泛（火用）分析方法及其应用研究
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摘要
资源短缺、环境污染以及气候问题已经成为世界经济、社会发展的严重障碍。研究社会生产系统的资源综合利用状况、环境影响程度的分析和评价方法并提出评判指标,进行系统的综合经济性、可持续发展性评估是当前广义节能和可持续发展理论的重要研究内容。首次提出并定义了泛的概念和泛分析方法,使生产系统的各类生产要素资源能够在统一尺度下进行加总和比较,获得系统的资源综合利用状况和生态环境影响的定量评价结果,这在评价方法上是一个新的尝试,评价结果对于优化资源配置、高效利用各类资源、优化能耗结构和转变发展方式都具有重要作用。
本文呈现的主要研究工作和创新点如下：
(1)系统地分析了的意义和作用、分析方法的模型和应用发展状况,指出了目前分析方法在系统综合评价中存在的不足,但同时强调分析方法在指导系统的节能减排技术改造中仍然起着重要作用。
(2)揭示了包括地球环境在内的任何系统的物质和能源的消耗与利用过程即是消耗过程的本质；发现了开放地球环境系统不断从宇宙获得(主要是太阳能)来维持着地球自然生态环境系统和人类社会经济系统的发展的事实；基于地球环境能力的有限性,提出了经济、社会和自然生态环境三者可持续发展的三角形关系图,并且阐述了三者两两之间相互依赖和相互制约的关系。
(3)基于的稀缺性、可用性等经济学特性,论述了与使用价值的关系；首次提出了泛的概念,论述了商品的泛和价值、商品的和泛之间的关系,确定了计算资源泛量的原则,并建立了生产系统的各类要素资源即原材料和能源、资金、劳动力以及环境成本等的泛量的计算方法和计算模型。
(4)基于泛概念、分析与经济学分析,首次提出了泛分析方法,建立了系统的泛分析和评价模型,并定义了泛利用系数和可持续发展指数等评价指标,为分析和评价生产资料、资金、劳动力和环境资源等不同类别的要素资源在生产过程中的综合利用情况提供了一种新的综合性量化分析方法与评价体系。
(5)对复杂的有色金属生产系统——SKS炼铅系统进行了分析,揭示了整个粗铅生产过程的损失分布规律,发现了同样物质流状态下冶金生产系统的收入远大于能量收入的规律,而且冶金炉的分析过程比能量分析更简便、更直观,提出在冶金生产过程的分析和评价中应推广分析方法。
(6)通过对SKS炼铅系统的泛分析,发现了冶金生产等资源消耗型企业的可持续发展性很差,这类系统的节能措施应该主要以减少自然资源泛消耗为主,即将节能重点放在降低生产系统的不可再生能源和原材料的消耗；作为对比,对利用可再生能源的生产系统——太阳能光伏发电系统进行了泛分析,发现了太阳能光伏发电系统的可持续发展性很好,这类系统的节能改造措施应重点放在节约制造太阳能光伏电池的能源消耗和太阳能光伏发电系统的装机成本上,而不是太阳能光伏发电系统运行过程中。
Resource shortages, environmental pollution and climate issues have posed serious obstacles to world economy and social development. It's so important nowadays in the field of general energy saving and sustainable development to study on the analysis and evaluation methods of the comprehensive utilization of resources and environmental impact of social production systems, to propose the corresponding evaluating indicators, to assess overall economic efficiency and sustainability of development of the systems. For the first time, the concept of universal exergy and the universal exergy analysis method have been proposed and defined. As a result, various factors of production resources in the production system can be summed up and compared under a unified scale, so as to obtain the quantitative evaluation results for the system's comprehensive utilization of resources and the impact on the ecological environment. This is a new attempt in the evaluation methodology, as the evaluation results play an important role in optimal allocating resources, efficient utilizing various resources, optimizing energy consumption structure and changing development mode.
The main works and originality innovations presented in this paper are as follows:
1. The significance and roles of the concept of exergy, the models and application development of exergy analysis method were systematically analyzed, and the shortcomings of the current exergy analysis in comprehensive evaluation of a system were pointed out. However, it was emphasized that the exergy analysis method still plays an important role in guiding the technical development for the systems' energy saving and emission reduction.
2. It was revealed that, the material and energy consumption and utilization process in any system, including the Earth environment, is the process of exergy consumption in nature. The fact that, it is the open Earth environment system, which continuously receives exergy (mainly solar power) from the universe to maintain the development of the Earth's natural ecological environment system and that of human social and economic systems, was discovered. Based on the limited capacity of the Earth's environment, a triangular dependence graph of the economic, social and natural environment for sustainable development was presented, and the interdependent as well as mutual-constraining relationship of the three parties was elucidated.
3. Based on the economic characteristics of exergy, such as scarcity and usability, the relationship between exergy and use value was discusseed. The concept of universal exergy was proposed for the first time, and the relationships between universal exergy and value, exergy and universal exergy of commodity were depicted, and the principle of calculating the amount of universal exergy was identified, and the methods and models for calculating universal exergy of various resource elements comprising the production system, i.e., raw materials and energy resources, capital, labor and environmental cost, were established.
4. Based on the concept of universal exergy, exergy analysis and exergoeconomics analysis, the universal exergy analysis method was proposed for the first time, and models for universal exergy analysis and evaluation of systems were developed, evaluating indicators such as the coefficient of utilization of universal exergy and sustainable development index were defined. A new comprehensive quantitative analysis and assessment indicator system were provided for the analysis and evaluation of the comprehensive utilization of different types of production elements, such as means of production, capital, labor and environmental resources, in the production process.
5. Exergy analysis for a complicated nonferrous metal production system--SKS lead smelting system was conducted, the distribution rules of exergy losses in the entire processing of crude lead were revealed, it was found that exergy income is much greater than energy income in metallurgical production systems under the same material flow status. What's more, for metallurgical furnaces, the exergy analysis process is easier and more intuitive than that of the energy analysis. Therefore, it is proposed that exergy analysis method should be used widely in the analysis and evaluation of metallurgical production processes.
6. Through the universal exergy analysis of the SKS lead smelting system, the poor sustainable development prospect of resources consumption enterprises like those majoring in metallurgical production was found. The energy-saving measures for such systems should be focused on reducing the consumption of universal exergy of natural resources, i.e., reducing the system's consumption of non-renewable energy and raw materials in the production process. In comparison, universal exergy analysis for a production system utilizing renewable energy--solar photovoltaic power generation system was conducted, and it was found that the system's sustainable development prospect is fairly good. The energy-saving measures for such systems should be focused on reducing energy consumption in manufacturing solar photovoltaic cells and reducing the installation cost of the solar photovoltaic power generation system, rather than on energy-saving in the system's operation process.
本文呈现的主要研究工作和创新点如下：
(1)系统地分析了的意义和作用、分析方法的模型和应用发展状况,指出了目前分析方法在系统综合评价中存在的不足,但同时强调分析方法在指导系统的节能减排技术改造中仍然起着重要作用。
(2)揭示了包括地球环境在内的任何系统的物质和能源的消耗与利用过程即是消耗过程的本质；发现了开放地球环境系统不断从宇宙获得(主要是太阳能)来维持着地球自然生态环境系统和人类社会经济系统的发展的事实；基于地球环境能力的有限性,提出了经济、社会和自然生态环境三者可持续发展的三角形关系图,并且阐述了三者两两之间相互依赖和相互制约的关系。
(3)基于的稀缺性、可用性等经济学特性,论述了与使用价值的关系；首次提出了泛的概念,论述了商品的泛和价值、商品的和泛之间的关系,确定了计算资源泛量的原则,并建立了生产系统的各类要素资源即原材料和能源、资金、劳动力以及环境成本等的泛量的计算方法和计算模型。
(4)基于泛概念、分析与经济学分析,首次提出了泛分析方法,建立了系统的泛分析和评价模型,并定义了泛利用系数和可持续发展指数等评价指标,为分析和评价生产资料、资金、劳动力和环境资源等不同类别的要素资源在生产过程中的综合利用情况提供了一种新的综合性量化分析方法与评价体系。
(5)对复杂的有色金属生产系统——SKS炼铅系统进行了分析,揭示了整个粗铅生产过程的损失分布规律,发现了同样物质流状态下冶金生产系统的收入远大于能量收入的规律,而且冶金炉的分析过程比能量分析更简便、更直观,提出在冶金生产过程的分析和评价中应推广分析方法。
(6)通过对SKS炼铅系统的泛分析,发现了冶金生产等资源消耗型企业的可持续发展性很差,这类系统的节能措施应该主要以减少自然资源泛消耗为主,即将节能重点放在降低生产系统的不可再生能源和原材料的消耗；作为对比,对利用可再生能源的生产系统——太阳能光伏发电系统进行了泛分析,发现了太阳能光伏发电系统的可持续发展性很好,这类系统的节能改造措施应重点放在节约制造太阳能光伏电池的能源消耗和太阳能光伏发电系统的装机成本上,而不是太阳能光伏发电系统运行过程中。
Resource shortages, environmental pollution and climate issues have posed serious obstacles to world economy and social development. It's so important nowadays in the field of general energy saving and sustainable development to study on the analysis and evaluation methods of the comprehensive utilization of resources and environmental impact of social production systems, to propose the corresponding evaluating indicators, to assess overall economic efficiency and sustainability of development of the systems. For the first time, the concept of universal exergy and the universal exergy analysis method have been proposed and defined. As a result, various factors of production resources in the production system can be summed up and compared under a unified scale, so as to obtain the quantitative evaluation results for the system's comprehensive utilization of resources and the impact on the ecological environment. This is a new attempt in the evaluation methodology, as the evaluation results play an important role in optimal allocating resources, efficient utilizing various resources, optimizing energy consumption structure and changing development mode.
The main works and originality innovations presented in this paper are as follows:
1. The significance and roles of the concept of exergy, the models and application development of exergy analysis method were systematically analyzed, and the shortcomings of the current exergy analysis in comprehensive evaluation of a system were pointed out. However, it was emphasized that the exergy analysis method still plays an important role in guiding the technical development for the systems' energy saving and emission reduction.
2. It was revealed that, the material and energy consumption and utilization process in any system, including the Earth environment, is the process of exergy consumption in nature. The fact that, it is the open Earth environment system, which continuously receives exergy (mainly solar power) from the universe to maintain the development of the Earth's natural ecological environment system and that of human social and economic systems, was discovered. Based on the limited capacity of the Earth's environment, a triangular dependence graph of the economic, social and natural environment for sustainable development was presented, and the interdependent as well as mutual-constraining relationship of the three parties was elucidated.
3. Based on the economic characteristics of exergy, such as scarcity and usability, the relationship between exergy and use value was discusseed. The concept of universal exergy was proposed for the first time, and the relationships between universal exergy and value, exergy and universal exergy of commodity were depicted, and the principle of calculating the amount of universal exergy was identified, and the methods and models for calculating universal exergy of various resource elements comprising the production system, i.e., raw materials and energy resources, capital, labor and environmental cost, were established.
4. Based on the concept of universal exergy, exergy analysis and exergoeconomics analysis, the universal exergy analysis method was proposed for the first time, and models for universal exergy analysis and evaluation of systems were developed, evaluating indicators such as the coefficient of utilization of universal exergy and sustainable development index were defined. A new comprehensive quantitative analysis and assessment indicator system were provided for the analysis and evaluation of the comprehensive utilization of different types of production elements, such as means of production, capital, labor and environmental resources, in the production process.
5. Exergy analysis for a complicated nonferrous metal production system--SKS lead smelting system was conducted, the distribution rules of exergy losses in the entire processing of crude lead were revealed, it was found that exergy income is much greater than energy income in metallurgical production systems under the same material flow status. What's more, for metallurgical furnaces, the exergy analysis process is easier and more intuitive than that of the energy analysis. Therefore, it is proposed that exergy analysis method should be used widely in the analysis and evaluation of metallurgical production processes.
6. Through the universal exergy analysis of the SKS lead smelting system, the poor sustainable development prospect of resources consumption enterprises like those majoring in metallurgical production was found. The energy-saving measures for such systems should be focused on reducing the consumption of universal exergy of natural resources, i.e., reducing the system's consumption of non-renewable energy and raw materials in the production process. In comparison, universal exergy analysis for a production system utilizing renewable energy--solar photovoltaic power generation system was conducted, and it was found that the system's sustainable development prospect is fairly good. The energy-saving measures for such systems should be focused on reducing energy consumption in manufacturing solar photovoltaic cells and reducing the installation cost of the solar photovoltaic power generation system, rather than on energy-saving in the system's operation process.
引文
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