某舰炮弹道过程模拟仿真及优化
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摘要
随着系统工程理论的不断深入,单独讨论某弹道段的仿真及优化设计已不能满足武器全弹道过程的研究,建立一套既具备全弹道过程仿真功能又可实现弹道过程的综合性能优化设计的系统性软件成为弹道工作者所追求的目标。本文以某舰炮系统配备新型弹种为研究对象,深入分析影响弹道性能的主要参数,开发了全弹道过程的正面仿真及其优化设计软件,本论文主要完成了以下几个方面的工作：
(1)建立了某舰炮系统全弹道过程仿真平台,仿真软件考虑到工程实际需求,分别在各个弹道段上提供了多种计算模型,如：内弹道模型包含了经典模型和两相流模型；外弹道质点模型和刚体运动模型；终点弹道的穿甲模型和破片毁伤概率模型。此外,气动力计算模块采用便于优化设计的工程经验方法。为了验证软件的正确合理性,以某舰炮发射简易制导弹为例,对其进行全弹道过程仿真,可以实现全弹道过程的预测性计算以及弹道参数符合计算并为全弹道优化设计奠定基础。
(2)深入分析了全弹道过程中影响弹道性能的各种因素,分别从内弹道性能、气动-外弹道性能及终点毁伤性能三方面进行讨论,主要包括点传火方式、膛内装药方式、火炮结构、弹药几何外形、毁伤方式以及对应的毁伤元等方面对弹道性能的影响规律。在此基础上分析了哪些因素是影响全弹道过程的综合因素,并选定适合做全局设计变量的参数。
(3)分析了遗传算法应用到弹道优化中的优越性,结合弹道计算特性,针对基本遗传算法存在的缺陷进行改进：采用实数编码方式和自适应遗传操作,有助于提高计算精度、收敛速度和运行效率,并避免了基本遗传算法带来的盲目性,然后引进小生境最优保留策略,可有效保持种群的多样性,提高全局搜索能力,避免陷入局部最优解。将改进后的遗传算法应用到外弹道优化设计中进行验证,以指定飞行距离上的飞行时间为目标函数,得到的优化方案与传统优化方法得到的方案进行对比,证明遗传算法可获得高可信度的设计结果。
(4)对多目标遗传算法NSGA-Ⅱ进行了深入研究,开展了该多目标优化方法在内弹道优化设计中的应用研究,建立了内弹道一维两相流多目标优化设计模型,并结合弹道计算特性,引入“过滤”机制,以炮口初速、炮口压力以及压力波为目标函数进行多目标优化设计,并利用TOPSIS方法进行了多目标决策分析,验证了多目标遗传算法在弹道优化中的可行性和合理性。
(5)分析建立全弹道优化设计软件的必要性,描述了多目标优化设计的基本原则和方法,开发了一套火炮全弹道过程优化设计软件,软件具有指定弹道段上的单／多目标优化功能和全弹道过程的优化设计功能,并以某舰炮武器系统配备常规弹药为例,验证优化软件的正确实用性。根据新型弹药系统的研制需求,以某舰炮武器系统配备新型弹药为例,概述该火炮系统主要功能特点,根据设计侧重不同选择相应的弹道性能指标为目标函数,建立其单目标和多目标优化模型,以(2)为基础选择影响全弹道性能的关键参数为设计变量,并建立合理的约束函数,利用优化设计软件进行优化计算,对得到的优化方案进行对比和分析,为新型弹药系统的研制提供了设计方法和指导方向。
As the thorough study for the system engineering theory, separately numerical simulation of ballistic process cannot satisfy system research and design of gun system, especially on studying a new gun or ammunition system. The main parameters of ballistic performance are analyzed, and this paper mainly focuses on building a whole ballistic simulation platform and optimal design software based on the ship-borne gun system, the main parts are concluded as follows:
(1) A simulation platform for whole ballistic process based on the ship-borne gun system is established, and in order to meet the engineering requirements, various simulation models for each ballistic phase are built. Interior ballistic phase contains lumped-parameter model and one-dimensional two-phase flow model; exterior ballistic phase contains point-mass trajectory model and rigid body trajectory model; terminal ballistic phase contains armor piercing model and fragment shot-line model. Aerodynamic engineering algorithm is used to calculate aerodynamic coefficients. The whole trajectory of a ship-borne gun fire guided projectile is simulated by this software. The result indicates that the software can realize the predictability of ballistic process and calculate ballistic performance parameters.
(2) The main influence factors on ballistic process are analyzed for optimization. Each ballistic phase of interior ballistic performance, aerodynamic-exterior ballistic performance and terminal ballistic performance is studied with ignition model, charging model, gun structure, geometry of ammunition, warhead and kill element etc. After analysis these factors from the whole perspective, the comprehensive factors which affect the process of the whole trajectory are selected for optimization design variables.
(3) Genetic algorithm which is used to optimize ballistic performance has obvious superiority compared with traditional optimization methods. The characteristics of ballistics calculation are analyzed, and from the following aspects the simple genetic algorithm is improved:real-number encoding, adaptive operator, and niche technology, then an improved genetic algorithm is proposed. Through the computational example, its Tightness and effectiveness is validated.
(4) Multi-Objective optimization algorithm:Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) is studied thoroughly. A typically application of multi-objective optimization problem is researched to prove the algorithm reasonable. Then the interior ballistic multi-objective optimization model based on one-dimensional two-phase flow model is established, and muzzle velocity, pressure wave and muzzle pressure are set as objectives. In the light of interior ballistic practical problem, the NSGA-Ⅱ with a "filter" is employed to approximate the set of Pareto solutions, and the ranking of Pareto solutions is based on the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. The result indicates that the NSGA-Ⅱ using in ballistic optimization is feasible and reasonable.
(5) The necessity of building systemic optimal software is put forward. General method and steps in the design of gun system are studied using modern optimization theory, and then the optimal software is carried out. It has multiple functions, such as single-objective or multi-objective optimal on each ballistic phase and whole ballistic optimal. For the purpose of the optimal software proper and usefulness, a ship-borne gun system equipped with conventional ammunitions and new guided ammunition type are made as examples. Focus on different design purpose, the single-objective and multi-objective optimization models are established, including objectives, design variables and constraint conditions. Compared the obtained optimal schemes, it provides the design direction of the development of new ammunition system.
(1)建立了某舰炮系统全弹道过程仿真平台,仿真软件考虑到工程实际需求,分别在各个弹道段上提供了多种计算模型,如：内弹道模型包含了经典模型和两相流模型；外弹道质点模型和刚体运动模型；终点弹道的穿甲模型和破片毁伤概率模型。此外,气动力计算模块采用便于优化设计的工程经验方法。为了验证软件的正确合理性,以某舰炮发射简易制导弹为例,对其进行全弹道过程仿真,可以实现全弹道过程的预测性计算以及弹道参数符合计算并为全弹道优化设计奠定基础。
(2)深入分析了全弹道过程中影响弹道性能的各种因素,分别从内弹道性能、气动-外弹道性能及终点毁伤性能三方面进行讨论,主要包括点传火方式、膛内装药方式、火炮结构、弹药几何外形、毁伤方式以及对应的毁伤元等方面对弹道性能的影响规律。在此基础上分析了哪些因素是影响全弹道过程的综合因素,并选定适合做全局设计变量的参数。
(3)分析了遗传算法应用到弹道优化中的优越性,结合弹道计算特性,针对基本遗传算法存在的缺陷进行改进：采用实数编码方式和自适应遗传操作,有助于提高计算精度、收敛速度和运行效率,并避免了基本遗传算法带来的盲目性,然后引进小生境最优保留策略,可有效保持种群的多样性,提高全局搜索能力,避免陷入局部最优解。将改进后的遗传算法应用到外弹道优化设计中进行验证,以指定飞行距离上的飞行时间为目标函数,得到的优化方案与传统优化方法得到的方案进行对比,证明遗传算法可获得高可信度的设计结果。
(4)对多目标遗传算法NSGA-Ⅱ进行了深入研究,开展了该多目标优化方法在内弹道优化设计中的应用研究,建立了内弹道一维两相流多目标优化设计模型,并结合弹道计算特性,引入“过滤”机制,以炮口初速、炮口压力以及压力波为目标函数进行多目标优化设计,并利用TOPSIS方法进行了多目标决策分析,验证了多目标遗传算法在弹道优化中的可行性和合理性。
(5)分析建立全弹道优化设计软件的必要性,描述了多目标优化设计的基本原则和方法,开发了一套火炮全弹道过程优化设计软件,软件具有指定弹道段上的单／多目标优化功能和全弹道过程的优化设计功能,并以某舰炮武器系统配备常规弹药为例,验证优化软件的正确实用性。根据新型弹药系统的研制需求,以某舰炮武器系统配备新型弹药为例,概述该火炮系统主要功能特点,根据设计侧重不同选择相应的弹道性能指标为目标函数,建立其单目标和多目标优化模型,以(2)为基础选择影响全弹道性能的关键参数为设计变量,并建立合理的约束函数,利用优化设计软件进行优化计算,对得到的优化方案进行对比和分析,为新型弹药系统的研制提供了设计方法和指导方向。
As the thorough study for the system engineering theory, separately numerical simulation of ballistic process cannot satisfy system research and design of gun system, especially on studying a new gun or ammunition system. The main parameters of ballistic performance are analyzed, and this paper mainly focuses on building a whole ballistic simulation platform and optimal design software based on the ship-borne gun system, the main parts are concluded as follows:
(1) A simulation platform for whole ballistic process based on the ship-borne gun system is established, and in order to meet the engineering requirements, various simulation models for each ballistic phase are built. Interior ballistic phase contains lumped-parameter model and one-dimensional two-phase flow model; exterior ballistic phase contains point-mass trajectory model and rigid body trajectory model; terminal ballistic phase contains armor piercing model and fragment shot-line model. Aerodynamic engineering algorithm is used to calculate aerodynamic coefficients. The whole trajectory of a ship-borne gun fire guided projectile is simulated by this software. The result indicates that the software can realize the predictability of ballistic process and calculate ballistic performance parameters.
(2) The main influence factors on ballistic process are analyzed for optimization. Each ballistic phase of interior ballistic performance, aerodynamic-exterior ballistic performance and terminal ballistic performance is studied with ignition model, charging model, gun structure, geometry of ammunition, warhead and kill element etc. After analysis these factors from the whole perspective, the comprehensive factors which affect the process of the whole trajectory are selected for optimization design variables.
(3) Genetic algorithm which is used to optimize ballistic performance has obvious superiority compared with traditional optimization methods. The characteristics of ballistics calculation are analyzed, and from the following aspects the simple genetic algorithm is improved:real-number encoding, adaptive operator, and niche technology, then an improved genetic algorithm is proposed. Through the computational example, its Tightness and effectiveness is validated.
(4) Multi-Objective optimization algorithm:Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) is studied thoroughly. A typically application of multi-objective optimization problem is researched to prove the algorithm reasonable. Then the interior ballistic multi-objective optimization model based on one-dimensional two-phase flow model is established, and muzzle velocity, pressure wave and muzzle pressure are set as objectives. In the light of interior ballistic practical problem, the NSGA-Ⅱ with a "filter" is employed to approximate the set of Pareto solutions, and the ranking of Pareto solutions is based on the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. The result indicates that the NSGA-Ⅱ using in ballistic optimization is feasible and reasonable.
(5) The necessity of building systemic optimal software is put forward. General method and steps in the design of gun system are studied using modern optimization theory, and then the optimal software is carried out. It has multiple functions, such as single-objective or multi-objective optimal on each ballistic phase and whole ballistic optimal. For the purpose of the optimal software proper and usefulness, a ship-borne gun system equipped with conventional ammunitions and new guided ammunition type are made as examples. Focus on different design purpose, the single-objective and multi-objective optimization models are established, including objectives, design variables and constraint conditions. Compared the obtained optimal schemes, it provides the design direction of the development of new ammunition system.
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