闭式热源塔热泵技术的基础理论与试验研究
摘要
能源是社会进步的保证是可持续发展的基础,而能源的过度开发及消费累计的效应产生了越来越严重的环境污染问题,制约经济发展影响人类的生存条件。根据相关文献在发达国家的能量消耗中,建筑物能耗约占总能耗的30%~40%,在我国2008年已达到25%,并一直呈上升趋势。其中用于建筑空调和采暖的能源消耗量占了主要部分。合理的空调冷热源及空调系统的选择对减少能耗、坚持可持续发展的方针战略具有重要意义,因此对新型节能空调系统的研发是很有必要的。
本文首先总结了空气源热泵的特点及发展现状并提出了一种新型的热泵空调系统——热源塔热泵。热源塔或称冷热源塔,是指利用外置循环工质,即时按需采集空气中冷源或热源的一种装置。系统成套设备中的冷热源塔通过对冷却塔结构进行改造,利用二级循环换热方式解决冬季运行时结霜问题,实现换热塔冬夏季两用。
本文对闭式热源塔热泵成套装置的关键技术做出分析,并基于传热学基础理论对冷热源塔的换热器传热工况做出分析,研究了影响热泵系统换热效率的主要因素,提出了未来对热源塔热泵系统优化的三大方向:冷热源塔内换热器的结构优化、闭式循环介质的选择优化、防霜装置及其控制装置的优化。
最后通过对一个采用闭式热源塔热泵系统的实际工程的试验研究,分析考察了现阶段闭式热源塔热泵系统在冬季极端天气条件下的总换热量、总耗功率及系统综合性能系数。
Energy is the guarantee of social progress and the basis for sustainable development. But over-exploitation and consumption of energy produced increasingly serous effects of environmental pollution, restricting development of economic and improvement of human condition. According to the paper, building energy consumption amounts to about 30%~40% in primary energy consumption of developed countries. It is above 25% of our country primary energy consumption in 2001 and on the rise. Energy consumption for HVAC system is a major part of building energy consumption. Reasonable selection of air-conditoning system and cold and heat sources are significant to Sustainable Development Strategy. It is necessary to insist on the development of new energy-saving air-conditioning system. In this paper, firstly summarized the characteristics and development of air source heat pump and presents a new type of air-conditoning system——Heating Tower Heat Pump System. Heating Tower Heat Pump System is a device which use an external refrigerant cycle, collecting cold and heat on-demand in time. Through upgrading the structure of the cooling tower, cooling or heating tower in Heating Tower Heat Pump System can inhibiting frost in winter so can run both in summer and winter.
This paper analyzes the key technologies of Closed Heating Tower Heat Pump System and analyzes heat transfer conditions of the heat exchanger in cooling or heating tower based on the basic theory of heat transfer. Then, studied the main factors which affect heat transfer efficiency of heat pump system, present three major directions for system optimization of Closed Heating Tower Heat Pump: structure optimization of heat exchanger in cooling or heating tower; selection of closed circulating medium; optimization of defrost device and control system.
Last, trough a experment of a actual project which use Closed Heating Tower Heat Pump System, detect the total heat exchange capacity and total power consumption and COP in extremely poor weather conditions in winter.
本文首先总结了空气源热泵的特点及发展现状并提出了一种新型的热泵空调系统——热源塔热泵。热源塔或称冷热源塔,是指利用外置循环工质,即时按需采集空气中冷源或热源的一种装置。系统成套设备中的冷热源塔通过对冷却塔结构进行改造,利用二级循环换热方式解决冬季运行时结霜问题,实现换热塔冬夏季两用。
本文对闭式热源塔热泵成套装置的关键技术做出分析,并基于传热学基础理论对冷热源塔的换热器传热工况做出分析,研究了影响热泵系统换热效率的主要因素,提出了未来对热源塔热泵系统优化的三大方向:冷热源塔内换热器的结构优化、闭式循环介质的选择优化、防霜装置及其控制装置的优化。
最后通过对一个采用闭式热源塔热泵系统的实际工程的试验研究,分析考察了现阶段闭式热源塔热泵系统在冬季极端天气条件下的总换热量、总耗功率及系统综合性能系数。
Energy is the guarantee of social progress and the basis for sustainable development. But over-exploitation and consumption of energy produced increasingly serous effects of environmental pollution, restricting development of economic and improvement of human condition. According to the paper, building energy consumption amounts to about 30%~40% in primary energy consumption of developed countries. It is above 25% of our country primary energy consumption in 2001 and on the rise. Energy consumption for HVAC system is a major part of building energy consumption. Reasonable selection of air-conditoning system and cold and heat sources are significant to Sustainable Development Strategy. It is necessary to insist on the development of new energy-saving air-conditioning system. In this paper, firstly summarized the characteristics and development of air source heat pump and presents a new type of air-conditoning system——Heating Tower Heat Pump System. Heating Tower Heat Pump System is a device which use an external refrigerant cycle, collecting cold and heat on-demand in time. Through upgrading the structure of the cooling tower, cooling or heating tower in Heating Tower Heat Pump System can inhibiting frost in winter so can run both in summer and winter.
This paper analyzes the key technologies of Closed Heating Tower Heat Pump System and analyzes heat transfer conditions of the heat exchanger in cooling or heating tower based on the basic theory of heat transfer. Then, studied the main factors which affect heat transfer efficiency of heat pump system, present three major directions for system optimization of Closed Heating Tower Heat Pump: structure optimization of heat exchanger in cooling or heating tower; selection of closed circulating medium; optimization of defrost device and control system.
Last, trough a experment of a actual project which use Closed Heating Tower Heat Pump System, detect the total heat exchange capacity and total power consumption and COP in extremely poor weather conditions in winter.
引文
[1]赵庆波,单葆国.世界能源需求现状及展望.中国能源, 2002, 21(2): 34-36
[2]韩景成.中国能源消费结构优化问题.中国能源, 2002, 37(6): 10-13
[3]周凤起.中国能源工业面临的挑战.中国能源, 2002, 25(2): 34-36
[4]张恩祥,李春旺,陈淑琴等.办公建筑空调系统能耗评价及节能潜力评估.节能技术, 2008, 26(4): 295-299
[5]范存养,龙惟定.面向地球环境时代的空调技术.中国能源, 2002, 23(6): 37-40
[6]姚杨,马最良.浅谈热泵的定义.暖通空调, 2002, 32(3): 33-35
[7]王芳,范晓伟.我国空气源热泵的技术进展.能源工程, 2002, 4(3): 1-5
[8]姚杨,马最良.空气源热泵冷热水机组结霜工程研究现状与进展.哈尔滨建筑大学学报, 2002, 35(5): 66-69
[9]郭宪民.空气源热泵结霜问题的研究现状及进展.制冷与空调, 2009, 9(3): 8-14
[10] Neil Hewitt, Huang Ming Jun. Defrost cycle performance for a circular shape evaporator air source heat pump. Int J Refrig 2008, 31(23): 444-452
[11] Jones B W, Parker J D. Frost formation with varying environmental para-meters. Trans ASME J Heat Transf 1975, 1(3): 41-49
[12] Ma Guoyuan, Chai Qinhu, Jiang Yi. Experimental investigation of air-source heat pump for cold regions. Int J Refrig, 2003, 26(12): 8-11
[13]符建坤,欧阳海生,刘凤珍.高湿地区风冷热泵蒸发器除霜控制研究.流体机械, 2003, 31(10): 44-47
[14]程卫红,姚杨.空气源热泵冷热水机组结霜研究.科技资讯, 2006, 27: 117-118
[15]陆亚俊,马最良,邹平华.暖通空调.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2007, 237-244
[16]刘秋克,王武英,方国明.热源塔热泵技术在南方的应用.地源热泵, 2008, 6(10): 33-38
[17] Byun, Ju-Suk, Jeon, Chang-Duk, Jung, JI-Hoon, Lee, Jinho. The application of photo-coupler for frost detecting in an air source heat pump. Int J Refrigeration, 2006, 29(28): 191-198
[18]姚杨,刘国威,姜益强等.空气源热泵结霜特性的实验研究.暖通空调, 2008,38(12): 232-235
[19] Watters R J, O'Neal D L, Yang J X, Frost/defrost performance of a three-row fin staged heat pump evaporator. ASHRAE Trans, 2002, 6(14): 318-329
[20]朱颖心,王刚,江忆.区域供冷系统能耗分析.暖通空调, 2008, 38(1): 65-70
[21]王志林,刘秋克,李静.热源塔.中国专利. 200620073647, 2007-08-08
[22]刘秋克,方国明.桐庐大酒店热泵空调冷(热)源方案浅析.见:中国能源学会学术会议论文集. 2004, 345-347
[23]马重方,顾维藻.强化传热.科学出版社, 1987, 459-460
[24]神家锐,顾维藻,张玉明.利用空气冷凝器提高蒸汽机车效率的研究.见:中国铁道学会铁道牵引动力委员会学术会议论文集. 1984, 517-520
[25]王铁军.喷淋蒸发翅管式冷凝器传热传质研究.低温与超导, 2006, 21(4): 299-300
[26]李建峰,吕俊复.一种新型热泵换热器系统.暖通空调, 2009, 39(12): 70-76
[27]刘秋克.闭式热源塔.中国专利. 200810031368, 2008-10-08
[28]刘秋克.热源塔热泵.中国专利. 200820053216, 2009-03-18
[29]赵镇南.传热学.高等教育出版社, 2007, 152-153
[30]蒋常建,范云良,杨强生.蒸发式冷却器的传热传质实验研究.上海交通大学学报, 1999, 33(8): 1032-1035
[31]尾花英朗.热交换器设计手册.烃加工出版社, 1987, 3-7
[2]韩景成.中国能源消费结构优化问题.中国能源, 2002, 37(6): 10-13
[3]周凤起.中国能源工业面临的挑战.中国能源, 2002, 25(2): 34-36
[4]张恩祥,李春旺,陈淑琴等.办公建筑空调系统能耗评价及节能潜力评估.节能技术, 2008, 26(4): 295-299
[5]范存养,龙惟定.面向地球环境时代的空调技术.中国能源, 2002, 23(6): 37-40
[6]姚杨,马最良.浅谈热泵的定义.暖通空调, 2002, 32(3): 33-35
[7]王芳,范晓伟.我国空气源热泵的技术进展.能源工程, 2002, 4(3): 1-5
[8]姚杨,马最良.空气源热泵冷热水机组结霜工程研究现状与进展.哈尔滨建筑大学学报, 2002, 35(5): 66-69
[9]郭宪民.空气源热泵结霜问题的研究现状及进展.制冷与空调, 2009, 9(3): 8-14
[10] Neil Hewitt, Huang Ming Jun. Defrost cycle performance for a circular shape evaporator air source heat pump. Int J Refrig 2008, 31(23): 444-452
[11] Jones B W, Parker J D. Frost formation with varying environmental para-meters. Trans ASME J Heat Transf 1975, 1(3): 41-49
[12] Ma Guoyuan, Chai Qinhu, Jiang Yi. Experimental investigation of air-source heat pump for cold regions. Int J Refrig, 2003, 26(12): 8-11
[13]符建坤,欧阳海生,刘凤珍.高湿地区风冷热泵蒸发器除霜控制研究.流体机械, 2003, 31(10): 44-47
[14]程卫红,姚杨.空气源热泵冷热水机组结霜研究.科技资讯, 2006, 27: 117-118
[15]陆亚俊,马最良,邹平华.暖通空调.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2007, 237-244
[16]刘秋克,王武英,方国明.热源塔热泵技术在南方的应用.地源热泵, 2008, 6(10): 33-38
[17] Byun, Ju-Suk, Jeon, Chang-Duk, Jung, JI-Hoon, Lee, Jinho. The application of photo-coupler for frost detecting in an air source heat pump. Int J Refrigeration, 2006, 29(28): 191-198
[18]姚杨,刘国威,姜益强等.空气源热泵结霜特性的实验研究.暖通空调, 2008,38(12): 232-235
[19] Watters R J, O'Neal D L, Yang J X, Frost/defrost performance of a three-row fin staged heat pump evaporator. ASHRAE Trans, 2002, 6(14): 318-329
[20]朱颖心,王刚,江忆.区域供冷系统能耗分析.暖通空调, 2008, 38(1): 65-70
[21]王志林,刘秋克,李静.热源塔.中国专利. 200620073647, 2007-08-08
[22]刘秋克,方国明.桐庐大酒店热泵空调冷(热)源方案浅析.见:中国能源学会学术会议论文集. 2004, 345-347
[23]马重方,顾维藻.强化传热.科学出版社, 1987, 459-460
[24]神家锐,顾维藻,张玉明.利用空气冷凝器提高蒸汽机车效率的研究.见:中国铁道学会铁道牵引动力委员会学术会议论文集. 1984, 517-520
[25]王铁军.喷淋蒸发翅管式冷凝器传热传质研究.低温与超导, 2006, 21(4): 299-300
[26]李建峰,吕俊复.一种新型热泵换热器系统.暖通空调, 2009, 39(12): 70-76
[27]刘秋克.闭式热源塔.中国专利. 200810031368, 2008-10-08
[28]刘秋克.热源塔热泵.中国专利. 200820053216, 2009-03-18
[29]赵镇南.传热学.高等教育出版社, 2007, 152-153
[30]蒋常建,范云良,杨强生.蒸发式冷却器的传热传质实验研究.上海交通大学学报, 1999, 33(8): 1032-1035
[31]尾花英朗.热交换器设计手册.烃加工出版社, 1987, 3-7