合浦鹅赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸适宜需要量的研究
摘要
本试验采用三因素三水平L_9(3~4)正交设计,试验分两个阶段进行,研究不同赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸水平的饲粮对合浦鹅育雏期(0-4W),育成期(5-8W)的生长性能、血液生化指标、养分表观代谢率、屠宰性能以及肌肉品质的影响,以探讨合浦鹅适宜的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸水平。
试验阶段一选1日龄合浦雏鹅270羽,随机分为9组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10羽,分别饲喂9种不同氨基酸水平的饲粮,赖氨酸水平分别为0.85%、1.00%、1.15%;蛋氨酸水平分别为0.35%、0.45%、0.55%;苏氨酸水平分别为0.55%、0.65%、0.75%,进行为期四周的饲养试验,研究饲粮不同赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸水平对0-4周龄合浦鹅生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,以确定育雏期合浦鹅饲粮中上述氨基酸的适宜含量。
试验结果表明:(1)饲粮赖氨酸水平对合浦雏鹅日增重和料重比均有显著影响(P＜0.05),以1.00%处理的日增重最高,料重比最低;蛋氨酸水平对日增重和料重比均有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.45%处理的日增重最高,料重比最低;苏氨酸水平对生长性能无显著影响(P＞0.05)。(2)赖氨酸水平对血清甘油三酯的含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以1.00%处理的血清中甘油三酯含量最低;蛋氨酸水平对血清尿酸的含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.55%处理的血清中尿酸的含量最低;苏氨酸水平对血清尿酸的含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.75%处理的血清中尿酸的含量最低。综合比较上述各项指标,在本试验条件下,0-4周龄育雏期合浦鹅饲粮中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸的适宜水平分别为:1.00%,0.45%和0.55%。
试验阶段二选29日龄合浦肉鹅216羽,随机分为9组,每组设3个重复,每个重复8羽,分别饲喂9种不同氨基酸水平的饲粮,赖氨酸水平分别为0.78%、0.88%、0.98%;蛋氨酸水平分别为0.30%、0.40%、0.50%;苏氨酸水平分别为0.44%、0.54%、0.64%,进行为期四周的饲养试验,研究饲粮不同赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸水平对5-8周龄合浦鹅生长性能及相关参数的影响,以确定育成期合浦鹅饲粮中上述氨基酸的适宜含量。
试验结果表明:(1)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅日增重和日采食量均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.88%处理的日增重最高。蛋氨酸对料重比有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.40%处理的料重比最低。苏氨酸对生长性能各指标均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。(2)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅血清中尿酸含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.98%处理的尿酸含量最低,对血清中甘油三酯含量有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.88%处理的甘油三酯含量最低。蛋氨酸对血清中甘油三酯含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.40%处理的含量最低。而苏氨酸对血清中尿酸和甘油三酯含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。(3)赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸的水平分别与赖氨酸代谢率(P＜0.05)、蛋氨酸代谢率(P＜0.01)和苏氨酸代谢率(P＜0.01)呈显著正相关,并且苏氨酸对粗蛋白质表观代谢率有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.44%处理的粗蛋白质表观代谢率最大。赖氨酸和苏氨酸对精氨酸代谢率均有显著影响(P＜0.05)。(4)赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸酸对屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率和腹脂率均无显著影响(P＞0.05),但是,随各种氨基酸水平的提高腹脂趋于降低,而其他各项指标趋于升高。(5)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的腿肌嫩度和腿肌肉色有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.78%处理的腿肌最嫩,以0.88%处理的腿肌肉色最佳,赖氨酸对胸肌嫩度、腿肌和胸肌系水率均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.78%处理的胸肌最嫩,以0.98%处理的腿肌、胸肌系水率最小。蛋氨酸对腿肌系水率有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.40%处理的腿肌系水率最小,对胸肌系水率有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.40%处理的胸肌系水率最小。苏氨酸对胸肌系水率和腿肌肉色均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.54%处理的胸肌系水率最小,以0.64%处理的腿肌肉色最佳。(6)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的胸腺绝对重和胸腺指数均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.98%处理的最大。蛋氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的胸腺指数有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.30%处理的最大。苏氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的法氏囊绝对重和法氏囊指数均有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.44%处理的最大。综合比较上述各项指标,在本试验条件下,5-8周龄育成期合浦鹅饲粮中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸适宜水平分别为:0.88%,0.40%,0.44%
Two-phase experiments were conducted to study the effect of dietary lysine,methionine and threonine on growth performances,blood biochemical parameters,apparent metabolism rates,slaughter performance and meat quality of Hepu goose.The orthogonal 3×3 factorial trial was used and 9 kinds of diet were designed to determine the proper requirements of dietary lysine,methionine and threonine of Hepu green goose(0-4W)and Hepu gosling(5-8W)
In experiment phase one,270 one day old Hepu green geese were allotted to 9 dietary treatments.Each treatment of 30 geese had 3 replicates. The experimental diets were designed to contain 0.85%,1.00%and 1.15% lysine;0.35%,0.45%and 0.55%methionine;0.55%,0.65%and 0.75% threonine,respectively.The aim was to study the effect of dietary different lysine,methionine and threonine levels on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters,also to determinate appropriate levels of the three nutrients in Hepu green goose.
The results showed that:(1)Lysine factor had significantly effect on average daily gain(P＜0.05),and significantly effect on feed to gain ratio (P＜0.05),The highest average daily gain was observed in 1.00%lysine treatment group;The average daily gain was significantly higher in 0.45% methionine level than in the other levels(P＜0.05);No significant difference on growth performances was obtained in dietary threonine treatments (P＞0.05).(2)The concentration of glyceride in serum was lower in 1.00%lysine treatment than in the others(P＜0.05);Methionine factor had significantly effect on the concentration of uric acid in serum(P＜0.05)and the lowest concentration of uric acid was observed in green goose fed 0.55% lysine level diet;The lowest urea acid in serum was obtained by 0.75%of dietary threonine level(P＜0.05)
Comparing all quotas,under the condition of this experiment,the optimum lysine,methionine,threonine level for 0-4 weeks of Hepu green goose can be:1.00%,0.45%,0.55%,respectively.
In experiment phase two,216 twenty-nine days old Hepu goslings were allotted to 9 dietary treatments.Each treatment of 24 geese had 3 replicates. The experimental diets were designed to contain 0.78%,0.88%and 0.98% lysine;0.30%,0.40%,and 0.50%methionine;0.44%,0.54%and 0.64% threonine,respectively.The aim was to study the effect of dietary different lysine,methionine and threonine levels on growth performance and relative parameters,also to determinate appropriate levels of the three nutrients in Hepu gosling.
The results showed that:(1)The factor of lysine had significantly effect on average daily gain and average daily feed intake(P＜0.01),The highest average daily gain was obtained in 0.88%lysine level diet;The factor of methionine had significantly effect on feed to gain ratio(P＜0.01),The lowest feed to gain ratio was observed in group received 0.40%methionine level diet;There was no significant difference in growth performances among the 3 threonine levels(P＞0.05).(2)Lysine factor had significantly effect on the concentrations of uric acid(P＜0.05)and glyceride(P＜0.01)in serum.The lowest uric acid and glyceride in serum were obtained by 0.98% and 0.88%of dietary lysine level,respectively;The concentration of glyceride was significantly lower in 0.40%methionine level than in the other levels (P＜0.05);There was no significant difference in blood biochemical parameters among the 3 threonine levels(P＞0.05).(3)The apparent metabolism rates of lysine(P＜0.05),methionine(P＜0.01)and threonine (P＜0.01)increased with increasing lysine,methionine,threonine intakes, respectively;threonine factor had significantly effect on apparent metabolism rates of crude protein(P＜0.05).The highest apparent metabolism rates of crude protein was observed in treatment fed 0.44%threonine level diet. Lysine and threonine factors had significantly effect on apparent metabolism rates of arginine(P＜0.05).(4)No significant effect on dressed percentage, percentage of half-eviscerated yield,percentage of eviscerated yield, percentage of leg muscle,percentage of breast muscle and percentage of abdominal fat were observed among the treatment groups(P＜0.05) Howerer,with increasing amino acid intake,those indexes tended to increase expect abdominal fat percentage.(5)Lysine factor had significantly effect on cutting value of leg muscle and meat colour of breast muscle(P＜0.05).The lowest cutting value and the best colour of leg muscle was obtained by 0.78% and 0.88%of dietary lysine level,respectively;Lysine factor had significantly effect on cutting value of breast muscle,percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and leg muscle(P＜0.01).The lowest cutting value of breast muscle,percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and leg muscle were obtained by 0.78%,0.98%and 0.98%of dietary lysine level,respectively. Methionine factor had significantly effect on percentage of retaining water of leg muscle(P＜0.05)and breast muscle(P＜0.01).The lowest percentage of retaining water of leg muscle and breast muscle were obtained by 0.40%of dietary methionine level.Threnine factor had significantly effect on percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and meat colour of leg muscle (P＜0.01).The lowest percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and the best colour of leg muscle were obtained by 0.54%and 0.64%of dietary threnine level,respectively.(6)Lysine factor had significantly effect on the absolute weight of thymus gland and the index of thymus gland(P＜0.01). The higtest absolute weight of thymus gland and index of thymus gland were obtained by 0.98%of dietary lysine level.Methionine factor had significantly effect on the index of thymus gland(P＜0.05).The higtest index of thymus gland was obtained by 0.30%of dietary methionine level.Threnine factor had significantly effect on the absolute weight of gumboro and the index of gumboro(P＜0.05).The higtest absolute weight of gumboro and index of gumboro were obtained by 0.44%of dietary threnine level.
Comparing all quotas,under the condition of this experiment,the optimum lysine,methionine,threnine level for 5-8 weeks of Hepu gosling can be:0.88%,0.40%,0.44%,respectively.
试验阶段一选1日龄合浦雏鹅270羽,随机分为9组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10羽,分别饲喂9种不同氨基酸水平的饲粮,赖氨酸水平分别为0.85%、1.00%、1.15%;蛋氨酸水平分别为0.35%、0.45%、0.55%;苏氨酸水平分别为0.55%、0.65%、0.75%,进行为期四周的饲养试验,研究饲粮不同赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸水平对0-4周龄合浦鹅生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,以确定育雏期合浦鹅饲粮中上述氨基酸的适宜含量。
试验结果表明:(1)饲粮赖氨酸水平对合浦雏鹅日增重和料重比均有显著影响(P＜0.05),以1.00%处理的日增重最高,料重比最低;蛋氨酸水平对日增重和料重比均有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.45%处理的日增重最高,料重比最低;苏氨酸水平对生长性能无显著影响(P＞0.05)。(2)赖氨酸水平对血清甘油三酯的含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以1.00%处理的血清中甘油三酯含量最低;蛋氨酸水平对血清尿酸的含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.55%处理的血清中尿酸的含量最低;苏氨酸水平对血清尿酸的含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.75%处理的血清中尿酸的含量最低。综合比较上述各项指标,在本试验条件下,0-4周龄育雏期合浦鹅饲粮中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸的适宜水平分别为:1.00%,0.45%和0.55%。
试验阶段二选29日龄合浦肉鹅216羽,随机分为9组,每组设3个重复,每个重复8羽,分别饲喂9种不同氨基酸水平的饲粮,赖氨酸水平分别为0.78%、0.88%、0.98%;蛋氨酸水平分别为0.30%、0.40%、0.50%;苏氨酸水平分别为0.44%、0.54%、0.64%,进行为期四周的饲养试验,研究饲粮不同赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸水平对5-8周龄合浦鹅生长性能及相关参数的影响,以确定育成期合浦鹅饲粮中上述氨基酸的适宜含量。
试验结果表明:(1)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅日增重和日采食量均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.88%处理的日增重最高。蛋氨酸对料重比有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.40%处理的料重比最低。苏氨酸对生长性能各指标均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。(2)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅血清中尿酸含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.98%处理的尿酸含量最低,对血清中甘油三酯含量有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.88%处理的甘油三酯含量最低。蛋氨酸对血清中甘油三酯含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.40%处理的含量最低。而苏氨酸对血清中尿酸和甘油三酯含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。(3)赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸的水平分别与赖氨酸代谢率(P＜0.05)、蛋氨酸代谢率(P＜0.01)和苏氨酸代谢率(P＜0.01)呈显著正相关,并且苏氨酸对粗蛋白质表观代谢率有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.44%处理的粗蛋白质表观代谢率最大。赖氨酸和苏氨酸对精氨酸代谢率均有显著影响(P＜0.05)。(4)赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸酸对屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率和腹脂率均无显著影响(P＞0.05),但是,随各种氨基酸水平的提高腹脂趋于降低,而其他各项指标趋于升高。(5)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的腿肌嫩度和腿肌肉色有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.78%处理的腿肌最嫩,以0.88%处理的腿肌肉色最佳,赖氨酸对胸肌嫩度、腿肌和胸肌系水率均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.78%处理的胸肌最嫩,以0.98%处理的腿肌、胸肌系水率最小。蛋氨酸对腿肌系水率有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.40%处理的腿肌系水率最小,对胸肌系水率有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.40%处理的胸肌系水率最小。苏氨酸对胸肌系水率和腿肌肉色均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.54%处理的胸肌系水率最小,以0.64%处理的腿肌肉色最佳。(6)赖氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的胸腺绝对重和胸腺指数均有极显著影响(P＜0.01),以0.98%处理的最大。蛋氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的胸腺指数有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.30%处理的最大。苏氨酸对育成期合浦鹅的法氏囊绝对重和法氏囊指数均有显著影响(P＜0.05),以0.44%处理的最大。综合比较上述各项指标,在本试验条件下,5-8周龄育成期合浦鹅饲粮中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸适宜水平分别为:0.88%,0.40%,0.44%
Two-phase experiments were conducted to study the effect of dietary lysine,methionine and threonine on growth performances,blood biochemical parameters,apparent metabolism rates,slaughter performance and meat quality of Hepu goose.The orthogonal 3×3 factorial trial was used and 9 kinds of diet were designed to determine the proper requirements of dietary lysine,methionine and threonine of Hepu green goose(0-4W)and Hepu gosling(5-8W)
In experiment phase one,270 one day old Hepu green geese were allotted to 9 dietary treatments.Each treatment of 30 geese had 3 replicates. The experimental diets were designed to contain 0.85%,1.00%and 1.15% lysine;0.35%,0.45%and 0.55%methionine;0.55%,0.65%and 0.75% threonine,respectively.The aim was to study the effect of dietary different lysine,methionine and threonine levels on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters,also to determinate appropriate levels of the three nutrients in Hepu green goose.
The results showed that:(1)Lysine factor had significantly effect on average daily gain(P＜0.05),and significantly effect on feed to gain ratio (P＜0.05),The highest average daily gain was observed in 1.00%lysine treatment group;The average daily gain was significantly higher in 0.45% methionine level than in the other levels(P＜0.05);No significant difference on growth performances was obtained in dietary threonine treatments (P＞0.05).(2)The concentration of glyceride in serum was lower in 1.00%lysine treatment than in the others(P＜0.05);Methionine factor had significantly effect on the concentration of uric acid in serum(P＜0.05)and the lowest concentration of uric acid was observed in green goose fed 0.55% lysine level diet;The lowest urea acid in serum was obtained by 0.75%of dietary threonine level(P＜0.05)
Comparing all quotas,under the condition of this experiment,the optimum lysine,methionine,threonine level for 0-4 weeks of Hepu green goose can be:1.00%,0.45%,0.55%,respectively.
In experiment phase two,216 twenty-nine days old Hepu goslings were allotted to 9 dietary treatments.Each treatment of 24 geese had 3 replicates. The experimental diets were designed to contain 0.78%,0.88%and 0.98% lysine;0.30%,0.40%,and 0.50%methionine;0.44%,0.54%and 0.64% threonine,respectively.The aim was to study the effect of dietary different lysine,methionine and threonine levels on growth performance and relative parameters,also to determinate appropriate levels of the three nutrients in Hepu gosling.
The results showed that:(1)The factor of lysine had significantly effect on average daily gain and average daily feed intake(P＜0.01),The highest average daily gain was obtained in 0.88%lysine level diet;The factor of methionine had significantly effect on feed to gain ratio(P＜0.01),The lowest feed to gain ratio was observed in group received 0.40%methionine level diet;There was no significant difference in growth performances among the 3 threonine levels(P＞0.05).(2)Lysine factor had significantly effect on the concentrations of uric acid(P＜0.05)and glyceride(P＜0.01)in serum.The lowest uric acid and glyceride in serum were obtained by 0.98% and 0.88%of dietary lysine level,respectively;The concentration of glyceride was significantly lower in 0.40%methionine level than in the other levels (P＜0.05);There was no significant difference in blood biochemical parameters among the 3 threonine levels(P＞0.05).(3)The apparent metabolism rates of lysine(P＜0.05),methionine(P＜0.01)and threonine (P＜0.01)increased with increasing lysine,methionine,threonine intakes, respectively;threonine factor had significantly effect on apparent metabolism rates of crude protein(P＜0.05).The highest apparent metabolism rates of crude protein was observed in treatment fed 0.44%threonine level diet. Lysine and threonine factors had significantly effect on apparent metabolism rates of arginine(P＜0.05).(4)No significant effect on dressed percentage, percentage of half-eviscerated yield,percentage of eviscerated yield, percentage of leg muscle,percentage of breast muscle and percentage of abdominal fat were observed among the treatment groups(P＜0.05) Howerer,with increasing amino acid intake,those indexes tended to increase expect abdominal fat percentage.(5)Lysine factor had significantly effect on cutting value of leg muscle and meat colour of breast muscle(P＜0.05).The lowest cutting value and the best colour of leg muscle was obtained by 0.78% and 0.88%of dietary lysine level,respectively;Lysine factor had significantly effect on cutting value of breast muscle,percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and leg muscle(P＜0.01).The lowest cutting value of breast muscle,percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and leg muscle were obtained by 0.78%,0.98%and 0.98%of dietary lysine level,respectively. Methionine factor had significantly effect on percentage of retaining water of leg muscle(P＜0.05)and breast muscle(P＜0.01).The lowest percentage of retaining water of leg muscle and breast muscle were obtained by 0.40%of dietary methionine level.Threnine factor had significantly effect on percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and meat colour of leg muscle (P＜0.01).The lowest percentage of retaining water of breast muscle and the best colour of leg muscle were obtained by 0.54%and 0.64%of dietary threnine level,respectively.(6)Lysine factor had significantly effect on the absolute weight of thymus gland and the index of thymus gland(P＜0.01). The higtest absolute weight of thymus gland and index of thymus gland were obtained by 0.98%of dietary lysine level.Methionine factor had significantly effect on the index of thymus gland(P＜0.05).The higtest index of thymus gland was obtained by 0.30%of dietary methionine level.Threnine factor had significantly effect on the absolute weight of gumboro and the index of gumboro(P＜0.05).The higtest absolute weight of gumboro and index of gumboro were obtained by 0.44%of dietary threnine level.
Comparing all quotas,under the condition of this experiment,the optimum lysine,methionine,threnine level for 5-8 weeks of Hepu gosling can be:0.88%,0.40%,0.44%,respectively.
引文
[1]林映才,蒋宗勇,吴世林等.生长—肥育猪可消化赖氨酸需要量的研究[J].中国饲料,1996,(6):19-21.
[2]许万根,计成,戎易等.以可利用氨基酸含量为基础配制蛋鸡日粮的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1993,24(4):312-318.
[3]梁浩仪.猪饲料氨基酸利用率的研究[J].国外畜牧科技,1987,14(5):22-29.
[4]Sodo S Z,Duke G E.Kinetics of absorption of volatile fatty acids from the ceca of domestic turkeys[J].Comp.Biochem.Physical,1980,67(A):231-237.
[5]Bjomhag G,Sperber L.Transport of Various food components through thedigestive tractof turkeys,geese andguinea fowl[J].Swed.J.Agric.Res,1997,(7):57-66.
[6]Parsons C.M.Determination of digestible and available amino acids in meatmeal using conventonal andcaecectomized cockerels of chick growth assays[J].Br.J.Nutr.1986.(56):227-240.
[7]Johns D.C,et al.Determination of amino acid digestibility using caecectomised and intact anult cockerels[J].Brit.Poult.Sci,1986,(27):451-461.
[8]Green S.Digestibilities of amino acids in maize,wheat and barley meal,determined wit intact andcaecectomized cockerels[J].Brit.Pouit.Sci.,1987,(28):631-641.
[9]候水生.鸡盲肠在饲料氨基酸消化率测定中的作用[A].第三届全国畜牧兽医青年科技工作者学术讨论会优秀论文集[C],长春:长春出版社,1996,204-209.
[10]马永喜,常碧影,张宏福.评定猪饲料氨基酸生物学效价的方法[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(2):1-4.
[11]计成.去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡测定饲料氨基酸消化率的比较研究[J].中国动物营养学报,1992,4(20):1-9.
[12]Rhone-Poulenc.Nutrition Guide.Feed Formulation With Digestible Amino Acids[M].First edition,Rhone-Roulenc Animal Nutrition,Commentry,France 1989.
[13]任鹏,杜荣,张宏福.正常及去盲肠公鸡以四种蛋白质饲料氨基酸利用率的比较研究[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(1):27-34.
[14]刘超,高宗耀,卢兴民等.麦饭石对家禽酵母饲料消化率的影响[J].西北农业学报,1998,7(1):14-17.
[15]沈银书,霍启光.应用回归分析估测猪鸡饲料氨基酸消化率或利用率的研究进展[J].中国饲料,1995,(5):17-20.
[16]许万根,计成,戎易等.应用sibbale“TME”方法测定鸡饲料氨基酸利用率的研究.饲料工业,1992,13(8):7-10.
[17]计成,许成根,戎易等.DBL法与Sibbale“TME”方法测定可利用氨基酸的比较研究[J].饲料工业,1991,12(7):29-30.
[18]沈维华.染料综合法(DBL)测定有效氨基酸含量的准确度研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,1989,25(4):9-11.
[19]李建凡.从可溶性蛋白指数估算菜籽饼氨基酸利用率[J].饲料工业.1994,15(9):20-21.
[20]Baker D.H.Animal health and nutrition.1986,3(32):28-29.
[21]Fisher,C.Protein deposition in poultry.in protein deposition in animals.Buttery,P.J.and Lindsay,D.B.(Ed.).London:Butterworths,1980,251-270.
[22]贺建华,王康宁.肉鸭氨基酸需要量的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1996,27(2).105-113.
[23]尹清强,韩友文.利用析因法测定产蛋必需氨基酸需要量及建立氨基酸模型[J].畜牧与兽医,1996,(05):195-198.
[24]田河,杨桂芹,刘显军等.以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮对蛋用种母鸡繁殖性能和蛋白质代谢的影响.中国饲料,2006,(11):22-24.
[25]Scott,M.L,M.C.Nesheim and R.J.Young.Nutrition of the chicken[M].Scott & ssociates,Ithaca,New York,1969.
[26]罗兰,王丹莉,张卫红等.日粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸水平对不同性别肉鸡生长性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,1994,30(2):8-10.
[27]吴维辉,蒋宗勇.中后期肉鸡可消化蛋氨酸需求参数的研究[J].饲料工业,1997,18(8):17-20.
[28]Lien T.F.and D.F Jan.The efect on the lipid metabolism of tsaiya ducks when high levels of choline or methionine are added to the ducks diet.Asian-Aus.J.Anim.Sci.1999,12(7):1090-1095.
[29]Zimmerman,R.A.and H.M.Scott.Interaction of plasma amino acid level and weight gain in the chicks as influenced by suboptimal dietary concentration of single amino acid.Journal of Nutrition [J].1965,87:13-16.
[30]Lewias A.J.and E.R.Peo.Determination of the optimum dietary proportion of lysine and tryptophan for growing rats based on growth,feed intake and plasma,metabolites[J].Joumal of Nutrition,1977,71:1361.
[31]Shin I.S.,F.N.Owens and J.E.Pettigrow er al.Apportioning histidine requirement for maintenance versus growth[J].Nutrition Research,1991,11:1451.
[32]Schuttle,J B and M Pack,1995.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler chicks from fourteen to thirty eight days of age,Performance and carcass yield.Poultry Science 74:480-493.
[33]Hicking,D W,Guenter and M E Jackson.The effect of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield.Can J Anim,Sci.1990,70:673-678.
[34]Kassim,Suwanpradit.The effect of dietary energy levels on the carcass composition of the broilers.Austria-Asia J.Animal Science.1996,9(3):331-335.
[35]Komegay,E.T.,Lindemann,M.D.and Ravindran,V.Effects of dietary lysine levels on performance and immune response of weanling pigs housed at two floor space allowances[J].J Anim Sci.1993,71(3):552-556.
[36]Roberson,R.H.,and Francis,D.W.The lysine requirement of white Chinese goslings[J].Poult Sci.1966,45(2):324-329.
[37]Nitsan,Z.,Dvorin,A.and Nit,I.Protein,essential amino acids and glycine requirements of the growing gosling(Anser cireneus)[J].Br J Nutr.1983,50(2):455-461.
[38].Summers,J.D.,G.Humik,and S.Leeson.Carcass composition and protein utilization of Embden geese fed varying levels of dietary protein supplemented with lysine and methionine[J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1987,67:159
[39]Mateova,Z.,S.Koci,V.Gergelyiova,and R.Svec.Lysine requirements of broiler goslings[J].Biol.Chem.Zivocisne Vyroby.1980,6:555.
[40]NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Poultry[M].9thED.Washington DC:National Academy Press,1994.
[41]李文立.不同蛋氨酸和赖氨酸添加水平对五龙鹅生产性能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医2004,(1):30-31.
[42]Znaniecka,Frydrychewicz,J.&Buraczewski,S.Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki.1975,96:97-107.
[43]Lu J J,Hsu A and Chen Y H et al.The choline and methionine requirements of goslings[J].Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science.1992,21(2):157-168.
[44]曹光辛,张克敏.四季鹅仔鹅放牧条件下不同营养水平精料补饲试验[J].中国家禽,1997,(8):11-13.
[45]Han,Y,H.Suzuki,C.M.Parson andD.H.Baker.Amino acid fortification of alow protein com-soyabean meal diet for maximal weight gain and feed efficiency of the chick.Poult.Sci 1992,71:1168-1178.
[46]Femandez,S.R,S.Aoyagi.Y.Han.C.M.Parsons and D.H.Baker.Limiting order of amino acid in corn and soyabean meal for growth of the chick.Poult.Sci.1994,73:1887-1896.
[47]Kidd,M.T,B.J.Kerr and N.B.Anthony.Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in broilers.Poult.Sci.1997,76:608-614.
[48]Davis,A.J and R.E.Austic.Threonine imbalance and threonine requirement of chicken[J].Nutri.1982,112:2170-2176.
[49]Fuller M F.The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.2.Requirement for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion[J].Br.Nutr.1989,62:255-267.
[50]王勇生.0-21日龄北京鸭色氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸需要量的研究.两北农林科技人学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(7):25-30.
[51]Hill,F.M.and L.M.Dansky.Studies of the protein requirement of chicks and its relation to dietary energy level,poultry Science,1950,29:763.
[52]霍启光.肉仔鸡能量营养禽要的研究(第一报):肉仔鸡不同能最浓度日粮采食量调节能力的测定.北京农学院报,1987,1:46-53.
[53]Lewis,E.E.Studies on the nature of the nutritional deficiencies of wheat gluten meal.J.Nutr.1951,43:113-130.
[54]蔡辉益,文杰.NRC家禽营养需要[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994.
[55]Morris,T.T.Effeects of protein concentration on responses of dietary lysine by chicks.British poultry Sciece,1987,28:185-195.
[56]Jensen,L.S.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler from 3-6weeks of age.Poultry Science,1989,163-168.
[57]Huyghebaert,G.,Pack,M & D.E Groote,G.Influence of protein concentration on the response of broilers to supplemental DL-methionne.Archiv.Anim.Nutr,1994,58:23-29.
[58]Barbour,G.Lysine requirement of broiler chicks affected by protein source and method of statistical evaluation.British Poultry Science,1993,34:747-756.
[59]Lewis,D.World Congresson Animal Feeding,1978,3:231-243.
[60]Scot,R L.and R.E.Austic..Influence of dietary potassium on lysine metabolism in the chick.Journal of Nutrition,1978,108:137-144.
[61]Uneo,K.1998.Research of arginine and lysine requirements of broilers.Ph.D.Dissertation.Niigata University.
[62]蔡辉益,张姝,C.N.Coon,1996,肉仔鸡蛋氮酸与肤氨酸营养代谢及其需要量的研究,冯仰 廉 主编,中国畜牧兽医学会第十届全国会员代表大会里学术年会论文集,P38-44.
[63]Baker,D.H.and Y Hart.Sulfur amino acid requirement and cystine requirement value during the first three weeks posthatching.Poultry Science,1996,75:737-742
[64]Huyghebaert,G.,Pack,M&D.E Groote,G.Influence of protein concentration on the response of broilers to supplemental DL-methionne.Archiv.Anim,Nutr,1994,58:23-29.
[65]程红娜.合浦鹅饲粮能量、粗蛋向质、钙和磷适宜水平的研究.广本大学硕士论文
[66]Mack,S.,D.Bercovici.,G.D.E.Groote.,B.Leclercq.,M.Lippens.,M.Pack.,J.B.Schutte and S.Van.Canwenberghe.Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification for broiler chickens of 20 to 40 days of age.Brit.Poult.Sci,1999,40:257-265.
[67]Holsheimer J.P.,etal.Effect of dietary energy protein and lysine content on performance and yields of two strains of male broiler chicks.Poultry Science,1992,71(5):872-879.
[68]Edwards H.M,J.R.Norris and G.F.Heuser.Studies on the lysine requirement of chicks.Poultry Science,1956,35:385-390.
[69]Hickling D.,etal.The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield.Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1990,70(2):673-678.
[70]Pepper W.F,etal.Value of supplementary methionine for turkey diets.Poultry Science,1955,34(4):957-962.
[71]Murillo M.G.and L.S.Jensen.Methionine requirement of development turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age.Poultry Science,1976,55(4):1414-1418.
[72]Pack M.and J.B.Schutte.Sulfar amino acid requirement of broiler chicks from four teen to thirty-eight days of age.2.Economic evaluation.Poultry Science,1995,74(3):488-493.
[73]Scott ML,Nesheim M C,Young R J.Nutrition of the Chicken[M].3rd ed.New York:Scott and Associates,1982.
[74]王纪亭.肉鸡日粮中赖氨酸与精氨酸适宜比例的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1997(03):217-224.
[75]Miles R D,Featherston WR.Uric acid excretion by the chickens as an indicator of dietary protein quality[J].Poultry Sci,1976,55:98-102.
[76]Elkin R G,Stewart T S,Rogler J C.Methionine requirement of male white Peking ducklings[J].Poultry SCi,1986,65:1771-1776.
[77]陈继兰,侯水生,吕连山等.石歧黄肉鸡前期日粮含硫氨基酸和赖氨酸需要量的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1997,28(5):394-400.
[78]罗清尧,高振川.北京肉仔鸭蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需要量研究[J].动物营养学报,2002,14(3):30-35.
[79]Amnbode,F.O.Hepatic xomthinede hydrogenase and plasma uric acid in broiler chickens fed various amonts of dietary methionine protein and energy.Journal of Agricultural Science,Cambodia.1984,103:497-502
[80]汪尧春,王庆民,宁中华.矮小型褐壳蛋鸡蛋白质和含硫氨基酸需要量的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志, 1997,33(1):10-12.
[81]李文立.五龙鹅生长前期饲粮蛋氨酸和赖氨酸适宜水平的研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2004,27(2):68-71.
[82]Miles,R.D.,and W.R.Featherston.Uric acid excretion as an indicator of the amino acid requirement of chicks.Proceedings of the society For Experimental Biology and Medicine.1974,145:686-689.
[83]Bacon,W.L.,K.E.Nestor,and E.C.,Naber.Predicition of carcass composition of turkeys by blood lipids.Poultry Science,1989,68:1282-1288.
[84]Stanley C C,Williams C C,Jenny BF,Fernandez JM.Effects of feeding milk replacer once versus twice daily on glucose metabolism in Hoslstein and Jersey calres.Jlumal of Dairy Science,2002,85(9):2335-2343.
[85]杨凤.动物营养学(第2版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:131.
[86]Waldroup,Tidwell,Lzat.The effects of energy and amino acid levels on performance and carcass quality of male and female broilers fed separately.Poultry Science,1991,69:1513-1521.
[87]翟少伟,武永厚.过量赖氨酸对产蛋鸡日粮氨基酸消化率影响的研究[J].广东饲料,2003,12(2):24-25.
[88]姚军虎,王康宁,李宏山等.肉鸡饲粮氨基酸表观代谢率与其摄入量之关系[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(3):16-18.
[89]Kassim,Suwanpradit.The effect of dietary energy levels on the carcass composition of starter and finisher broilers.Animal Science,1996,9(3):261-266.
[90]Moran.Carcass quality changes with the broiler chicken after dietary protein restriction during the growing phase and finishing period compensatory growth.Poultry Science,1979,58:1257-1270.
[91]Jackson.J.D,Summers J D,Leesons.Effect of dietary protein and energy on broiler carcass composition and efficiency of nutrient utilization.poultry science,1982,61:2224-2231.
[92]Becker,Spencer,Mirosh.Predictions of fat and fat free live weight in broiler chickens using backskin fat,abdominal fat and live body weight.Poultry Sceence,1979,58:835-842.
[93]Carew,L.B.Journal of Nutrition,1961,74:185
[94]Jensen.L.S.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler from 3-6 weekso f age.Poultry Science,1989,163-168
[95]Hickling,D.and W.Guenter,1990.Research note:comparison of weights for left and right.
[96]Moran,E.T.and S.F.Bilgili.Processing losses,carcass yield quality and meat yields of broiler chickens receiving diets marginally deficient to adequate in lysine prior to marketing poult.Sci,1990,69:702-710.
[97]Han,Y and D.H.Baker.Digestible lysine requirement of male and female broiler chicks during the period three to six weeks posthatching.Poult Sci,1994,73:1739-1745.
[98]Leclercq,B.Specific effects of lysine on broiler production:Comparision with threonine and valine.poultry Science,1998,77:118-123.
[99]Acar,N.Live performance and carcass yield of male broilers from two commercialstrain crosses receiving rations containing lysine below and above the established requirement between six and eight weeks of age.poultry Science,1991,70:2315-2321.
[100]武书庚等.肉品质风味的形成及其影响因素[J].中国畜牧杂志,2001,37(3):53-55.
[101]王德前,陈国宏.影响鸡肉品质的主要因素[J].中国家禽,2002,24(8):32-33.
[102]Kidd.M.T.,Lerner.S.P.,Allard.J.P.,etc.Threonine needs of finishing broilers:Growth,carcass,and Economic responses[J].J Appl Poult Res,1999,8:160-169.
[103]Sibbald L.R.and M.S.,Wolynetz.Effects of dietary lysine and feed intake on energy utilization and tissue synthesis by broiler chicks.poultry Science,1986,65(1):98-105.
[104]Shutte,J.B and M.pack.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler chicks from fourteen to thirty eight days of age.I,performance and carcass yield.Poultry Science,1995,74:480-493.
[2]许万根,计成,戎易等.以可利用氨基酸含量为基础配制蛋鸡日粮的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1993,24(4):312-318.
[3]梁浩仪.猪饲料氨基酸利用率的研究[J].国外畜牧科技,1987,14(5):22-29.
[4]Sodo S Z,Duke G E.Kinetics of absorption of volatile fatty acids from the ceca of domestic turkeys[J].Comp.Biochem.Physical,1980,67(A):231-237.
[5]Bjomhag G,Sperber L.Transport of Various food components through thedigestive tractof turkeys,geese andguinea fowl[J].Swed.J.Agric.Res,1997,(7):57-66.
[6]Parsons C.M.Determination of digestible and available amino acids in meatmeal using conventonal andcaecectomized cockerels of chick growth assays[J].Br.J.Nutr.1986.(56):227-240.
[7]Johns D.C,et al.Determination of amino acid digestibility using caecectomised and intact anult cockerels[J].Brit.Poult.Sci,1986,(27):451-461.
[8]Green S.Digestibilities of amino acids in maize,wheat and barley meal,determined wit intact andcaecectomized cockerels[J].Brit.Pouit.Sci.,1987,(28):631-641.
[9]候水生.鸡盲肠在饲料氨基酸消化率测定中的作用[A].第三届全国畜牧兽医青年科技工作者学术讨论会优秀论文集[C],长春:长春出版社,1996,204-209.
[10]马永喜,常碧影,张宏福.评定猪饲料氨基酸生物学效价的方法[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(2):1-4.
[11]计成.去盲肠和未去盲肠公鸡测定饲料氨基酸消化率的比较研究[J].中国动物营养学报,1992,4(20):1-9.
[12]Rhone-Poulenc.Nutrition Guide.Feed Formulation With Digestible Amino Acids[M].First edition,Rhone-Roulenc Animal Nutrition,Commentry,France 1989.
[13]任鹏,杜荣,张宏福.正常及去盲肠公鸡以四种蛋白质饲料氨基酸利用率的比较研究[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(1):27-34.
[14]刘超,高宗耀,卢兴民等.麦饭石对家禽酵母饲料消化率的影响[J].西北农业学报,1998,7(1):14-17.
[15]沈银书,霍启光.应用回归分析估测猪鸡饲料氨基酸消化率或利用率的研究进展[J].中国饲料,1995,(5):17-20.
[16]许万根,计成,戎易等.应用sibbale“TME”方法测定鸡饲料氨基酸利用率的研究.饲料工业,1992,13(8):7-10.
[17]计成,许成根,戎易等.DBL法与Sibbale“TME”方法测定可利用氨基酸的比较研究[J].饲料工业,1991,12(7):29-30.
[18]沈维华.染料综合法(DBL)测定有效氨基酸含量的准确度研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,1989,25(4):9-11.
[19]李建凡.从可溶性蛋白指数估算菜籽饼氨基酸利用率[J].饲料工业.1994,15(9):20-21.
[20]Baker D.H.Animal health and nutrition.1986,3(32):28-29.
[21]Fisher,C.Protein deposition in poultry.in protein deposition in animals.Buttery,P.J.and Lindsay,D.B.(Ed.).London:Butterworths,1980,251-270.
[22]贺建华,王康宁.肉鸭氨基酸需要量的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1996,27(2).105-113.
[23]尹清强,韩友文.利用析因法测定产蛋必需氨基酸需要量及建立氨基酸模型[J].畜牧与兽医,1996,(05):195-198.
[24]田河,杨桂芹,刘显军等.以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮对蛋用种母鸡繁殖性能和蛋白质代谢的影响.中国饲料,2006,(11):22-24.
[25]Scott,M.L,M.C.Nesheim and R.J.Young.Nutrition of the chicken[M].Scott & ssociates,Ithaca,New York,1969.
[26]罗兰,王丹莉,张卫红等.日粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸水平对不同性别肉鸡生长性能的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,1994,30(2):8-10.
[27]吴维辉,蒋宗勇.中后期肉鸡可消化蛋氨酸需求参数的研究[J].饲料工业,1997,18(8):17-20.
[28]Lien T.F.and D.F Jan.The efect on the lipid metabolism of tsaiya ducks when high levels of choline or methionine are added to the ducks diet.Asian-Aus.J.Anim.Sci.1999,12(7):1090-1095.
[29]Zimmerman,R.A.and H.M.Scott.Interaction of plasma amino acid level and weight gain in the chicks as influenced by suboptimal dietary concentration of single amino acid.Journal of Nutrition [J].1965,87:13-16.
[30]Lewias A.J.and E.R.Peo.Determination of the optimum dietary proportion of lysine and tryptophan for growing rats based on growth,feed intake and plasma,metabolites[J].Joumal of Nutrition,1977,71:1361.
[31]Shin I.S.,F.N.Owens and J.E.Pettigrow er al.Apportioning histidine requirement for maintenance versus growth[J].Nutrition Research,1991,11:1451.
[32]Schuttle,J B and M Pack,1995.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler chicks from fourteen to thirty eight days of age,Performance and carcass yield.Poultry Science 74:480-493.
[33]Hicking,D W,Guenter and M E Jackson.The effect of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield.Can J Anim,Sci.1990,70:673-678.
[34]Kassim,Suwanpradit.The effect of dietary energy levels on the carcass composition of the broilers.Austria-Asia J.Animal Science.1996,9(3):331-335.
[35]Komegay,E.T.,Lindemann,M.D.and Ravindran,V.Effects of dietary lysine levels on performance and immune response of weanling pigs housed at two floor space allowances[J].J Anim Sci.1993,71(3):552-556.
[36]Roberson,R.H.,and Francis,D.W.The lysine requirement of white Chinese goslings[J].Poult Sci.1966,45(2):324-329.
[37]Nitsan,Z.,Dvorin,A.and Nit,I.Protein,essential amino acids and glycine requirements of the growing gosling(Anser cireneus)[J].Br J Nutr.1983,50(2):455-461.
[38].Summers,J.D.,G.Humik,and S.Leeson.Carcass composition and protein utilization of Embden geese fed varying levels of dietary protein supplemented with lysine and methionine[J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1987,67:159
[39]Mateova,Z.,S.Koci,V.Gergelyiova,and R.Svec.Lysine requirements of broiler goslings[J].Biol.Chem.Zivocisne Vyroby.1980,6:555.
[40]NRC.Nutrient Requirements of Poultry[M].9thED.Washington DC:National Academy Press,1994.
[41]李文立.不同蛋氨酸和赖氨酸添加水平对五龙鹅生产性能的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医2004,(1):30-31.
[42]Znaniecka,Frydrychewicz,J.&Buraczewski,S.Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki.1975,96:97-107.
[43]Lu J J,Hsu A and Chen Y H et al.The choline and methionine requirements of goslings[J].Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science.1992,21(2):157-168.
[44]曹光辛,张克敏.四季鹅仔鹅放牧条件下不同营养水平精料补饲试验[J].中国家禽,1997,(8):11-13.
[45]Han,Y,H.Suzuki,C.M.Parson andD.H.Baker.Amino acid fortification of alow protein com-soyabean meal diet for maximal weight gain and feed efficiency of the chick.Poult.Sci 1992,71:1168-1178.
[46]Femandez,S.R,S.Aoyagi.Y.Han.C.M.Parsons and D.H.Baker.Limiting order of amino acid in corn and soyabean meal for growth of the chick.Poult.Sci.1994,73:1887-1896.
[47]Kidd,M.T,B.J.Kerr and N.B.Anthony.Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in broilers.Poult.Sci.1997,76:608-614.
[48]Davis,A.J and R.E.Austic.Threonine imbalance and threonine requirement of chicken[J].Nutri.1982,112:2170-2176.
[49]Fuller M F.The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.2.Requirement for maintenance and for tissue protein accretion[J].Br.Nutr.1989,62:255-267.
[50]王勇生.0-21日龄北京鸭色氨酸、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸需要量的研究.两北农林科技人学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(7):25-30.
[51]Hill,F.M.and L.M.Dansky.Studies of the protein requirement of chicks and its relation to dietary energy level,poultry Science,1950,29:763.
[52]霍启光.肉仔鸡能量营养禽要的研究(第一报):肉仔鸡不同能最浓度日粮采食量调节能力的测定.北京农学院报,1987,1:46-53.
[53]Lewis,E.E.Studies on the nature of the nutritional deficiencies of wheat gluten meal.J.Nutr.1951,43:113-130.
[54]蔡辉益,文杰.NRC家禽营养需要[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994.
[55]Morris,T.T.Effeects of protein concentration on responses of dietary lysine by chicks.British poultry Sciece,1987,28:185-195.
[56]Jensen,L.S.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler from 3-6weeks of age.Poultry Science,1989,163-168.
[57]Huyghebaert,G.,Pack,M & D.E Groote,G.Influence of protein concentration on the response of broilers to supplemental DL-methionne.Archiv.Anim.Nutr,1994,58:23-29.
[58]Barbour,G.Lysine requirement of broiler chicks affected by protein source and method of statistical evaluation.British Poultry Science,1993,34:747-756.
[59]Lewis,D.World Congresson Animal Feeding,1978,3:231-243.
[60]Scot,R L.and R.E.Austic..Influence of dietary potassium on lysine metabolism in the chick.Journal of Nutrition,1978,108:137-144.
[61]Uneo,K.1998.Research of arginine and lysine requirements of broilers.Ph.D.Dissertation.Niigata University.
[62]蔡辉益,张姝,C.N.Coon,1996,肉仔鸡蛋氮酸与肤氨酸营养代谢及其需要量的研究,冯仰 廉 主编,中国畜牧兽医学会第十届全国会员代表大会里学术年会论文集,P38-44.
[63]Baker,D.H.and Y Hart.Sulfur amino acid requirement and cystine requirement value during the first three weeks posthatching.Poultry Science,1996,75:737-742
[64]Huyghebaert,G.,Pack,M&D.E Groote,G.Influence of protein concentration on the response of broilers to supplemental DL-methionne.Archiv.Anim,Nutr,1994,58:23-29.
[65]程红娜.合浦鹅饲粮能量、粗蛋向质、钙和磷适宜水平的研究.广本大学硕士论文
[66]Mack,S.,D.Bercovici.,G.D.E.Groote.,B.Leclercq.,M.Lippens.,M.Pack.,J.B.Schutte and S.Van.Canwenberghe.Ideal amino acid profile and dietary lysine specification for broiler chickens of 20 to 40 days of age.Brit.Poult.Sci,1999,40:257-265.
[67]Holsheimer J.P.,etal.Effect of dietary energy protein and lysine content on performance and yields of two strains of male broiler chicks.Poultry Science,1992,71(5):872-879.
[68]Edwards H.M,J.R.Norris and G.F.Heuser.Studies on the lysine requirement of chicks.Poultry Science,1956,35:385-390.
[69]Hickling D.,etal.The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield.Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1990,70(2):673-678.
[70]Pepper W.F,etal.Value of supplementary methionine for turkey diets.Poultry Science,1955,34(4):957-962.
[71]Murillo M.G.and L.S.Jensen.Methionine requirement of development turkeys from 8-12 weeks of age.Poultry Science,1976,55(4):1414-1418.
[72]Pack M.and J.B.Schutte.Sulfar amino acid requirement of broiler chicks from four teen to thirty-eight days of age.2.Economic evaluation.Poultry Science,1995,74(3):488-493.
[73]Scott ML,Nesheim M C,Young R J.Nutrition of the Chicken[M].3rd ed.New York:Scott and Associates,1982.
[74]王纪亭.肉鸡日粮中赖氨酸与精氨酸适宜比例的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1997(03):217-224.
[75]Miles R D,Featherston WR.Uric acid excretion by the chickens as an indicator of dietary protein quality[J].Poultry Sci,1976,55:98-102.
[76]Elkin R G,Stewart T S,Rogler J C.Methionine requirement of male white Peking ducklings[J].Poultry SCi,1986,65:1771-1776.
[77]陈继兰,侯水生,吕连山等.石歧黄肉鸡前期日粮含硫氨基酸和赖氨酸需要量的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1997,28(5):394-400.
[78]罗清尧,高振川.北京肉仔鸭蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需要量研究[J].动物营养学报,2002,14(3):30-35.
[79]Amnbode,F.O.Hepatic xomthinede hydrogenase and plasma uric acid in broiler chickens fed various amonts of dietary methionine protein and energy.Journal of Agricultural Science,Cambodia.1984,103:497-502
[80]汪尧春,王庆民,宁中华.矮小型褐壳蛋鸡蛋白质和含硫氨基酸需要量的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志, 1997,33(1):10-12.
[81]李文立.五龙鹅生长前期饲粮蛋氨酸和赖氨酸适宜水平的研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2004,27(2):68-71.
[82]Miles,R.D.,and W.R.Featherston.Uric acid excretion as an indicator of the amino acid requirement of chicks.Proceedings of the society For Experimental Biology and Medicine.1974,145:686-689.
[83]Bacon,W.L.,K.E.Nestor,and E.C.,Naber.Predicition of carcass composition of turkeys by blood lipids.Poultry Science,1989,68:1282-1288.
[84]Stanley C C,Williams C C,Jenny BF,Fernandez JM.Effects of feeding milk replacer once versus twice daily on glucose metabolism in Hoslstein and Jersey calres.Jlumal of Dairy Science,2002,85(9):2335-2343.
[85]杨凤.动物营养学(第2版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:131.
[86]Waldroup,Tidwell,Lzat.The effects of energy and amino acid levels on performance and carcass quality of male and female broilers fed separately.Poultry Science,1991,69:1513-1521.
[87]翟少伟,武永厚.过量赖氨酸对产蛋鸡日粮氨基酸消化率影响的研究[J].广东饲料,2003,12(2):24-25.
[88]姚军虎,王康宁,李宏山等.肉鸡饲粮氨基酸表观代谢率与其摄入量之关系[J].西北农业学报,2000,9(3):16-18.
[89]Kassim,Suwanpradit.The effect of dietary energy levels on the carcass composition of starter and finisher broilers.Animal Science,1996,9(3):261-266.
[90]Moran.Carcass quality changes with the broiler chicken after dietary protein restriction during the growing phase and finishing period compensatory growth.Poultry Science,1979,58:1257-1270.
[91]Jackson.J.D,Summers J D,Leesons.Effect of dietary protein and energy on broiler carcass composition and efficiency of nutrient utilization.poultry science,1982,61:2224-2231.
[92]Becker,Spencer,Mirosh.Predictions of fat and fat free live weight in broiler chickens using backskin fat,abdominal fat and live body weight.Poultry Sceence,1979,58:835-842.
[93]Carew,L.B.Journal of Nutrition,1961,74:185
[94]Jensen.L.S.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler from 3-6 weekso f age.Poultry Science,1989,163-168
[95]Hickling,D.and W.Guenter,1990.Research note:comparison of weights for left and right.
[96]Moran,E.T.and S.F.Bilgili.Processing losses,carcass yield quality and meat yields of broiler chickens receiving diets marginally deficient to adequate in lysine prior to marketing poult.Sci,1990,69:702-710.
[97]Han,Y and D.H.Baker.Digestible lysine requirement of male and female broiler chicks during the period three to six weeks posthatching.Poult Sci,1994,73:1739-1745.
[98]Leclercq,B.Specific effects of lysine on broiler production:Comparision with threonine and valine.poultry Science,1998,77:118-123.
[99]Acar,N.Live performance and carcass yield of male broilers from two commercialstrain crosses receiving rations containing lysine below and above the established requirement between six and eight weeks of age.poultry Science,1991,70:2315-2321.
[100]武书庚等.肉品质风味的形成及其影响因素[J].中国畜牧杂志,2001,37(3):53-55.
[101]王德前,陈国宏.影响鸡肉品质的主要因素[J].中国家禽,2002,24(8):32-33.
[102]Kidd.M.T.,Lerner.S.P.,Allard.J.P.,etc.Threonine needs of finishing broilers:Growth,carcass,and Economic responses[J].J Appl Poult Res,1999,8:160-169.
[103]Sibbald L.R.and M.S.,Wolynetz.Effects of dietary lysine and feed intake on energy utilization and tissue synthesis by broiler chicks.poultry Science,1986,65(1):98-105.
[104]Shutte,J.B and M.pack.Sulfur amino acid requirement of broiler chicks from fourteen to thirty eight days of age.I,performance and carcass yield.Poultry Science,1995,74:480-493.