绿色经济发展中基于核心胜任力的地方政府领导干部评价研究
|
摘要
改革开放以来,举国上下追求工业化的迅速发展和经济的快速增长,却忽视了对自然环境的保护,对生态和生存环境带来了很多不可估量的负面影响,对人类的生存构成了较大的威胁,而如何能找到一种不降低环境质量的经济发展方式成为亟需解决的问题。绿色经济就是这样一种新的经济发展模式,为了顺利地实现经济增长方式的转变,对地方政府的领导干部提出了更高的要求,如何在绿色经济的发展中选拔和考核这些领导干部成为本研究要解决的问题。
地方政府处于变革关键时期,所面临的领导环境和领导对象正在发生较大的变化,要应对国际金融危机,突破和消除资源环境瓶颈,实现遂宁的绿色经济发展战略目标,迫切需要解决传统经济的缺陷,缩短与沿海地区的差距。这就要求领导干部不断提高聚集优势资源、建设现代产业、构建和谐社会和实现可持续发展四个核心能力,把胜任力最大程度的转变为决策力、执行力和管理力,从而不断推动事业向前发展。
1)在全面开放的市场经济发展过程中,地方经济的发展并不取决于资源的多少,而在于决策者是否具备聚集优势资源的核心胜任力。聚集优势资源的能力是地方政府领导干部胜任力的核心体现,每个地方都有具特殊的自然资源、人文资源和社会资源,如何最大限度聚集地方政府的优势资源成为关键因素,在政府领导干部的考核评价中也必须有充分的体现。以聚集优势资源的能力为基础的评价体系包括了产业集群规划和配套设施建设两大维度,产业集群规划的能力包含了资源整合、科学规划和从无到有等三种能力,配套设施建设的能力包含了基础设施建设、园区建设、楼宇经济、要素保障和沟通协调等五方面的衡量。评价体系的构建对这两个维度必须有全方面的认识,抓住重点以合理确定各方面能力的权重,综合发展以便得出各方面均衡发展的人才。
2)目前,遂宁市正处于经济增长方式转变的过渡时期,这种转变是一场彻底性的方式转型,即由粗放的黑色经济向集约型的绿色经济转型,由同质单一性的社会向异质多样性的社会转型。在这个转型的过程中,社会必定会面临着比以往任何时代都多的不确定因素。这些风险因素的存在,给经济社会的发展和人民生活的安定带来威胁,如何衡量领导干部的处理能力成为本章主要关注的内容。构建和谐社会的核心胜任力主要包括社会稳定的风险评估、防范和处置以及广大人民群众的利益保障等三个维度。对社会稳定进行风险评估要按照合理确定范围、明确评估内容和落实评估措施等步骤严格执行；防范和处置稳定的风险包括提高社会稳定的防范能力和处置群体性突发事件的能力两个方面；广大人民群众的利益保障包括维护广大群众合法利益的能力、畅通广大群众利益诉求渠道的能力、构建社会保障体系的能力以及改善和保障民生的能力等四个方面的内容。
3)建设现代产业,就要培育有创新性、开放性、融合性、集聚性和可持续性特征的新型产业体系。发展社会主义先进生产力是绿色经济发展中地方政府领导干部胜任力的核心体现,在地方政府的战略规划中,如何监督考核领导干部的引导促进作用是一个至关重要的问题。建设现代社会的核心胜任力主要包括提高招商引资的能力、促进产业集群发展的能力、现代农业发展的能力、推进企业技术创新的能力和大力发展现代服务业的能力等五个维度。提高招商引资的能力包括打造一流投资环境的能力、提高招商引资水平的能力和创新招商引资方式的能力等三个方面；促进产业集群发展的能力包括农业产业集群发展的能力、工业产业集群发展的能力、服务业产业集群发展的能力、产业集群协调发展的能力和制定产业集群发展政策的能力等五个方面；现代农业发展的能力包括建设特色高效农业大基地的能力、建设特色农业综合开发园区的能力、建设特色产业乡镇的能力、建设现代农业产业化项目的能力和建设农村基础设施的能力等五个方面；大力发展现代服务业的能力包括加快推进重点行业发展的能力、加快推进重点区域服务业发展的能力、着力培育重点企业的能力、打造服务业品牌的能力和提高对外开放水平的能力等五个方面。
4)地方政府发展绿色经济所追求的发展不应是孤立、片面和不可持续的发展,而应是以人为本、全面协调可持续的发展,其目的就是在实现社会全面进步的基础上实现人的全面发展。在绿色经济的发展规划中,如何监督考核领导干部的可持续发展行为是一个关键的问题。可持续发展的核心胜任力主要包括构建绿色产业体系的能力、经济增长方式转变的能力、推行清洁生产的能力、营造绿色生活的能力和强化绿色发展保障的能力等五个维度。构建绿色产业体系的能力包括发展生态农业的能力、发展循环工业的能力、发展可持续服务业的能力和加快发展软件及服务外包产业的能力等四个方面；经济增长方式转变的能力包括深入实施节能降耗的能力、强化资源综合利用的能力、环境污染治理的能力、推进农业清洁生产的能力和加快推进技术创新的能力等五个方面；营造绿色生活的能力包括倡导绿色生活方式的能力和引导绿色消费行为的能力等两个方面；强化绿色发展保障的能力包括突出政策支持、强化科技支撑、倡导绿色生活和加强考核监督等四个方面。
5)鉴于主客观环境的复杂性,提出了基于区间数和信息熵的评价方法。在该方法中,首先,建议考核成员采用区间数来表示考核对象在某项关键能力上的表现,充分反映信息环境的模糊性和主观性,此外,也避免了评价信息的丢失。其次,通过集结成员的相对重要度得到考核对象的群体评价信息。引入信息熵的思想,确定了各项关键能力的权重信息。最后,计算各个考核对象的综合评估值,据此对其进行排序。本研究选用一些相关部门的考核作为实例,验证了所提方法的科学性和有效性。
Since the reform and opening up, we have been in the pursuit of the rapid development of industrialization and the fast growth of the economy, but ignored the protection of the natural environment, which has brought a lot of immeasurable negative impact on the ecology environment. Therefore, how to find a mode of economic development that can't reduce the environmental quality becomes a problem which needs to be settled. Green economy is such a kind of new economic development model, in order to successfully realize the transformation of economic growth mode, which represents higher standards to the the local government leading cadres, the research problem to be solved is the selection and evaluation of leading cadres in the development of green economy.
The local government is at a critical point of reforming, the leading environment and object is occurring larger changes, in order to better respond to the international financial crisis and break through the bottleneck of resources and environment, and to help the Suining City accomplish its strategic goals of green economic development and resolve the defect of the traditional economic. This requires that the leading cadre continuously improve the core capabilities of gathering advantage resources, constructing modern industry, building a harmonious society and achieving sustainable development, so as to constantly push forward the development of economy.
(1) In order to thoroughly change the backwardness of economic, Suining City decided to promote the process of green economy, in the development process of full open market economy, whether policymakers have the core competency of gathering advantage resources is critical. Gathering advantage resources is the core of leading cadres'competences, every place has a special natural resources, human resources and social resources, how to maximize the advantages of local resources is the key factor, which also must be fully embodied in the government leading cadre's evaluation. The evaluation based on gathering advantage resources including the industrial cluster planning and supporting facilities construction. While the industrial cluster planning ability includes the resource integration, scientific planning and start from scratch, and the supporting facilities construction ability includes the infrastructure construction, the park construction, building economy, elements and security communication.
(2) At present, Suining City is in the transformation of economic growth modes of the transition period, this change is a thoroughness way transformation, namely the extensive black economy to intensive green economic transformation and generate the oneness of the society to the heterogeneous diversity of social transformation. In the transformation process, the society will be faced with more than any generation of uncertain factors. These risk factors exist, to economic social development and people's living threat of stability, how to measure the processing capacity of leading cadres become this chapter is mainly concerned with the content. Constructing the harmonious social core competency mainly includes the social stability of the risk assessment, prevention and disposal as well as the people's interests security and so on three dimensions. On social stability in risk evaluation according to the reasonable scope, clear evaluation content and implement evaluation measures strictly carry out steps; Prevention and disposal of stable risk include improving social stability preventive ability and disposal ability to deal with the colony accidents two aspects; The people's interests security includes safeguarding the legitimate interests of the broad masses ability, clear the masses interest demand channel ability, the ability of constructing the social security system and improve the people's livelihood and guarantee the ability of the content of the four aspects.
(3) The construction of modern industry, will cultivate creative, openness, integration, gather sex and sustainable characteristics of the new industrial system. The development of socialist advanced productive forces is green in the economic development of the local government leading cadres competency core reflected, in local government's strategic planning, how to supervision and evaluation of leading cadres guidance role in promoting is one of the most important problems. The construction of modern society core competency mainly include improving investment promotion ability, promote the development of industrial cluster ability, the ability of modern agricultural development, promoting enterprise technology innovation ability and vigorously develop modern service industries, such as the ability of five dimensions. To improve the ability to attract investments including to build first-class investment environment ability, improve the investment level of ability and innovation investment promotion way ability three aspects; To promote the development of industrial cluster ability including agricultural industrial cluster development ability, industrial cluster development ability, service industry cluster development ability, the coordinated development of industry cluster ability and make industrial clusters development policy in five aspects such as the ability of; The development of modern agriculture of capabilities including construction features high efficiency agricultural base of the ability, construction characteristic agriculture comprehensive development park ability, construction characteristic industrial township ability, building a modern agriculture industrialization project ability and the ability of the construction of rural infrastructure five aspects; Vigorously develop modern service industry including the ability to accelerate the development of key industries, accelerate the ability of key areas of the development of the service ability, and focus on cultivating the ability of key enterprises, to make the service brand of ability and the ability to improve the level of opening up five aspects.
(4) The local government to develop green economy the pursuit of development should not be isolated, one-sided and unsustainable development, but should be people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, the purpose of which is to realize all-round social progress in the basis of people's development in an all-round way. In the green economic development planning, how to the supervision and review of the sustainable development of the leading cadre behavior is a key problem. The sustainable development of the core competency mainly includes the construction of the green industry system ability, the transformation of economic growth modes ability, carrying out cleaner production ability, build the green life ability and strengthen the ability of green development guarantee five dimensions. Construction of the green industry system including the ability of developing ecological agriculture ability, development cycle industry sustainable development ability, the ability of service industry and to speed up the development of software and service outsourcing industry's ability and so on four aspects; The transformation of economic growth modes ability including in-depth implementation of energy saving and consumption reduction ability, strengthen the ability of comprehensive utilization of resources, environmental pollution control ability, promoting agricultural cleaner production ability and accelerate the technological innovation ability of five aspects; Build the green life ability including advocating green life ability and guiding green consumption behavior ability of two aspects; Strengthen the security of the green development ability including prominent policy support, strengthening science and technology support, advocating green life and strengthen assessment supervision and so on four aspects.
(5) For the influence of subjective and objective environment, an evaluation method of leading cadres based on interval numbers and information entropy was put forward. Firstly, the suitable interval number was used to express the preference information of Target of Evaluation (TOE), and the comprehensive evaluation matrix of TOE was obtained by aggregated with the relative importance degree of assessment members. Secondly, information entropy was introduced to calculate the weights of each key capacity, then the comprehensive evaluation values of each TOE could be obtained. Finally, through the comprehensive evaluation values, the best TOE can be determined. Some examples of leading cadres were presented to illustrate the application of the method.
地方政府处于变革关键时期,所面临的领导环境和领导对象正在发生较大的变化,要应对国际金融危机,突破和消除资源环境瓶颈,实现遂宁的绿色经济发展战略目标,迫切需要解决传统经济的缺陷,缩短与沿海地区的差距。这就要求领导干部不断提高聚集优势资源、建设现代产业、构建和谐社会和实现可持续发展四个核心能力,把胜任力最大程度的转变为决策力、执行力和管理力,从而不断推动事业向前发展。
1)在全面开放的市场经济发展过程中,地方经济的发展并不取决于资源的多少,而在于决策者是否具备聚集优势资源的核心胜任力。聚集优势资源的能力是地方政府领导干部胜任力的核心体现,每个地方都有具特殊的自然资源、人文资源和社会资源,如何最大限度聚集地方政府的优势资源成为关键因素,在政府领导干部的考核评价中也必须有充分的体现。以聚集优势资源的能力为基础的评价体系包括了产业集群规划和配套设施建设两大维度,产业集群规划的能力包含了资源整合、科学规划和从无到有等三种能力,配套设施建设的能力包含了基础设施建设、园区建设、楼宇经济、要素保障和沟通协调等五方面的衡量。评价体系的构建对这两个维度必须有全方面的认识,抓住重点以合理确定各方面能力的权重,综合发展以便得出各方面均衡发展的人才。
2)目前,遂宁市正处于经济增长方式转变的过渡时期,这种转变是一场彻底性的方式转型,即由粗放的黑色经济向集约型的绿色经济转型,由同质单一性的社会向异质多样性的社会转型。在这个转型的过程中,社会必定会面临着比以往任何时代都多的不确定因素。这些风险因素的存在,给经济社会的发展和人民生活的安定带来威胁,如何衡量领导干部的处理能力成为本章主要关注的内容。构建和谐社会的核心胜任力主要包括社会稳定的风险评估、防范和处置以及广大人民群众的利益保障等三个维度。对社会稳定进行风险评估要按照合理确定范围、明确评估内容和落实评估措施等步骤严格执行；防范和处置稳定的风险包括提高社会稳定的防范能力和处置群体性突发事件的能力两个方面；广大人民群众的利益保障包括维护广大群众合法利益的能力、畅通广大群众利益诉求渠道的能力、构建社会保障体系的能力以及改善和保障民生的能力等四个方面的内容。
3)建设现代产业,就要培育有创新性、开放性、融合性、集聚性和可持续性特征的新型产业体系。发展社会主义先进生产力是绿色经济发展中地方政府领导干部胜任力的核心体现,在地方政府的战略规划中,如何监督考核领导干部的引导促进作用是一个至关重要的问题。建设现代社会的核心胜任力主要包括提高招商引资的能力、促进产业集群发展的能力、现代农业发展的能力、推进企业技术创新的能力和大力发展现代服务业的能力等五个维度。提高招商引资的能力包括打造一流投资环境的能力、提高招商引资水平的能力和创新招商引资方式的能力等三个方面；促进产业集群发展的能力包括农业产业集群发展的能力、工业产业集群发展的能力、服务业产业集群发展的能力、产业集群协调发展的能力和制定产业集群发展政策的能力等五个方面；现代农业发展的能力包括建设特色高效农业大基地的能力、建设特色农业综合开发园区的能力、建设特色产业乡镇的能力、建设现代农业产业化项目的能力和建设农村基础设施的能力等五个方面；大力发展现代服务业的能力包括加快推进重点行业发展的能力、加快推进重点区域服务业发展的能力、着力培育重点企业的能力、打造服务业品牌的能力和提高对外开放水平的能力等五个方面。
4)地方政府发展绿色经济所追求的发展不应是孤立、片面和不可持续的发展,而应是以人为本、全面协调可持续的发展,其目的就是在实现社会全面进步的基础上实现人的全面发展。在绿色经济的发展规划中,如何监督考核领导干部的可持续发展行为是一个关键的问题。可持续发展的核心胜任力主要包括构建绿色产业体系的能力、经济增长方式转变的能力、推行清洁生产的能力、营造绿色生活的能力和强化绿色发展保障的能力等五个维度。构建绿色产业体系的能力包括发展生态农业的能力、发展循环工业的能力、发展可持续服务业的能力和加快发展软件及服务外包产业的能力等四个方面；经济增长方式转变的能力包括深入实施节能降耗的能力、强化资源综合利用的能力、环境污染治理的能力、推进农业清洁生产的能力和加快推进技术创新的能力等五个方面；营造绿色生活的能力包括倡导绿色生活方式的能力和引导绿色消费行为的能力等两个方面；强化绿色发展保障的能力包括突出政策支持、强化科技支撑、倡导绿色生活和加强考核监督等四个方面。
5)鉴于主客观环境的复杂性,提出了基于区间数和信息熵的评价方法。在该方法中,首先,建议考核成员采用区间数来表示考核对象在某项关键能力上的表现,充分反映信息环境的模糊性和主观性,此外,也避免了评价信息的丢失。其次,通过集结成员的相对重要度得到考核对象的群体评价信息。引入信息熵的思想,确定了各项关键能力的权重信息。最后,计算各个考核对象的综合评估值,据此对其进行排序。本研究选用一些相关部门的考核作为实例,验证了所提方法的科学性和有效性。
Since the reform and opening up, we have been in the pursuit of the rapid development of industrialization and the fast growth of the economy, but ignored the protection of the natural environment, which has brought a lot of immeasurable negative impact on the ecology environment. Therefore, how to find a mode of economic development that can't reduce the environmental quality becomes a problem which needs to be settled. Green economy is such a kind of new economic development model, in order to successfully realize the transformation of economic growth mode, which represents higher standards to the the local government leading cadres, the research problem to be solved is the selection and evaluation of leading cadres in the development of green economy.
The local government is at a critical point of reforming, the leading environment and object is occurring larger changes, in order to better respond to the international financial crisis and break through the bottleneck of resources and environment, and to help the Suining City accomplish its strategic goals of green economic development and resolve the defect of the traditional economic. This requires that the leading cadre continuously improve the core capabilities of gathering advantage resources, constructing modern industry, building a harmonious society and achieving sustainable development, so as to constantly push forward the development of economy.
(1) In order to thoroughly change the backwardness of economic, Suining City decided to promote the process of green economy, in the development process of full open market economy, whether policymakers have the core competency of gathering advantage resources is critical. Gathering advantage resources is the core of leading cadres'competences, every place has a special natural resources, human resources and social resources, how to maximize the advantages of local resources is the key factor, which also must be fully embodied in the government leading cadre's evaluation. The evaluation based on gathering advantage resources including the industrial cluster planning and supporting facilities construction. While the industrial cluster planning ability includes the resource integration, scientific planning and start from scratch, and the supporting facilities construction ability includes the infrastructure construction, the park construction, building economy, elements and security communication.
(2) At present, Suining City is in the transformation of economic growth modes of the transition period, this change is a thoroughness way transformation, namely the extensive black economy to intensive green economic transformation and generate the oneness of the society to the heterogeneous diversity of social transformation. In the transformation process, the society will be faced with more than any generation of uncertain factors. These risk factors exist, to economic social development and people's living threat of stability, how to measure the processing capacity of leading cadres become this chapter is mainly concerned with the content. Constructing the harmonious social core competency mainly includes the social stability of the risk assessment, prevention and disposal as well as the people's interests security and so on three dimensions. On social stability in risk evaluation according to the reasonable scope, clear evaluation content and implement evaluation measures strictly carry out steps; Prevention and disposal of stable risk include improving social stability preventive ability and disposal ability to deal with the colony accidents two aspects; The people's interests security includes safeguarding the legitimate interests of the broad masses ability, clear the masses interest demand channel ability, the ability of constructing the social security system and improve the people's livelihood and guarantee the ability of the content of the four aspects.
(3) The construction of modern industry, will cultivate creative, openness, integration, gather sex and sustainable characteristics of the new industrial system. The development of socialist advanced productive forces is green in the economic development of the local government leading cadres competency core reflected, in local government's strategic planning, how to supervision and evaluation of leading cadres guidance role in promoting is one of the most important problems. The construction of modern society core competency mainly include improving investment promotion ability, promote the development of industrial cluster ability, the ability of modern agricultural development, promoting enterprise technology innovation ability and vigorously develop modern service industries, such as the ability of five dimensions. To improve the ability to attract investments including to build first-class investment environment ability, improve the investment level of ability and innovation investment promotion way ability three aspects; To promote the development of industrial cluster ability including agricultural industrial cluster development ability, industrial cluster development ability, service industry cluster development ability, the coordinated development of industry cluster ability and make industrial clusters development policy in five aspects such as the ability of; The development of modern agriculture of capabilities including construction features high efficiency agricultural base of the ability, construction characteristic agriculture comprehensive development park ability, construction characteristic industrial township ability, building a modern agriculture industrialization project ability and the ability of the construction of rural infrastructure five aspects; Vigorously develop modern service industry including the ability to accelerate the development of key industries, accelerate the ability of key areas of the development of the service ability, and focus on cultivating the ability of key enterprises, to make the service brand of ability and the ability to improve the level of opening up five aspects.
(4) The local government to develop green economy the pursuit of development should not be isolated, one-sided and unsustainable development, but should be people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, the purpose of which is to realize all-round social progress in the basis of people's development in an all-round way. In the green economic development planning, how to the supervision and review of the sustainable development of the leading cadre behavior is a key problem. The sustainable development of the core competency mainly includes the construction of the green industry system ability, the transformation of economic growth modes ability, carrying out cleaner production ability, build the green life ability and strengthen the ability of green development guarantee five dimensions. Construction of the green industry system including the ability of developing ecological agriculture ability, development cycle industry sustainable development ability, the ability of service industry and to speed up the development of software and service outsourcing industry's ability and so on four aspects; The transformation of economic growth modes ability including in-depth implementation of energy saving and consumption reduction ability, strengthen the ability of comprehensive utilization of resources, environmental pollution control ability, promoting agricultural cleaner production ability and accelerate the technological innovation ability of five aspects; Build the green life ability including advocating green life ability and guiding green consumption behavior ability of two aspects; Strengthen the security of the green development ability including prominent policy support, strengthening science and technology support, advocating green life and strengthen assessment supervision and so on four aspects.
(5) For the influence of subjective and objective environment, an evaluation method of leading cadres based on interval numbers and information entropy was put forward. Firstly, the suitable interval number was used to express the preference information of Target of Evaluation (TOE), and the comprehensive evaluation matrix of TOE was obtained by aggregated with the relative importance degree of assessment members. Secondly, information entropy was introduced to calculate the weights of each key capacity, then the comprehensive evaluation values of each TOE could be obtained. Finally, through the comprehensive evaluation values, the best TOE can be determined. Some examples of leading cadres were presented to illustrate the application of the method.
引文
[1]Acock A C, Clarke H D. Alternative measures of political efficacy:models and means. Qual.Quan,1990,24(1):87-105.
[2]Agnolucci P, McDowall W. Technological change in niches:auxiliary power units and the hydrogen economy. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang,2007,74(8): 1394-1410.
[3]Agrawal A. Common Property Institutions and Sustainable Governance of Resources. World Development,2001,29(10):1649-1672.
[4]Araia E. Agua doce, o ouro do seculo 21, Planeta,2009,37 (438):42-49.
[5]Arza V, Lopez A. Firms linkages with public research institutions in Argentina: drivers, perceptions, and behaviors. Technovation,2011,31(8):384-400.
[6]Aspin D N, Chapman J D. Lifelong learning:concepts and conceptions. International Journal of Lifelong Education,2000,19(1):2-19.
[7]Ayman R, Chemers M M, Fiedler F. The contingency model of leadership effectiveness:Its levels of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly,1995,6(2):147-167.
[8]Balaguer-Col M T, Prior D, Tortosa-Ausina E. On the determinants of local governmentperformance:A two-stage nonparametric approach. European Economic Review,2007,51(2):425-451.
[9]Barbier E. The policy challenges for green economy and sustainable economic development. Natural Resources Forum,2011,35(3):233-245.
[10]Barreto M L, Medina H, Peitier C, et al. Sustainable development:concepts, scenarios, and strategies for R&D, in:P. Conceicao, D.V. Gibson, M.V. Heitor, S. Shariq (Eds.), Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy, IC2, Austin, Texas,2000: 475-486.
[11]Bayliss D. Dublin's Digital Hubris:Lessons from an Attempt to Develop a Creative Industrial Cluster. European Planning Studies,2007,15(9):1261-1271.
[12]Becker B K. Servicos ambientais e possibilidades de insercao da Amazonia no seculo XXI. T&C Amazonia,2008,4(14):3-10.
[13]Bjerregaard T. Industry and academia in convergence:micro-institutional dimensions of R&D collaboration. Technovation,2010,30(2):100-108.
[14]Bomze I, GutjahrW. Estimating qualifications in a self-evaluating group. Qual. Quan,1995,29(3):241-250.
[15]Boon J, van der Klink M. Competencies:the triumph of a fuzzy concept. Academy of Human Resource Development Annual Conference,2002,1:327-334.
[16]Borger B D, Kerstens K. Cost efficiency of Belgian local governments:A comparative analysis of FDH, DEA, and econometric approaches. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1996,26:145-170.
[17]Braga E. O novo paradigma de etnodesenvolvimento, Revista Ambiental Brasil. Edicao Especial,2008,2:15-18.
[18]Brito C, Chaimvich C H. Brazil, in:UNESCO (Ed.), UNESCO Science Report 2010, Chapter 5, UNESCO, Paris,2010:103-121.
[19]Brunnschweilera C N, Bulte E H. The resource curse revisited and revised:A tale of paradoxes and red herrings. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2008,55(3):248-264.
[20]CEDEFOP. Skills for green jobs, European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Thessaloniki, Greece,2010.
[21]Chang Y L. A study of developing an evaluation tool for managerial competence and reliability and validity analysis. A Research Report of National Science Council, 1998.
[22]Chapple K, Kroll C, LesterT W, et al. Innovation in the Green Economy:An Extension of the Regional Innovation System Model? Economic Development Quarterly February,2011,25(1):5-25.
[23]Chari S. The Agrarian Origins of the Knitwear Industrial Cluster in Tiruppur, India. World Development,2000,28(3):579-599.
[24]Cheetham G, Chivers G. Professions,Competence and Informal Learning. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham,2005
[25]Chhibber P, Nooruddin I. The Number of Parties and Government Performance in the Indian States. Comparative Political Studies,2004,37(2):152-187.
[26]Chuang C C. Developing Managerial Competencies Assessment Scale-A Case Study in High-Tech Fiedler. A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, McGraw-Hill Series in Management, New York,1967
[27]Clarke R. Water:the international crisis, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,1993.
[28]Coff6 H, Geys B. Institutional Performance And Social Capital:An Application To The Local Government Level. Journal of Urban Affairs,2005,27(5):485-501.
[29]Coggburn J D, Schneider S K. The Quality of Management and Government Performance:An Empirical Analysis of the American States. Public Administration Review,2003,63(2):206-213.
[30]Delamare F, Winterton J. What is competence? Human Resource Development International,2005,8(1):27-46.
[31]Deller S C. Production efficiency in local government:A parametric approach. Public Finance/Finances Publiques,1992,47:32-44
[32]Deist F D L, Winterton J. What Is Competence? Human Resource Development International 2005,8(1):27-46.
[33]Draganidis F, Mentzas G. Competency based management:a review of systems and approaches. Information Management and Computer Security Journal,2006, 14(1):51-64.
[34]Eurydice. Key competencies:a developing concept in general compulsory education,2002.
[35]Fiedler F E. A theory of leadership effectiveness McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.
[36]Field J. Lifelong education. International Journal of Lifelong Education,2001, 20(1/2):3-15.
[37]Folke C, Carpenter S, Elmqvist T, et al. Resilience and Sustainable Development:Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. Journal of the Human Environment,2002,31(5):437-440.
[38]Friesen N, Anderson T. Interaction for lifelong learning. British Journal of Educational Technology,2004,35(6):679-687.
[39]Gattell R B. Personality pinned down. Psychol. Today,1973,7:40-46.
[40]Gendron Y, Cooper D J, Townley B. The construction of auditing expertise in measuring government performance. Accounting, Organizations and Society,2007, 32(1-2):101-129.
[41]Glaser M A, Hildreth W B. Service Delivery Satisfaction and Willingness to Pay Taxes:Citizen Recognition of Local Government Performance. Public Productivity & Management Review,1999,23(1):48-67.
[42]Gouvea R. Floods of fortune:sustainable business strategies in the Brazilian Amazon region. Lat. Am. Bus. Rev,1998,1(2):97-117.
[43]Gouvea R, Kassicieh S,Montoya M J R. Using the quadruple helix to design strategies for the green economy. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Available online 28 May 2012, In Press.
[44]Griffin C. Lifelong learning and social democracy. International Journal of Lifelong Education,1999,18(5):329-342.
[45]Grzegorzewski P. Nearest interval approximation of a fuzzy number. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2002,130(3):321-330.
[46]Guglieliemino P J. Developing the top-level executive for the 1980's and beyond. Train. Dev.1979,33(4),12-14.
[47]Gupta R K, Bhunia A K, Roy D. A GA based penalty function technique for solving constrained redundancy allocation problem of series system with interval valued reliability of components. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics,2009,232(2):275-284.
[48]Hall Richard. A framework linking intangible resources and capabiliites to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(8): 607-618.
[49]Hamdouch A, Depret M H. Policy integration strategy and the development of the'green economy':foundations and implementation patterns. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2010,53(4):473-490.
[50]Hamel G, Prahalad C K. Competing For the Future. Harvard Business School Press, Boston,1994.
[51]Harper D. Small n's and community case studies, in:C.C. Ragin, H.S. Becker (Eds.), What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY,1992.
[52]Henderson Hazel. Growing the green economy globally. International Journal of Green Economics,2007,1(3-4):276-298.
[53]Henton D, Melville J, Grose T, et al. Clean Technology and the Green Economy, California Economic Strategy Panel, Sacramento, CA,2008.
[54]Herder P M, Stikkelman R M. Methanol-Based Industrial Cluster Design:A Study of Design Options and the Design Process, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2004,43 (14):3879-3885.
[55]Hiskey J T, Seligson M A. Pitfalls of power to the people:Decentralization, local government performance, and system support in Bolivia. Studies in Comparative International Development,2003,37(4):64-88.
[56]Hoge M, Tondora J, Marrelli A. The fundamentals of workforce competency: implications for behavioral health. Journal of Administration and Policy in Mental Health,2005,32:509-531.
[57]House, R J. A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Adm. Sci. Q.,1971, 16(3):321-339
[58]Hsieh C C. A Prototype of Expert System for Evaluating Managerial Competence:An Example of a High-technology Company. Master Thesis, National Central University,1998.
[59]Huang L C, Chang P T, Lin H J. The fuzzy managerial talent assessment model: a pilot study. Pan Pac. Manag. Rev,1997,1(1):71-83.
[60]Huang L C, Wu P, Jaw B S, et al. A study of applying fuzzy analytic hierarchy process on management talent evaluation model. In:Joint 9th FSA World Congress and 20th NAFIPS International Conference,2001,3(25-28):1484-1488.
[61]Humphrey J, Schmitz H. How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? Regional Studies,2002,36(9):1017-1027.
[62]Hustad E, Munkvold B, Moll B. Using IT for strategic competence management: potential benefits and challenges. In, Proc. of the European Conference on Information Systems(ECIS), Turku, Finland,2004.
[63]Intagliata J, Ulrich D, Small wood N. Leveraging leadership competencies to produce leadership brand:creating distinctiveness by focusing on strategy and results. Human Resource Planning Journal,2000,23(4):12-23.
[64]Ishikawa A, Amagasa M, Shiga T, et al. The Max-Min Delphi method and fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy integration. Fuzzy Sets Syst,1993,55(3):241-253.
[65]Jiang Y. An approach to group decision making based on interval fuzzy preference relations. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering,2007, 16(1):113-120.
[66]Johnsen A. Implementation Mode and Local Government Performance Measurement:A Norwegian Experience. Financial Accountability & Management, 1999,15(1):41-66.
[67]Johnsen A, Meklin P, Oulasvirta L, et al. Performance auditing in local government:an exploratory study of perceived efficiency of municipal value for money auditing in Finland and Norway. The European Accounting Review,2001, (3):583-199.
[68]Katz R L. Skills of an effective administrator. Harv. Bus. Rev.,1995,33:33-42.
[69]Klein J D, Richey R C. Improving individual and organizational performance: The case for international standards. Performance Improvement,2005,44(10):9-14.
[70]Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink H P, et al. Cellulose:Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2005,44(22): 3358-3393.
[71]Kumar A, Yadav A K, Sreekrishnan T R, et al. Treatment of low strength industrial cluster wastewater by anaerobic hybrid reactor. Bioresour Technol,2008, 99(8):3123-3129.
[72]Kupper H, van Wulfften P A W. Competency-based curriculum development: experiences in agri chain management in The Netherlands and in China. IAMA World Food and Agribusiness Conference, Sydney, Australia,2001.
[73]Lachance J R. Looking to the Future:Human Resources Competencies. United States Office of Personnel Management,1999.
[74]Lavelle M. A national water crisis is on the verge of gushing. U.S. News World Rep,2007,142(20):37-46.
[75]Lawson R, Lyman J R, McCarthy E R. A 21st Century Marshall Plan for Energy, Water and Agriculture in Developing Countries, The Atlantic Council of the United States, Washington, D.C., September 2008.
[76]Lin C H, Tung C M, Huang C T. Elucidating the industrial cluster effect from a system dynamics perspective, Technovation,2006,26(4):473-482.
[77]Lin H J. Applying Fuzzy Theory to An Assessment Model of Managerial Talent. Master Thesis, I-Shou University,1996.
[78]Liu X. On the maximum entropy parameterized interval approximation of fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2006,157(7):869-878.
[79]Long E, Franklin A L. The Paradox of Implementing the Government Performance and Results Act:Top-Down Direction for Bottom-Up Implementation. Public Administration Review,2004,64(3):309-319.
[80]Loviscek A L. Industrial cluster analysis-backward or forward linkages? The Annals of Regional Science,1982,16(3):36-47.
[81]Lucia A D, Lepsinger R. The art and science of competency models: Pinpointing critical success factors in organizations, New York:Pfeiffer,1999.
[82]Martin H, Willems E. IT support of competence based learning in groups in a distance learning environment. The electronic Journal of e-Learning,2005,3(1): 31-40.
[83]Marwick D. Knowledge management technology. IBM Systems Journal,2001, 40(4):814-830
[84]Maslow A H. Motivation and Personality.3rd edn. HarperCollins Publishers, New York,1987.
[85]Mayoral M R, Palacios C R, Gomez J M, et al. A mobile framework for competence evaluation:innovation assessment using mobile information systems. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation,2007,2(3):49-57.
[86]McClelland D C. Testing for competence rather than for "Intelligence". Am. Psychol,1973,28(1):1-14.
[87]McClelland D. Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist Journal,1973,20:321-333.
[88]McLagan P. Competencies:the next generation. Training and Development, 1997,51(5):40-47.
[89]Medina-Munoz D, Garcia-Falcon J. Sustainability as a Major Source of Competitive Advantage for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of the Greening of Industry Network, Rome, Italy, 1998:15-18.
[90]Mehlum H, Moene K, Torvik R. Institutions and the Resource Curse. The Economic Journal,2006,116(508):1-20.
[91]Mendonca M, Jacobs D, Sovacool B. Powering the Green Economy, the Feed-in-tariff Handbook, Earthscan, Oxford,2010.
[92]Miranda L C M, Lima C A S. On the forecasting of the challenging world future scenarios, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang.2011,78(8):1445-1470.
[93]Napolitano F. The Megacommunity approach to tackling the world's toughest problems. Strategy+Business,2010,60:55-65.
[94]Nidumulu R, Prahalad C K, Rangaswami M R. Why sustainability is now the key driver of innovation. Harv. Bus. Rev,2009,87(9):57-64.
[95]Onrec. Competency profiling fits the bill. Retrieved September 30,2007 from http://www.on rec.com/content2/news.asp?ID= 12930
[96]Otto T, Riives J, Loun K. Productivity improvement through monitoring of human resources competence level. B. Katalinic. DAAAM International Scientific Book,2007.
[97]Papyrakis E, Gerlagh R. The resource curse hypothesis and its transmission channels. Journal of Comparative Economics,2004,32(1):181-193.
[98]Parry S B. Just what is a competency?(And why should you care?). Training, 1996,35(6):58-64.
[99]Pennell N, Ahmed S, Henningsson S. Reinventing the city to combat climate change. Strategy+Business,2010,60:35-43.
[100]Pollin R, Wicks-Lim J. Job opportunities for the green economy, Political Economy Research Institute (PERI), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, June 2008.
[101]Pollitt C. Performance audit in Western Europe:trends and choices [J]. Critical Perspectives on Accounting,2003,(14):157-170.
[102]Porter M, Kramer M. Strategy and Society:the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harv. Bus. Rev,2006,84(12):78-92.
[103]Rice T W. Social Capital and Government Performance in Iowa Communities. Journal of Urban Affairs,2001,23(3-4):375-389.
[104]Robbins S P. Organizational Behavior:Concepts, Controversies, Applications. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,1997.
[105]Robinson J A, Torvik R, Verdier T. Political foundations of the resource curse. Journal of Development Economics,2006,79(2):447-468.
[106]Sanchez-Ruiz L M, Edwards M, Sarrias E B. Competence learning challenges in engineering education in Spain:from theory to practice. In, Proc. of the International Conference on Engineering Education, San Juan, USA,2006.
[107]Sanghi S. The Handbook of Competency Mapping. Sage, London,2004.
[108]Sayadi M K, Heydari M, Shahanaghi K. Extension of VIKOR method for decision making problem with interval numbers. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2009,33(5):2257-2262.
[109]Schwartz P. Investing in global security. Harv. Bus. Rev,2010,85(10):26-28.
[110]Sengupta A, Pal T K, Chakraborty D. Interpretation of inequality constraints involving interval coefficients and a solution to interval linear programming. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2001,119(1):129-138.
[111]Sengupta A, Pal T K. On comparing interval numbers. European Journal of Operational Research,2000,127(1):28-43.
[112]Shannon C E, Weaver W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press,1947.
[113]Sinnott G C, Madison G H, Pataki G E. Competencies:report of the competencies workgroup. Workforce and succession planning work Groups. New York State Governor's Office of Employee Relations and the Department of Civil Service,2002.
[114]Solis H. Green jobs, Our Planet, UNEP, February 2010, pp.10-11.
[115]Spencer L M, Spencer S M. Competence at Work, Wiley, New York,1993.
[116]Teece D J. Explicating dynamic capabilities:the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal,2007,28(13): 1319-1350.
[117]TENCompetence. M6.1 Templates of the pedagogical models to be used in authoring environment; model that combines classical and new forms of assessment. European Community Information Society Technologies(IST) Programme,2007.
[118]Tobias L. Organizational competence management-a competence performance approach.In,6th International Conference on Knowledge Management, Graz, Austria,2006.
[119]Torgerson D. Rethinking Politics for a Green Economy:A Political Approach to Radical Reform. Social Policy & Administration,2001,35(5):472-489.
[120]Tsai F S, L. Hsieh H Y, Fang S C, et al. The co-evolution of business incubation and national innovation systems in Taiwan. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang,2009, 76(5):629-643.
[121]Tucci C. Recursos hidricos, in:Aspasia Camargo, J.P.R. Capobianco, J.A.P. de Oliveira (Eds.). Meio Ambiente Brasil,2004,4(3):275-313.
[122]Turley R T, Bieman J M. Competencies of exceptional and nonexceptional software engineers. J. Syst. Sof tw.,1995,28(1):19-35.
[123]United Nations Environment Program, Overview of the Republic of Korea's national strategy for green growth, UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland,2010, pp.6-8.
[124]U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Measuring the Green Economy, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 2010.
[125]Van Loo J, Semeijn J. Defining and measuring competences:an application to graduate surveys. Qual.Quan,2004,38,331-349.
[126]Vergragt P J, Quist J. Backcasting for sustainability:introduction to the special issue. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang,2011,78(5):747-755.
[127]Voorhees R A. Competency-based learning models:a necessary future. In, R. A. Voorhees(Ed.), Measuring What Matters:Competency-Based Learning Models in Higher Education:New Directions for Institutional Research,110. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco,2001:5-13.
[128]Wang G, Li X. Correlation and information energy of interval-valued fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1999,103(1):169-175.
[129]Wang W, Cui M. Hybrid multiple attribute decision making model based on entropy. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2007,18(1):72-75.
[130]Weatherford M S. How does government performance influence political support? Political Behavior,1987,9(1):5-28.
[131]Weert T J. ICT-rich and competency based learning in higher education. In,Proc.of the New Educational Benefits of ICT in Higher Education,2004.
[132]Westera W. Competences in education:a confusion of tongues. Journal of Curriculum Studies,2001,33(1):75-88.
[133]Winterton J, Delamare-Le Deist F, Stringfellow E. Typology of knowledge, skills and competences:clarification of the concept and prototype. Centre for European Research on Employment and Human Resources. Groupe ESC Toulouse. Research report elaborated on behalf of Cedefop/Thessaloniki,2005.
[134]Wu F S. Evaluation and selection for manager. Pers. Mon,1993,17(3):21-43.
[135]Wu F G, Lee Y J, Lin M C. Using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process on optimum spatial allocation. Int.J.Ind.Ergon.,2004,33(6):553-569.
[136]Xu Z, Chen J. Some models for deriving the priority weights from interval fuzzy preference relations. European Journal of Operational Research,2008,184(1): 266-280.
[137]Yang K, Hsieh J Y. Managerial Effectiveness of Government Performance Measurement:Testing a Middle-Range Model. Public Administration Review,2007, 67(5):861-879.
[138]Yue Z. An extended TOPSIS for determining weights of decision makers with intervalnumbers. Knowledge-Based Systems,2011,24(1):146-153.
[139]Yue Z. An approach to aggregating interval numbers into interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information for group decision making. Expert Systems with Applications,2011,38(5):6333-6338.
[140]Zhang J, Wu D, Olson D L. The method of grey related analysis to multiple attribute decision making problems with interval numbers. Mathematical and Computer Modelling,2005,42(9-10):991-998.
[141]Zhang Q, Gao Q, Geng J. New approach to multiple attribute decision making with interval numbers. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2008,19(2): 304-310.
[142]Zhang Q, Ma J, Fan Z P. A statistical approach to multiple-attribute decision-making with interval numbers. International Journal of Systems Science, 2003,34(12-13):683-692.
[143]Zhou H, Liu S, Fang X. Method for uncertain multi-attribute decision making with preference information in the form of interval numbers complementary judgment matrix. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2007,18(2): 265-269.
[144]陈雪莲.地方政府绩效评估改革的突破与局限.理论与改革,2010,(1)：146-150.
[145]崔保华,王增强,邵革军.服务产业的集群规划研究—以四川省遂宁市为例.经济体制改革,2012,30(4)：62-65.
[146]董梅生.安徽省地方政府绩效评价体系构建与实证分析.安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,25(2)：73-75.
[147]董明华.基于核心能力评价的地方政府领导干部公推直选研究.人才资源开发,2010,2：18-19.
[148]范柏乃,朱华.我国地方政府绩效评价体系的构建和实际测度.政治学研究,2005,1：84-95.
[149]河北经贸大学课题组.政府政绩综合评价的指标体系与方法研究.经济与管理,2006,20(1)：9-12.
[150]蒋牧宸.地方党政领导班子和领导干部考核评价体系探讨.重庆行政,2004,4：79-80.
[151]李院力.吉林省地方政府绩效评价体系的构建.吉林省经济管理干部学院学报,2011,25(6)：6-9.
[152]刘祺,程旭宇.公共服务绩效评估模型构建.发展研究,2009,11：88-90.
[153]刘正妙.地方政府领导干部政绩考评群众参与：现状、困境与对策.石河子大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,25(6)：39-45.
[154]刘正妙.论地方政府领导干部政绩考评群众参与机制创新路径.华北电力大学学报(社会科学版),2011,8：73-76.
[155]陆志鹏,刘思峰,杨保华,等.基于民生视角的政府绩效评价灰色贝叶斯网络模型,系统工程,2009,27(9)：76-81.
[156]彭国甫,盛明科,刘期达.基于平衡计分卡的地方政府绩效评估.湖南社会科学,2004,5：23-26.
[157]齐二石,刘传铭,王玲.公共组织绩效管理综合评测模型及其应用.天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,6(2)：150-153.
[158]帅宝强,杨心灵.县(区)党政领导班子和领导干部政绩考核评价体系探讨.求实,2005,5：18-21.
[159]吴建南,郭雯菁.绩效目标实现的因果分析_平衡计分卡在地方政府绩效管理中的应用.管理评论,2004,16(6)：22-27.
[160]吴志澄.论县级政府领导班子政绩考核指标体系和评价方法.中共中央党校学报,2002,6(3)：65-69.
[161]徐泽水.不确定多属性决策方法及应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[162]徐泽水.基于语言信息的决策理论与方法.北京：科学出版社,2008.
[163]杨雪,刘武.政府绩效评估中模糊综合评价方法的运用.长春理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005,18(4)：10-13.
[164]云南审计厅课题组.对地方党政领导干部综合评价方法的探讨.中国统计,2003,5：27-29.
[165]张瑞兰.地方政府政绩考核方法研究.价值工程,2005,2：23-24.
[166]张瑞兰,耿建敏.基于动态集对同一度的政府政绩综合评价方法研究.数学的实践与认识,2006,36(4)：84-90.
[167]中共四川省委组织部课题组.领导干部政绩考核指标体系及评价办法.中共四川省委党校学报,2004,3：54-56.
[168]曾祥宁,黄景贵,张先琪.海南省市县党政正职领导干部考核体系研究.海南大学学报人文社会科学版,2012,30(1)：125-130.
[2]Agnolucci P, McDowall W. Technological change in niches:auxiliary power units and the hydrogen economy. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang,2007,74(8): 1394-1410.
[3]Agrawal A. Common Property Institutions and Sustainable Governance of Resources. World Development,2001,29(10):1649-1672.
[4]Araia E. Agua doce, o ouro do seculo 21, Planeta,2009,37 (438):42-49.
[5]Arza V, Lopez A. Firms linkages with public research institutions in Argentina: drivers, perceptions, and behaviors. Technovation,2011,31(8):384-400.
[6]Aspin D N, Chapman J D. Lifelong learning:concepts and conceptions. International Journal of Lifelong Education,2000,19(1):2-19.
[7]Ayman R, Chemers M M, Fiedler F. The contingency model of leadership effectiveness:Its levels of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly,1995,6(2):147-167.
[8]Balaguer-Col M T, Prior D, Tortosa-Ausina E. On the determinants of local governmentperformance:A two-stage nonparametric approach. European Economic Review,2007,51(2):425-451.
[9]Barbier E. The policy challenges for green economy and sustainable economic development. Natural Resources Forum,2011,35(3):233-245.
[10]Barreto M L, Medina H, Peitier C, et al. Sustainable development:concepts, scenarios, and strategies for R&D, in:P. Conceicao, D.V. Gibson, M.V. Heitor, S. Shariq (Eds.), Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy, IC2, Austin, Texas,2000: 475-486.
[11]Bayliss D. Dublin's Digital Hubris:Lessons from an Attempt to Develop a Creative Industrial Cluster. European Planning Studies,2007,15(9):1261-1271.
[12]Becker B K. Servicos ambientais e possibilidades de insercao da Amazonia no seculo XXI. T&C Amazonia,2008,4(14):3-10.
[13]Bjerregaard T. Industry and academia in convergence:micro-institutional dimensions of R&D collaboration. Technovation,2010,30(2):100-108.
[14]Bomze I, GutjahrW. Estimating qualifications in a self-evaluating group. Qual. Quan,1995,29(3):241-250.
[15]Boon J, van der Klink M. Competencies:the triumph of a fuzzy concept. Academy of Human Resource Development Annual Conference,2002,1:327-334.
[16]Borger B D, Kerstens K. Cost efficiency of Belgian local governments:A comparative analysis of FDH, DEA, and econometric approaches. Regional Science and Urban Economics,1996,26:145-170.
[17]Braga E. O novo paradigma de etnodesenvolvimento, Revista Ambiental Brasil. Edicao Especial,2008,2:15-18.
[18]Brito C, Chaimvich C H. Brazil, in:UNESCO (Ed.), UNESCO Science Report 2010, Chapter 5, UNESCO, Paris,2010:103-121.
[19]Brunnschweilera C N, Bulte E H. The resource curse revisited and revised:A tale of paradoxes and red herrings. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2008,55(3):248-264.
[20]CEDEFOP. Skills for green jobs, European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Thessaloniki, Greece,2010.
[21]Chang Y L. A study of developing an evaluation tool for managerial competence and reliability and validity analysis. A Research Report of National Science Council, 1998.
[22]Chapple K, Kroll C, LesterT W, et al. Innovation in the Green Economy:An Extension of the Regional Innovation System Model? Economic Development Quarterly February,2011,25(1):5-25.
[23]Chari S. The Agrarian Origins of the Knitwear Industrial Cluster in Tiruppur, India. World Development,2000,28(3):579-599.
[24]Cheetham G, Chivers G. Professions,Competence and Informal Learning. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham,2005
[25]Chhibber P, Nooruddin I. The Number of Parties and Government Performance in the Indian States. Comparative Political Studies,2004,37(2):152-187.
[26]Chuang C C. Developing Managerial Competencies Assessment Scale-A Case Study in High-Tech Fiedler. A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, McGraw-Hill Series in Management, New York,1967
[27]Clarke R. Water:the international crisis, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,1993.
[28]Coff6 H, Geys B. Institutional Performance And Social Capital:An Application To The Local Government Level. Journal of Urban Affairs,2005,27(5):485-501.
[29]Coggburn J D, Schneider S K. The Quality of Management and Government Performance:An Empirical Analysis of the American States. Public Administration Review,2003,63(2):206-213.
[30]Delamare F, Winterton J. What is competence? Human Resource Development International,2005,8(1):27-46.
[31]Deller S C. Production efficiency in local government:A parametric approach. Public Finance/Finances Publiques,1992,47:32-44
[32]Deist F D L, Winterton J. What Is Competence? Human Resource Development International 2005,8(1):27-46.
[33]Draganidis F, Mentzas G. Competency based management:a review of systems and approaches. Information Management and Computer Security Journal,2006, 14(1):51-64.
[34]Eurydice. Key competencies:a developing concept in general compulsory education,2002.
[35]Fiedler F E. A theory of leadership effectiveness McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967.
[36]Field J. Lifelong education. International Journal of Lifelong Education,2001, 20(1/2):3-15.
[37]Folke C, Carpenter S, Elmqvist T, et al. Resilience and Sustainable Development:Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. Journal of the Human Environment,2002,31(5):437-440.
[38]Friesen N, Anderson T. Interaction for lifelong learning. British Journal of Educational Technology,2004,35(6):679-687.
[39]Gattell R B. Personality pinned down. Psychol. Today,1973,7:40-46.
[40]Gendron Y, Cooper D J, Townley B. The construction of auditing expertise in measuring government performance. Accounting, Organizations and Society,2007, 32(1-2):101-129.
[41]Glaser M A, Hildreth W B. Service Delivery Satisfaction and Willingness to Pay Taxes:Citizen Recognition of Local Government Performance. Public Productivity & Management Review,1999,23(1):48-67.
[42]Gouvea R. Floods of fortune:sustainable business strategies in the Brazilian Amazon region. Lat. Am. Bus. Rev,1998,1(2):97-117.
[43]Gouvea R, Kassicieh S,Montoya M J R. Using the quadruple helix to design strategies for the green economy. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Available online 28 May 2012, In Press.
[44]Griffin C. Lifelong learning and social democracy. International Journal of Lifelong Education,1999,18(5):329-342.
[45]Grzegorzewski P. Nearest interval approximation of a fuzzy number. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2002,130(3):321-330.
[46]Guglieliemino P J. Developing the top-level executive for the 1980's and beyond. Train. Dev.1979,33(4),12-14.
[47]Gupta R K, Bhunia A K, Roy D. A GA based penalty function technique for solving constrained redundancy allocation problem of series system with interval valued reliability of components. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics,2009,232(2):275-284.
[48]Hall Richard. A framework linking intangible resources and capabiliites to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(8): 607-618.
[49]Hamdouch A, Depret M H. Policy integration strategy and the development of the'green economy':foundations and implementation patterns. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2010,53(4):473-490.
[50]Hamel G, Prahalad C K. Competing For the Future. Harvard Business School Press, Boston,1994.
[51]Harper D. Small n's and community case studies, in:C.C. Ragin, H.S. Becker (Eds.), What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY,1992.
[52]Henderson Hazel. Growing the green economy globally. International Journal of Green Economics,2007,1(3-4):276-298.
[53]Henton D, Melville J, Grose T, et al. Clean Technology and the Green Economy, California Economic Strategy Panel, Sacramento, CA,2008.
[54]Herder P M, Stikkelman R M. Methanol-Based Industrial Cluster Design:A Study of Design Options and the Design Process, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,2004,43 (14):3879-3885.
[55]Hiskey J T, Seligson M A. Pitfalls of power to the people:Decentralization, local government performance, and system support in Bolivia. Studies in Comparative International Development,2003,37(4):64-88.
[56]Hoge M, Tondora J, Marrelli A. The fundamentals of workforce competency: implications for behavioral health. Journal of Administration and Policy in Mental Health,2005,32:509-531.
[57]House, R J. A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Adm. Sci. Q.,1971, 16(3):321-339
[58]Hsieh C C. A Prototype of Expert System for Evaluating Managerial Competence:An Example of a High-technology Company. Master Thesis, National Central University,1998.
[59]Huang L C, Chang P T, Lin H J. The fuzzy managerial talent assessment model: a pilot study. Pan Pac. Manag. Rev,1997,1(1):71-83.
[60]Huang L C, Wu P, Jaw B S, et al. A study of applying fuzzy analytic hierarchy process on management talent evaluation model. In:Joint 9th FSA World Congress and 20th NAFIPS International Conference,2001,3(25-28):1484-1488.
[61]Humphrey J, Schmitz H. How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? Regional Studies,2002,36(9):1017-1027.
[62]Hustad E, Munkvold B, Moll B. Using IT for strategic competence management: potential benefits and challenges. In, Proc. of the European Conference on Information Systems(ECIS), Turku, Finland,2004.
[63]Intagliata J, Ulrich D, Small wood N. Leveraging leadership competencies to produce leadership brand:creating distinctiveness by focusing on strategy and results. Human Resource Planning Journal,2000,23(4):12-23.
[64]Ishikawa A, Amagasa M, Shiga T, et al. The Max-Min Delphi method and fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy integration. Fuzzy Sets Syst,1993,55(3):241-253.
[65]Jiang Y. An approach to group decision making based on interval fuzzy preference relations. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering,2007, 16(1):113-120.
[66]Johnsen A. Implementation Mode and Local Government Performance Measurement:A Norwegian Experience. Financial Accountability & Management, 1999,15(1):41-66.
[67]Johnsen A, Meklin P, Oulasvirta L, et al. Performance auditing in local government:an exploratory study of perceived efficiency of municipal value for money auditing in Finland and Norway. The European Accounting Review,2001, (3):583-199.
[68]Katz R L. Skills of an effective administrator. Harv. Bus. Rev.,1995,33:33-42.
[69]Klein J D, Richey R C. Improving individual and organizational performance: The case for international standards. Performance Improvement,2005,44(10):9-14.
[70]Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink H P, et al. Cellulose:Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material. Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2005,44(22): 3358-3393.
[71]Kumar A, Yadav A K, Sreekrishnan T R, et al. Treatment of low strength industrial cluster wastewater by anaerobic hybrid reactor. Bioresour Technol,2008, 99(8):3123-3129.
[72]Kupper H, van Wulfften P A W. Competency-based curriculum development: experiences in agri chain management in The Netherlands and in China. IAMA World Food and Agribusiness Conference, Sydney, Australia,2001.
[73]Lachance J R. Looking to the Future:Human Resources Competencies. United States Office of Personnel Management,1999.
[74]Lavelle M. A national water crisis is on the verge of gushing. U.S. News World Rep,2007,142(20):37-46.
[75]Lawson R, Lyman J R, McCarthy E R. A 21st Century Marshall Plan for Energy, Water and Agriculture in Developing Countries, The Atlantic Council of the United States, Washington, D.C., September 2008.
[76]Lin C H, Tung C M, Huang C T. Elucidating the industrial cluster effect from a system dynamics perspective, Technovation,2006,26(4):473-482.
[77]Lin H J. Applying Fuzzy Theory to An Assessment Model of Managerial Talent. Master Thesis, I-Shou University,1996.
[78]Liu X. On the maximum entropy parameterized interval approximation of fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2006,157(7):869-878.
[79]Long E, Franklin A L. The Paradox of Implementing the Government Performance and Results Act:Top-Down Direction for Bottom-Up Implementation. Public Administration Review,2004,64(3):309-319.
[80]Loviscek A L. Industrial cluster analysis-backward or forward linkages? The Annals of Regional Science,1982,16(3):36-47.
[81]Lucia A D, Lepsinger R. The art and science of competency models: Pinpointing critical success factors in organizations, New York:Pfeiffer,1999.
[82]Martin H, Willems E. IT support of competence based learning in groups in a distance learning environment. The electronic Journal of e-Learning,2005,3(1): 31-40.
[83]Marwick D. Knowledge management technology. IBM Systems Journal,2001, 40(4):814-830
[84]Maslow A H. Motivation and Personality.3rd edn. HarperCollins Publishers, New York,1987.
[85]Mayoral M R, Palacios C R, Gomez J M, et al. A mobile framework for competence evaluation:innovation assessment using mobile information systems. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation,2007,2(3):49-57.
[86]McClelland D C. Testing for competence rather than for "Intelligence". Am. Psychol,1973,28(1):1-14.
[87]McClelland D. Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist Journal,1973,20:321-333.
[88]McLagan P. Competencies:the next generation. Training and Development, 1997,51(5):40-47.
[89]Medina-Munoz D, Garcia-Falcon J. Sustainability as a Major Source of Competitive Advantage for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of the Greening of Industry Network, Rome, Italy, 1998:15-18.
[90]Mehlum H, Moene K, Torvik R. Institutions and the Resource Curse. The Economic Journal,2006,116(508):1-20.
[91]Mendonca M, Jacobs D, Sovacool B. Powering the Green Economy, the Feed-in-tariff Handbook, Earthscan, Oxford,2010.
[92]Miranda L C M, Lima C A S. On the forecasting of the challenging world future scenarios, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang.2011,78(8):1445-1470.
[93]Napolitano F. The Megacommunity approach to tackling the world's toughest problems. Strategy+Business,2010,60:55-65.
[94]Nidumulu R, Prahalad C K, Rangaswami M R. Why sustainability is now the key driver of innovation. Harv. Bus. Rev,2009,87(9):57-64.
[95]Onrec. Competency profiling fits the bill. Retrieved September 30,2007 from http://www.on rec.com/content2/news.asp?ID= 12930
[96]Otto T, Riives J, Loun K. Productivity improvement through monitoring of human resources competence level. B. Katalinic. DAAAM International Scientific Book,2007.
[97]Papyrakis E, Gerlagh R. The resource curse hypothesis and its transmission channels. Journal of Comparative Economics,2004,32(1):181-193.
[98]Parry S B. Just what is a competency?(And why should you care?). Training, 1996,35(6):58-64.
[99]Pennell N, Ahmed S, Henningsson S. Reinventing the city to combat climate change. Strategy+Business,2010,60:35-43.
[100]Pollin R, Wicks-Lim J. Job opportunities for the green economy, Political Economy Research Institute (PERI), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, June 2008.
[101]Pollitt C. Performance audit in Western Europe:trends and choices [J]. Critical Perspectives on Accounting,2003,(14):157-170.
[102]Porter M, Kramer M. Strategy and Society:the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harv. Bus. Rev,2006,84(12):78-92.
[103]Rice T W. Social Capital and Government Performance in Iowa Communities. Journal of Urban Affairs,2001,23(3-4):375-389.
[104]Robbins S P. Organizational Behavior:Concepts, Controversies, Applications. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,1997.
[105]Robinson J A, Torvik R, Verdier T. Political foundations of the resource curse. Journal of Development Economics,2006,79(2):447-468.
[106]Sanchez-Ruiz L M, Edwards M, Sarrias E B. Competence learning challenges in engineering education in Spain:from theory to practice. In, Proc. of the International Conference on Engineering Education, San Juan, USA,2006.
[107]Sanghi S. The Handbook of Competency Mapping. Sage, London,2004.
[108]Sayadi M K, Heydari M, Shahanaghi K. Extension of VIKOR method for decision making problem with interval numbers. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2009,33(5):2257-2262.
[109]Schwartz P. Investing in global security. Harv. Bus. Rev,2010,85(10):26-28.
[110]Sengupta A, Pal T K, Chakraborty D. Interpretation of inequality constraints involving interval coefficients and a solution to interval linear programming. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,2001,119(1):129-138.
[111]Sengupta A, Pal T K. On comparing interval numbers. European Journal of Operational Research,2000,127(1):28-43.
[112]Shannon C E, Weaver W. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press,1947.
[113]Sinnott G C, Madison G H, Pataki G E. Competencies:report of the competencies workgroup. Workforce and succession planning work Groups. New York State Governor's Office of Employee Relations and the Department of Civil Service,2002.
[114]Solis H. Green jobs, Our Planet, UNEP, February 2010, pp.10-11.
[115]Spencer L M, Spencer S M. Competence at Work, Wiley, New York,1993.
[116]Teece D J. Explicating dynamic capabilities:the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal,2007,28(13): 1319-1350.
[117]TENCompetence. M6.1 Templates of the pedagogical models to be used in authoring environment; model that combines classical and new forms of assessment. European Community Information Society Technologies(IST) Programme,2007.
[118]Tobias L. Organizational competence management-a competence performance approach.In,6th International Conference on Knowledge Management, Graz, Austria,2006.
[119]Torgerson D. Rethinking Politics for a Green Economy:A Political Approach to Radical Reform. Social Policy & Administration,2001,35(5):472-489.
[120]Tsai F S, L. Hsieh H Y, Fang S C, et al. The co-evolution of business incubation and national innovation systems in Taiwan. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang,2009, 76(5):629-643.
[121]Tucci C. Recursos hidricos, in:Aspasia Camargo, J.P.R. Capobianco, J.A.P. de Oliveira (Eds.). Meio Ambiente Brasil,2004,4(3):275-313.
[122]Turley R T, Bieman J M. Competencies of exceptional and nonexceptional software engineers. J. Syst. Sof tw.,1995,28(1):19-35.
[123]United Nations Environment Program, Overview of the Republic of Korea's national strategy for green growth, UNEP, Geneva, Switzerland,2010, pp.6-8.
[124]U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Measuring the Green Economy, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 2010.
[125]Van Loo J, Semeijn J. Defining and measuring competences:an application to graduate surveys. Qual.Quan,2004,38,331-349.
[126]Vergragt P J, Quist J. Backcasting for sustainability:introduction to the special issue. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang,2011,78(5):747-755.
[127]Voorhees R A. Competency-based learning models:a necessary future. In, R. A. Voorhees(Ed.), Measuring What Matters:Competency-Based Learning Models in Higher Education:New Directions for Institutional Research,110. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco,2001:5-13.
[128]Wang G, Li X. Correlation and information energy of interval-valued fuzzy numbers. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1999,103(1):169-175.
[129]Wang W, Cui M. Hybrid multiple attribute decision making model based on entropy. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2007,18(1):72-75.
[130]Weatherford M S. How does government performance influence political support? Political Behavior,1987,9(1):5-28.
[131]Weert T J. ICT-rich and competency based learning in higher education. In,Proc.of the New Educational Benefits of ICT in Higher Education,2004.
[132]Westera W. Competences in education:a confusion of tongues. Journal of Curriculum Studies,2001,33(1):75-88.
[133]Winterton J, Delamare-Le Deist F, Stringfellow E. Typology of knowledge, skills and competences:clarification of the concept and prototype. Centre for European Research on Employment and Human Resources. Groupe ESC Toulouse. Research report elaborated on behalf of Cedefop/Thessaloniki,2005.
[134]Wu F S. Evaluation and selection for manager. Pers. Mon,1993,17(3):21-43.
[135]Wu F G, Lee Y J, Lin M C. Using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process on optimum spatial allocation. Int.J.Ind.Ergon.,2004,33(6):553-569.
[136]Xu Z, Chen J. Some models for deriving the priority weights from interval fuzzy preference relations. European Journal of Operational Research,2008,184(1): 266-280.
[137]Yang K, Hsieh J Y. Managerial Effectiveness of Government Performance Measurement:Testing a Middle-Range Model. Public Administration Review,2007, 67(5):861-879.
[138]Yue Z. An extended TOPSIS for determining weights of decision makers with intervalnumbers. Knowledge-Based Systems,2011,24(1):146-153.
[139]Yue Z. An approach to aggregating interval numbers into interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy information for group decision making. Expert Systems with Applications,2011,38(5):6333-6338.
[140]Zhang J, Wu D, Olson D L. The method of grey related analysis to multiple attribute decision making problems with interval numbers. Mathematical and Computer Modelling,2005,42(9-10):991-998.
[141]Zhang Q, Gao Q, Geng J. New approach to multiple attribute decision making with interval numbers. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2008,19(2): 304-310.
[142]Zhang Q, Ma J, Fan Z P. A statistical approach to multiple-attribute decision-making with interval numbers. International Journal of Systems Science, 2003,34(12-13):683-692.
[143]Zhou H, Liu S, Fang X. Method for uncertain multi-attribute decision making with preference information in the form of interval numbers complementary judgment matrix. Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics,2007,18(2): 265-269.
[144]陈雪莲.地方政府绩效评估改革的突破与局限.理论与改革,2010,(1)：146-150.
[145]崔保华,王增强,邵革军.服务产业的集群规划研究—以四川省遂宁市为例.经济体制改革,2012,30(4)：62-65.
[146]董梅生.安徽省地方政府绩效评价体系构建与实证分析.安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版),2008,25(2)：73-75.
[147]董明华.基于核心能力评价的地方政府领导干部公推直选研究.人才资源开发,2010,2：18-19.
[148]范柏乃,朱华.我国地方政府绩效评价体系的构建和实际测度.政治学研究,2005,1：84-95.
[149]河北经贸大学课题组.政府政绩综合评价的指标体系与方法研究.经济与管理,2006,20(1)：9-12.
[150]蒋牧宸.地方党政领导班子和领导干部考核评价体系探讨.重庆行政,2004,4：79-80.
[151]李院力.吉林省地方政府绩效评价体系的构建.吉林省经济管理干部学院学报,2011,25(6)：6-9.
[152]刘祺,程旭宇.公共服务绩效评估模型构建.发展研究,2009,11：88-90.
[153]刘正妙.地方政府领导干部政绩考评群众参与：现状、困境与对策.石河子大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,25(6)：39-45.
[154]刘正妙.论地方政府领导干部政绩考评群众参与机制创新路径.华北电力大学学报(社会科学版),2011,8：73-76.
[155]陆志鹏,刘思峰,杨保华,等.基于民生视角的政府绩效评价灰色贝叶斯网络模型,系统工程,2009,27(9)：76-81.
[156]彭国甫,盛明科,刘期达.基于平衡计分卡的地方政府绩效评估.湖南社会科学,2004,5：23-26.
[157]齐二石,刘传铭,王玲.公共组织绩效管理综合评测模型及其应用.天津大学学报(社会科学版),2004,6(2)：150-153.
[158]帅宝强,杨心灵.县(区)党政领导班子和领导干部政绩考核评价体系探讨.求实,2005,5：18-21.
[159]吴建南,郭雯菁.绩效目标实现的因果分析_平衡计分卡在地方政府绩效管理中的应用.管理评论,2004,16(6)：22-27.
[160]吴志澄.论县级政府领导班子政绩考核指标体系和评价方法.中共中央党校学报,2002,6(3)：65-69.
[161]徐泽水.不确定多属性决策方法及应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2004.
[162]徐泽水.基于语言信息的决策理论与方法.北京：科学出版社,2008.
[163]杨雪,刘武.政府绩效评估中模糊综合评价方法的运用.长春理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005,18(4)：10-13.
[164]云南审计厅课题组.对地方党政领导干部综合评价方法的探讨.中国统计,2003,5：27-29.
[165]张瑞兰.地方政府政绩考核方法研究.价值工程,2005,2：23-24.
[166]张瑞兰,耿建敏.基于动态集对同一度的政府政绩综合评价方法研究.数学的实践与认识,2006,36(4)：84-90.
[167]中共四川省委组织部课题组.领导干部政绩考核指标体系及评价办法.中共四川省委党校学报,2004,3：54-56.
[168]曾祥宁,黄景贵,张先琪.海南省市县党政正职领导干部考核体系研究.海南大学学报人文社会科学版,2012,30(1)：125-130.