If the solid heat carrier is in less proportion, it may not supply enough heat, and if in too much proportion, it will cause heat waste and decrease in the capacity of oil shale processing. Small-sized oil shale particle has larger surface area, so it is beneficial to heat transfer, thus will have good distillation effect.
引文
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