核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面建模及其优化方法研究
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摘要
后备盘台是先进主控室的重要组成部分和重要的安全屏障，其功能是在数字化仪控系统失效时，维持核电站的正常运行或将核电站引导到安全的状态下。后备盘台人机界面布局不仅直接关系到操纵员的认读、操控的准确性和效率，而且关系到核电站运行的安全和效益。可见，对其布局优化进行研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
本文以核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面为研究对象，针对人机界面经验布局法存在的问题，主要对人机界面布局建模与基于粒子群算法（PSO）的界面布局优化设计等问题进行了研究，其主要研究工作如下。
分析了核电站主控室人机界面布局的工效学标准，并依据相关标准，分别对显示器、操纵器和盘面的布局原则进行了归纳和总结，确定了核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面布局的重要性、操作频率、操作顺序、相关性、相容性等，作为核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面布局优化设计的原则。
针对后备盘台人机界面的重要性、操作频率、操作顺序、相关性和相容性各布局原则，分别建立相应的数学模型。从台面的总体布局出发，需综合考虑各布局原则之间的相互关系，并依此构建布局优化目标函数，将实际人机界面的布局问题抽象成为组合优化的数学问题。
依据后备盘台布局优化问题的特点，进行了基于Monte Carlo方法的算法测试与布局优化方法研究。通过构建标准测试界面，采用PSO进行布局求解，测试前文构建的布局优化目标函数的合理性和适用性，测试PSO布局优化算法解决本布局问题的有效性。通过构建概率密度函数及两种用于求解其系数的最小二乘法格式，对标准测试界面布局结果的分布规律进行分析。最后，给出了一种基于统计学的对优化结果进行分析的方法。
在构建的数学模型和目标函数的基础上，采用PSO进行了后备盘台人机界面的布局优化计算。通过Monte Carlo布局优化实验，对PSO计算中影响迭代次数和优化结果的惯性权重、学习因子、粒子速度、粒子数和最大迭代次数等各参数进行了研究和测试。提出了改进的惯性权重的先减后恒值分段连续进化策略，以及学习因子的循环变化策略；给出了粒子速度、粒子数和最大迭代次数等参数的优化设置方法；获得了相应的PSO优化计算流程图。
为了满足后备盘台人机界面布局优化的工程设计需求，使用Visual Basic语言，开发了PSO元件布局优化系统软件ICPPSO Suite，应用于核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面的布局优化实例中，实现了自动布局。
Back-up panel is a safeguard and an important part of an advanced main control room,which maintains nuclear power plant functional or steers the plant into safe condition whendigital control system does not work. Back-up panel’s human-machine interface layout affectsoperators’ cognition, performance and efficiency, and determines plant safety and beneficialresult. It is thus obvious that researches on back-up panel layout have theoretical and practicalsignificance.
In this paper, the research object is the layout of back-up panel in nuclear power plantmain control room. A problem is pointed out that the layout result designed by experimentcomes out in random and subjectivity. Research on human-machine interface layout based onpartical swarm optimization is conducted, and the research items are listed as follows.
Nuclear power plant main control room human-machine interface layout relatedergonomics standards are analyzed. Principles of displays, controls and layout of panel aresummed up. The importance of components, operational frequency, operational order,correlation and compatibility principles of nuclear power plant main control roomhuman-machine interface layout are proposed as rules of nuclear power plant main controlroom human-machine interface layout.
In accordance with the distinguishing features of the back-up panel of human-machineinterface, the importance of components, operational frequency, operational order, correlationand compatibility principles are analyzed and mathematic model is set up. For the reason ofthe whole design of panel layout, layout principles and their relations must becomprehensively considered, and thus structure an objective function which transforms theabstract problem into a mathematic problem.
A Monte Carlo PSO test and research of layout method fitting the features of thisproblem are constructed. By constructing standard test interface, rationality and usability oflayout objective function are tested with PSO, and effectiveness of the method solving thelayout problem is tested. For analyzing the distribution of the layout result of the standard testinterface, a probability density function with multinomial power and two kinds of methods ofleast squares solving the probability density function are structured. An analysis method forexperiment result is established based on statistics.
Based on the mathematic model and objective function PSO is adopted to optimize thelayout of back-up panel. With the help of Monte Carlo experiment, a test and a research oninertia weight, learning factor, particle velocity, particle amount and the maximum iteration step are conducted. Degressive-constant continuous evolution tactics and cyclic shift tactics oflearning factor for improving inertia weight are proposed. Optimal set up method of particlevelocity, particle amount and maximum iteration is proposed. And a PSO layout optimizationprocedure is provided.
ICPPSO Suite system based on Visual Basic is compiled for PSO components layout forsolving the optimization problem. A layout implement for back-up panel in nuclear powerplant main control room is completed with ICPPSO Suite. The result of the layout implies thatthe ICPPSO Suite system is feasible and effective.
本文以核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面为研究对象，针对人机界面经验布局法存在的问题，主要对人机界面布局建模与基于粒子群算法（PSO）的界面布局优化设计等问题进行了研究，其主要研究工作如下。
分析了核电站主控室人机界面布局的工效学标准，并依据相关标准，分别对显示器、操纵器和盘面的布局原则进行了归纳和总结，确定了核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面布局的重要性、操作频率、操作顺序、相关性、相容性等，作为核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面布局优化设计的原则。
针对后备盘台人机界面的重要性、操作频率、操作顺序、相关性和相容性各布局原则，分别建立相应的数学模型。从台面的总体布局出发，需综合考虑各布局原则之间的相互关系，并依此构建布局优化目标函数，将实际人机界面的布局问题抽象成为组合优化的数学问题。
依据后备盘台布局优化问题的特点，进行了基于Monte Carlo方法的算法测试与布局优化方法研究。通过构建标准测试界面，采用PSO进行布局求解，测试前文构建的布局优化目标函数的合理性和适用性，测试PSO布局优化算法解决本布局问题的有效性。通过构建概率密度函数及两种用于求解其系数的最小二乘法格式，对标准测试界面布局结果的分布规律进行分析。最后，给出了一种基于统计学的对优化结果进行分析的方法。
在构建的数学模型和目标函数的基础上，采用PSO进行了后备盘台人机界面的布局优化计算。通过Monte Carlo布局优化实验，对PSO计算中影响迭代次数和优化结果的惯性权重、学习因子、粒子速度、粒子数和最大迭代次数等各参数进行了研究和测试。提出了改进的惯性权重的先减后恒值分段连续进化策略，以及学习因子的循环变化策略；给出了粒子速度、粒子数和最大迭代次数等参数的优化设置方法；获得了相应的PSO优化计算流程图。
为了满足后备盘台人机界面布局优化的工程设计需求，使用Visual Basic语言，开发了PSO元件布局优化系统软件ICPPSO Suite，应用于核电站主控室后备盘台人机界面的布局优化实例中，实现了自动布局。
Back-up panel is a safeguard and an important part of an advanced main control room,which maintains nuclear power plant functional or steers the plant into safe condition whendigital control system does not work. Back-up panel’s human-machine interface layout affectsoperators’ cognition, performance and efficiency, and determines plant safety and beneficialresult. It is thus obvious that researches on back-up panel layout have theoretical and practicalsignificance.
In this paper, the research object is the layout of back-up panel in nuclear power plantmain control room. A problem is pointed out that the layout result designed by experimentcomes out in random and subjectivity. Research on human-machine interface layout based onpartical swarm optimization is conducted, and the research items are listed as follows.
Nuclear power plant main control room human-machine interface layout relatedergonomics standards are analyzed. Principles of displays, controls and layout of panel aresummed up. The importance of components, operational frequency, operational order,correlation and compatibility principles of nuclear power plant main control roomhuman-machine interface layout are proposed as rules of nuclear power plant main controlroom human-machine interface layout.
In accordance with the distinguishing features of the back-up panel of human-machineinterface, the importance of components, operational frequency, operational order, correlationand compatibility principles are analyzed and mathematic model is set up. For the reason ofthe whole design of panel layout, layout principles and their relations must becomprehensively considered, and thus structure an objective function which transforms theabstract problem into a mathematic problem.
A Monte Carlo PSO test and research of layout method fitting the features of thisproblem are constructed. By constructing standard test interface, rationality and usability oflayout objective function are tested with PSO, and effectiveness of the method solving thelayout problem is tested. For analyzing the distribution of the layout result of the standard testinterface, a probability density function with multinomial power and two kinds of methods ofleast squares solving the probability density function are structured. An analysis method forexperiment result is established based on statistics.
Based on the mathematic model and objective function PSO is adopted to optimize thelayout of back-up panel. With the help of Monte Carlo experiment, a test and a research oninertia weight, learning factor, particle velocity, particle amount and the maximum iteration step are conducted. Degressive-constant continuous evolution tactics and cyclic shift tactics oflearning factor for improving inertia weight are proposed. Optimal set up method of particlevelocity, particle amount and maximum iteration is proposed. And a PSO layout optimizationprocedure is provided.
ICPPSO Suite system based on Visual Basic is compiled for PSO components layout forsolving the optimization problem. A layout implement for back-up panel in nuclear powerplant main control room is completed with ICPPSO Suite. The result of the layout implies thatthe ICPPSO Suite system is feasible and effective.
引文
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