船舶自动识别系统的应用及其关键技术的研究
摘要
现代船舶朝着大型化、高速化方向发展，船舶数量与水域通航密度及危险货物装载量不断增加，海损事故时有发生，严重威胁船舶航行安全及海洋生态环境。
人们在长期研究船舶航行安全保障技术中越来越深刻地认识到船舶间、船岸间相互交换信息及船舶识别的重要性。船载自动识别系统AIS(Automatic Identification System)正是在上述背景下以及现代通信发展的基础上应运而生的。国际海事组织是这样定义自动识别系统的：(1)是一种避碰的工具。(2)是一种无需雷达而使VTS获得交通信息的工具。(3)是一种船舶报告系统的工具。AIS能够自动连续地在信息显示器中提供目标船的船名、航向、航速等各种动态和静态信息。AIS的出现，为“航行更安全，海洋史清洁”做出了不可低估的贡献。
本文分别论述了AIS的产生的背景、现状及其关键技术，并着重对AIS系统在船舶避碰与VTS系统中的应用及相应关键技术进行研究，阐述了在实际应用中需解决的理论与实际问题，对这些问题提出了相应的解决方法和思路。
本文对推进AIS在船舶避碰和船舶交通服务的应用具有一定的理论价值和实际意义。
With the development toward larger size and higher speed of modern ships, and the continuous increasing of ship's quantity, traffic density and loading of dangerous cargo, marine accidents occur at times and seriously threatens the safe navigation of ship and marine ecological environment. The importance of exchanging ship to ship information , ship to shore information and the identification of ship is gradually and deeply recognized through the long-term study of the techniques for safeguarding ship's safe navigation. The shipborne automatic identification system(AIS) is produced under the above-said background and on the basis of the development of modern communication. IMO defines AIS as follows:(l) is a means of ship's collision avoidance (2) is a means by which vessel traffic service system(VTS) may obtain traffic information without the helping of RADAR (3) is a means of ship's reporting system. On the information displayer, AIS may continuously and automatically provide the static and dynamic data su
ch as the name, course and speed of the contact vessel. The outturn of AIS makes non-under-evaluated contributions to "safer navigation and cleaner seas".
The producing background, current condition and key technologies of AIS are described respectively in this paper. The applications of AIS in ships' collision avoidance and VTS and their relevant critical techniques are studied specifically. The theoretical and actual problems which may be met with in the applications are introduced, and then the correspondent solutions and thinking are put forward relating to these problems.
This paper will have definite theoretical and actual values for improving the application of AIS in collision avoidance and VTS.
人们在长期研究船舶航行安全保障技术中越来越深刻地认识到船舶间、船岸间相互交换信息及船舶识别的重要性。船载自动识别系统AIS(Automatic Identification System)正是在上述背景下以及现代通信发展的基础上应运而生的。国际海事组织是这样定义自动识别系统的：(1)是一种避碰的工具。(2)是一种无需雷达而使VTS获得交通信息的工具。(3)是一种船舶报告系统的工具。AIS能够自动连续地在信息显示器中提供目标船的船名、航向、航速等各种动态和静态信息。AIS的出现，为“航行更安全，海洋史清洁”做出了不可低估的贡献。
本文分别论述了AIS的产生的背景、现状及其关键技术，并着重对AIS系统在船舶避碰与VTS系统中的应用及相应关键技术进行研究，阐述了在实际应用中需解决的理论与实际问题，对这些问题提出了相应的解决方法和思路。
本文对推进AIS在船舶避碰和船舶交通服务的应用具有一定的理论价值和实际意义。
With the development toward larger size and higher speed of modern ships, and the continuous increasing of ship's quantity, traffic density and loading of dangerous cargo, marine accidents occur at times and seriously threatens the safe navigation of ship and marine ecological environment. The importance of exchanging ship to ship information , ship to shore information and the identification of ship is gradually and deeply recognized through the long-term study of the techniques for safeguarding ship's safe navigation. The shipborne automatic identification system(AIS) is produced under the above-said background and on the basis of the development of modern communication. IMO defines AIS as follows:(l) is a means of ship's collision avoidance (2) is a means by which vessel traffic service system(VTS) may obtain traffic information without the helping of RADAR (3) is a means of ship's reporting system. On the information displayer, AIS may continuously and automatically provide the static and dynamic data su
ch as the name, course and speed of the contact vessel. The outturn of AIS makes non-under-evaluated contributions to "safer navigation and cleaner seas".
The producing background, current condition and key technologies of AIS are described respectively in this paper. The applications of AIS in ships' collision avoidance and VTS and their relevant critical techniques are studied specifically. The theoretical and actual problems which may be met with in the applications are introduced, and then the correspondent solutions and thinking are put forward relating to these problems.
This paper will have definite theoretical and actual values for improving the application of AIS in collision avoidance and VTS.
引文
[1] 王飞舟 范成梁．自动识别系统(AIS)性能综合评价．2001，中国航海，14—17页
[2] 周懿宗．AIS研究概述．2001，航海科技动态，9—12页
[3] 胡海刚 张尧．正确理解和使用ECDIS．2000，世界海运，11—12页
[4] 孙文力．通用船载自动识别系统(AIS)基本原理与应用前景．2000，2000年大连航海学会驾驶专业委员会航海技术学术会议论文集，52—59页
[5] 孙广 孙文强．船载自动识别系统的讨论．1999，大连海事大学学报，66—70页
[6] 张英俊 东昉．ECDIS与船舶航行安全．1999，大连海事大学学报，35—40页
[7] 康捷 张福祥 张尧．AIS操作中的人为因素．2000，航海科技动态，7—9页
[8] 方祥麟．通用船载自动识别系统．2000，世界海运，4—5页
[9] 谢洪彬 孙立成．AIS中船舶避碰信息的解算．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，85—87页
[10] 孙文力 孙文强．UAIS系统信道过载及其对航海的影响，2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，188—191页
[11] 董华．电子海图系统(ECS)和电子海图显示与信息系统(ECDIS)．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，197—199页
[12] 沈昉 由大明 等．AIS的发展及我们的任务．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，185—187页
[13] 李伟 于洋 等．DCPA、TCPA的计算模型．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，88—90页
[14]王世远 许开宇．AIS现状、前景及对策． 2001，航海技术
[15]李丽娜．航海自动化[M]．2000，人民交通出版社
[16]郑中义．船舶自动避碰决策系统的研究．2000，大连海事大学博士学士论文
[17]英国船商有限公司．AIHS MIII AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM船舶自动识别系统(AIS)安装维护手册，2001，Revision 1
[18]王世林编著．电子海图显示与信息系统使用指南．2002，大连海事大学出版社
[19]郑中义 吴兆麟著．船舶避碰决策．2000，大连海事大学出版社
[20]朱世立著．电子海图应用系统设计．1997，国防工业出版社
[21]张英俊编著．电子海图的数学和算法基础．2001，大连海事大学出版社
[22]吴兆麟著．海上避碰与交通安全研究．2001，大连海事大学出版社
[23] Ingo Harre. AIS Adding New Quality to VTS Systems. Navigation, Vol. 53
[24] ILAL GUIDELINES ON UNIVERSAL SHIPBORNE AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AIS) , 2001, VERSION 1.0
[25] IEC. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 61993-2 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems--Automatic identification systems(AIS), 2001, First Edition
[26] ITU. Radiocommunication Study Group 8 Technical characteristics for a universal shipborne automatic identification system using time division multiple access in the VHF maritime mobile band, 2001
[27] IEC. Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems- Digital interfaces, Extra requirements to IEC61162-1 for the UAIS, 2002, Edition 1.0
[28] VDL MODE 4 STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES[M], VERSION 6.0.1, 21 JANUARY 2000
[29] Rikard Kjellberg. Capacity and Throughput using a Self Organized Time Division Multiple Access VHF Data Link in Surveillance Applications[D]. Department of Computer and System Sciences University of Stockholm and The Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden, April 1998
[30] Manual on detailed technical specifications for the VDL MODE 4 digital link, 19 December 2000
[31] Richard Kjellberg. Analysis of an AIS Implementation in Tokyo Bay, GP&C Sweden AB, 2001
[32] Lockheed Martin. Universal Automatic Identification System for Expanded Waterway Safety, www. lmco. com/orss/maritime
[2] 周懿宗．AIS研究概述．2001，航海科技动态，9—12页
[3] 胡海刚 张尧．正确理解和使用ECDIS．2000，世界海运，11—12页
[4] 孙文力．通用船载自动识别系统(AIS)基本原理与应用前景．2000，2000年大连航海学会驾驶专业委员会航海技术学术会议论文集，52—59页
[5] 孙广 孙文强．船载自动识别系统的讨论．1999，大连海事大学学报，66—70页
[6] 张英俊 东昉．ECDIS与船舶航行安全．1999，大连海事大学学报，35—40页
[7] 康捷 张福祥 张尧．AIS操作中的人为因素．2000，航海科技动态，7—9页
[8] 方祥麟．通用船载自动识别系统．2000，世界海运，4—5页
[9] 谢洪彬 孙立成．AIS中船舶避碰信息的解算．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，85—87页
[10] 孙文力 孙文强．UAIS系统信道过载及其对航海的影响，2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，188—191页
[11] 董华．电子海图系统(ECS)和电子海图显示与信息系统(ECDIS)．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，197—199页
[12] 沈昉 由大明 等．AIS的发展及我们的任务．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，185—187页
[13] 李伟 于洋 等．DCPA、TCPA的计算模型．2001，航海科技及航海教育论文集，88—90页
[14]王世远 许开宇．AIS现状、前景及对策． 2001，航海技术
[15]李丽娜．航海自动化[M]．2000，人民交通出版社
[16]郑中义．船舶自动避碰决策系统的研究．2000，大连海事大学博士学士论文
[17]英国船商有限公司．AIHS MIII AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM船舶自动识别系统(AIS)安装维护手册，2001，Revision 1
[18]王世林编著．电子海图显示与信息系统使用指南．2002，大连海事大学出版社
[19]郑中义 吴兆麟著．船舶避碰决策．2000，大连海事大学出版社
[20]朱世立著．电子海图应用系统设计．1997，国防工业出版社
[21]张英俊编著．电子海图的数学和算法基础．2001，大连海事大学出版社
[22]吴兆麟著．海上避碰与交通安全研究．2001，大连海事大学出版社
[23] Ingo Harre. AIS Adding New Quality to VTS Systems. Navigation, Vol. 53
[24] ILAL GUIDELINES ON UNIVERSAL SHIPBORNE AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AIS) , 2001, VERSION 1.0
[25] IEC. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 61993-2 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems--Automatic identification systems(AIS), 2001, First Edition
[26] ITU. Radiocommunication Study Group 8 Technical characteristics for a universal shipborne automatic identification system using time division multiple access in the VHF maritime mobile band, 2001
[27] IEC. Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems- Digital interfaces, Extra requirements to IEC61162-1 for the UAIS, 2002, Edition 1.0
[28] VDL MODE 4 STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES[M], VERSION 6.0.1, 21 JANUARY 2000
[29] Rikard Kjellberg. Capacity and Throughput using a Self Organized Time Division Multiple Access VHF Data Link in Surveillance Applications[D]. Department of Computer and System Sciences University of Stockholm and The Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden, April 1998
[30] Manual on detailed technical specifications for the VDL MODE 4 digital link, 19 December 2000
[31] Richard Kjellberg. Analysis of an AIS Implementation in Tokyo Bay, GP&C Sweden AB, 2001
[32] Lockheed Martin. Universal Automatic Identification System for Expanded Waterway Safety, www. lmco. com/orss/maritime